US3175442A - Register control for a cut-off mechanism - Google Patents

Register control for a cut-off mechanism Download PDF

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Publication number
US3175442A
US3175442A US25618262A US3175442A US 3175442 A US3175442 A US 3175442A US 25618262 A US25618262 A US 25618262A US 3175442 A US3175442 A US 3175442A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
speed
cut
web
register
control panel
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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English (en)
Inventor
John W Drenning
Warren A Stewart
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Beazer East Inc
Original Assignee
Koppers Co Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to NL287402D priority Critical patent/NL287402A/xx
Priority claimed from US164050A external-priority patent/US3175441A/en
Application filed by Koppers Co Inc filed Critical Koppers Co Inc
Priority to US25618262 priority patent/US3175442A/en
Priority to GB4821862A priority patent/GB999453A/en
Priority to DE19621411917 priority patent/DE1411917A1/de
Priority to FR920287A priority patent/FR1347330A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3175442A publication Critical patent/US3175442A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D—PLANING; SLOTTING; SHEARING; BROACHING; SAWING; FILING; SCRAPING; LIKE OPERATIONS FOR WORKING METAL BY REMOVING MATERIAL, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23D36/00—Control arrangements specially adapted for machines for shearing or similar cutting, or for sawing, stock which the latter is travelling otherwise than in the direction of the cut
    • B23D36/0008—Control arrangements specially adapted for machines for shearing or similar cutting, or for sawing, stock which the latter is travelling otherwise than in the direction of the cut for machines with only one cutting, sawing, or shearing devices
    • B23D36/0033—Control arrangements specially adapted for machines for shearing or similar cutting, or for sawing, stock which the latter is travelling otherwise than in the direction of the cut for machines with only one cutting, sawing, or shearing devices for obtaining pieces of a predetermined length
    • B23D36/0041—Control arrangements specially adapted for machines for shearing or similar cutting, or for sawing, stock which the latter is travelling otherwise than in the direction of the cut for machines with only one cutting, sawing, or shearing devices for obtaining pieces of a predetermined length the tool moving continuously
    • B23D36/005—Control arrangements specially adapted for machines for shearing or similar cutting, or for sawing, stock which the latter is travelling otherwise than in the direction of the cut for machines with only one cutting, sawing, or shearing devices for obtaining pieces of a predetermined length the tool moving continuously and taking account of marks, e.g. on the stock
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
    • B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
    • B26D5/00—Arrangements for operating and controlling machines or devices for cutting, cutting-out, stamping-out, punching, perforating, or severing by means other than cutting
    • B26D5/20—Arrangements for operating and controlling machines or devices for cutting, cutting-out, stamping-out, punching, perforating, or severing by means other than cutting with interrelated action between the cutting member and work feed
    • B26D5/22—Arrangements for operating and controlling machines or devices for cutting, cutting-out, stamping-out, punching, perforating, or severing by means other than cutting with interrelated action between the cutting member and work feed having the cutting member and work feed mechanically connected
    • B26D5/24—Arrangements for operating and controlling machines or devices for cutting, cutting-out, stamping-out, punching, perforating, or severing by means other than cutting with interrelated action between the cutting member and work feed having the cutting member and work feed mechanically connected including a metering device
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/141—With means to monitor and control operation [e.g., self-regulating means]
    • Y10T83/159—Including means to compensate tool speed for work-feed variations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00—Cutting
    • Y10T83/465—Cutting motion of tool has component in direction of moving work
    • Y10T83/4737—With tool speed regulator

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the control of cut-01f mechanisms and more particularly to a control system for a corrugator cut-off knife adaptable to use both for the accurate cutting of pre-printed paper materials and conventional unprinted materials.
  • board with a pro-printed liner may occupy only a portion of the scheduled manufacturing run for any given work day. Therefore, at such times as the cutting of printed board has been completed, the system must be readily adaptable to the manufacture of conventional unprinted board.
  • the system in the manufacture of corrugated board the system must be adjustable to a great range in cut-off lengths with the longest as much as 8 times the smallest and must provide an infinite selection of sizes within this range.
  • Another object of the present invention is the provision of a shifting mechanism operable to quickly and simultaneously make all the electrical and mechanical connections required to change from register to non-register operation or vice-versa.
  • Still another object of the present invention is the provision of an improved register control device capable of correcting for errors in the length of sheet severed without overspeeding of the cut-off knife at the time of cut.
  • a further object of the present invention is the provision of a safety inter-lock arrangement for the shifting mechanism in order to insure that the gears of all power transmitting mechanisms are properly engaged before power is applied to the drive shaft.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the mechanical elements of the improved two-way control system embodying both register and non-register control for selective operation
  • FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the discrepancy in blade speed between an improperly timed cutting operation and one in which the blade speed control shaft is properly controlled and
  • FIG. 3 discloses the switch arrangement for making up the electrical connections to initiate either register or nonregister operation.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the relationship between the electronic register control panel 11 employed for control of the cutting mechanism during register operation, the automatic sheet length control 12 employed during non-register operation and the mechanical elements employed to quickly and efiectively transfer from register to non-register operation.
  • the electronic register control panel 11 may be a mechanism such as is described in detail in the General Electric bulletin GEH-1909B (System No. CR7515-W210). Similar apparatus are manufactured and marketed by other companies. Certain other standard commercial components to be referred to below forming part of the detector system are also described in this 6.13.. bulletin.
  • Corrugated board 13 is advanced by feed belts 14 and passes between rotary cut-off knives 16 which sever the corrugated board 13 into selected lengths in response either to register control panel 11 or automatic sheet length control 12.
  • Belts 14 are employed in place of rollers to prevent damage to the board .13 through the pinching thereof.
  • belts 14 are extensive in length and provide a friction grip against board 13 to move the board toward knife 16.
  • the entire driving apparatus is a massive structure of high inertia resistant to changes in speed thereby making it difficult to effect control changes in the speed of belts 14. For this reason changes in sheet length must be impressed at the cut-off knife with any changes in board speed occurring solely as a reaction through the mechanical connections against the impressed control effect.
  • velocity error is said to have developed. This error is introduced whenever the velocity of the web 13 is not properly related to the velocity of the cutters 16. When cumulative errors of this type are small they can be adequately automatically compensated for by register control 11. However, when such an error becomes inordinately large, the only adequate correction therefor instead of continuously speeding-up or slowing down the knife is to change the ratio of the speed of feed belts 14 to the speed of cut-off knives 16.
  • the present invention specifically provides for such an adjustment as will be described in detail below.
  • drive motor 17 rotates drive shaft 18 which rotates drive feed belts 14 through suitable gearing 19. Since the speed of board 13 is a function of the speed of belts 14, a measure of the speed of rotation of shaft 18 provides a fairly reliable indication of the speed with which board 13 is being fed to the cut-off knives 16.
  • the speed of shaft 18 is sensed by means of tachometer generator 20, or some similiar device, which generates a signal proportional to the speed of board feed.
  • tachometer generator 21 is connected to the drive shaft for the cut-off knives 16 and generates a signal proportional to the speed of the cut-off knives 16. These signals are transmitted to the automatic sheet length control 12 during non-register operation,
  • the position and speed of cutter 16 is determined by selector switch 22 mechanically geared to cutter 16.
  • This selector switch 22 contains phototubes, a light-source lamp and. an amplifier tube (none of which are shown), and produces an amplified signal indicating the position of cutter 16.
  • This amplified signal of cutter position is transmitted to the electronic register control panel 11 during registered operation.
  • An additional parameter for registered operation is the sensing of the position of the printed matter or design which has been pie-printed on the board 13 to determine its instantaneous to the cut-off knives 16.
  • the sensing of the position of this pre-printed matter on the material is accomplished by means of scanning head 23, which device consists essentially of a phototube, an amplifier tube, and a light source, none of which are shown in the drawing, since such equipment is available commercially.
  • correcting motor 24 which is connected to operate continuously in one direction and, ordinarily, at a given speed called the base speed. 'This base speed is somewhat less than the rated speed of the motor whereby when a correction is called for by the electronic register control panel 11, correcting motor 24 is simply speeded up or slowed down depending on whether correction is required to increase or decrease the speed of cut-off knives 16. This arrangement eliminates errors due to friction introduced during the starting and stopping of the usual correction device and also eliminates the need for motor'reversal.
  • the corrective increase or decrease in speed of correcting motor 24 is applied through the specially designed mechanical differential 26 located, as shown in the preferred embodiment, in the drive shaft 27.
  • the power required to drive correction motor 24 is supplied by the pilot generator 28 which is geared to the drive shaft 27 by means of suitable gearing 29.
  • Shaft 39 is connected to mechanical variable speed transmission 41, which device establishes a given speed ratio between input shaft 39 and output shaft 42.
  • This speed ratio can be adjusted by the rotation of correction shaft 43, which shaft may be rotated through suitable gearing 44, by correction motor 4-6.
  • Correction motor 46 may be automatically readjusted by automatic sheet length control 12 during non-register operation or may be manually reset through a manual adjustment of automatic sheet length control 12 during register in order to eliminate over-speeding (or underspeeding) of cut-off knives 16 at the time of cut.
  • overspeeding at time of cut has been universally employed during register operation to compensate for discrepancies between the position of the printed intelligence and the position of the blades of the cut-off knives 16 in spite of its damaging effects on the web material.
  • acceleration means 47 is to insure that during each revolution the blades of cut-off knives 16 are automatically substantially instantaneously adjusted to travel at the same speed as the board 13 throughout the period of time during which the blades are actually slicing through the board even though the blades are traveling at other than board speed before and after this adjustment.
  • the construction and operation of such a device is disclosed in US. Patent No. 2,879,845 issued to l. P. Haas and assigned to Koppers Company, Inc. the assignee of the present invention.
  • output shaft 42 from variable speed transmission 41 transmits power to knife drive shaft 42a through acceleration means 47.
  • Acceleration means 47 in effect supplements the action of variable speed transmission 41 wherein the ratio of the speed of cutters 16 with respect to the speed of board 13 is determined automatically.
  • adjusting shaft 49 employed to vary the adjustment of acceleration means 47 is mechanically tied to shaft 43, the rotation of which shaft controls the variable speed transmission ratio.
  • shaft 43 the rotation of which shaft controls the variable speed transmission ratio.
  • variable speed transmission 41 is also readjusted simultaneously.
  • This simultaneous adjustment of shafts 43 and 49 simultaneously produces both a change in the average speed of knives 16 and also a change in the instantaneous speed of knives 16.
  • the present invention incorporates means whereby in the event that a sizeable velocity correction is required, the speed ratio of the variable speed transmission 41 may be readjusted. This is accomplished by manual reset of slow speed correction motor 46 which rotates shaft 43 through gearing id. Such movement also, of course, changes the setting of acceleration means 47.
  • any deviation from the selected sheet length established as the standard within automatic sheet length control 12 is determined by a comparison of the voltages generated by the speeds detected by tachometer generator 21 (board speed) and tachometer generator 21 (cut-off knife speed).
  • the difference in the voltages generated by tachometer generators 20 and 21 are compared within automatic sheet length control 12 with a standard Voltage representing the selected sheet length. Any error between the algebraic sum of the tachometer generator voltages and the standard voltage produces a signal Which automatically actuates correction motor 46.
  • Rotation of correction motor 46 causes simultaneous readjustment of shaft 4-3 and adjusting shaft 49 through gearing 44 producing the requisite change in the ratio of speeds N and N
  • This change results in the necessary change in adjustment of both mechanical differential 26 and acceleration means 47 and simultaneously produces both a change in the average speed and of the instantaneous speed of cut-off knives at the time the board is cut whereby the blades of cut-0E knives 16 are moving at board speed.
  • FIG. 2 graphically presents blade speed plotted against time for a balanced cut-off knife set to cut a 73.5 inch length sheet.
  • the straight dotted line shown thereon represents the speed of the blades of a cut-off knife under the control of conventional electrical and mechanical register control apparatus.
  • This apparatus would differ from the mechanism shown in FIG. 1 through which register control is effected in two respects. First, the control effort would be applied to cutters is directly from transmission 41 via shaft 42 without the benefit 'of acceleration means 47. Second, no allowance would be made in the design of differential 26 to insure that N be equal to N when correction motor 24 is running at base speed.
  • the blades are shown as moving at constant speed.
  • cutoff knives 16 are simply oversped or undersped to some new constant velocity. Such arrangements are suitable for cutting thin sheets wherein the stretch of the web is suflicient to compensate for distortion caused by the wide difference between blade speed and web speed at time of cut.
  • the acceleration means 47 is added in the position shown in FIG. 1 intermediate transmission 41 and cutters 16, the graph representing the variation of blade speed with time would appear as the oscillating dotted line.
  • the blade speed is changed by acceleration means 47 to more closely approximate board speed at the time of the actual cut, the blade speed is still sufiiciently in error to result in buckling any Web or" the thickness and stiffness of corrugated board and in crimping or bending the leading edge of the cut.
  • the ring gear connected to shaft 27 has 114 teeth
  • the planetary gear meshing therewith has 46 teeth
  • outer gear 37 mounting the planetary gears has 140 teeth
  • the planetary gear meshing with this ring gear has 32 teeth
  • the bevel gear mounted on shaft 39 has 31 teeth
  • the bevel gear meshing there- With has 40 teeth.
  • the system is provided with means for manually adjusting automatic sheet length control 12 during register operation thereby simultaneously changing both the ratio of N /N and also changing the setting of acceleration means 47.
  • FIG. 3 shows an arrangement of switches 61, 62, 63, 64- which are mechanically connected to and actuated by shift lever 31.
  • switches 61, 62, 63, 64- which are mechanically connected to and actuated by shift lever 31.
  • contacts 61 and 62 close simultaneously therewith, energize the electronic register control panel 11 and permit main drive motor 17 to operate. Since contacts 63 and 64 remain open, the automatic sheet length control 12, though not de-energized during registered operation, is unable to execute automatic or high speed changes in the variable speed transmission 41.
  • switches as and .54 are closed and switches 61 and 62 remain open. Simultaneously therewith the necessary mechanical connections for effecting non-registered operation are made.
  • the automatic sheet length control 12 is made operative while the register control panel 11 is disconnected. At the same time main drive motor 17 is made operative.
  • a cutting mechanism has been provided with means for selectively shifting to either registered or non-registered operation or to a safety inter-lock position wherein operation of the cutting mechanism is precluded and whereby changeover of all electrical and mechanical connection may be simultaneously effected.
  • the present invention obviates overspeeding of the blades at the time of cut during register operation.
  • a novel gearing arrangement is provided for a one-to-one speed ratio across the register control mechanical differential 26 when the cutting mechanism is converted to non-registered operation. Further, continuous monitoring of the sheet length during registered cutting operations may be effected to compensate for gross velocity errors.
  • An electronic register control for a cut-off mechanism whereby selective lengths of material are severed from a moving web comprising in combination, driving means, rotatable web cutting means, a cut-off register control panel, first means connected to said control panel for detecting the position of intelligence printed on the moving web, second means connected to said control panel for instantaneously detecting the position of said web cutting means, said first and second means generating signals indicative of the respective detected position for transmission to said control panel, differential means mechanically connected between said driving means and said Web cutting means, a unidirectional correction motor having a speed variable from a base speed and being mechanically connected to said differential means, means for controlling the speed of said motor from said control panel, said differential means operating at a l to 1 ratio whenever said correction motor operates at base speed, a mechanical variable speed device connected between said differential means and said web cutting means and means connected between said variable speed device and said web cutting means for changing the rate of rotation of the latter so that the peripheral speed is substantially web speed during cutting of the web.
  • An electronic register control for a cut-off mechanism whereby selective lengths of material are severed i from a moving web comprising driving means, rotatable Web cutting means, a cut-off register control panel, first means connected to said control panel for detecting the position of intelligence printed on the moving web, second means connected to said control panel for instantaneously detecting the position of said web cutting means, said first and second means generating signals indicative of the respective detected positions for transmission to said control panel, differential means mechanically connected between said driving means and said web cutting means, a correction motor mechanically connected to said differential means and operable only in one direction at different rates from a base speed, said motor being actuated and controlled by said control panel, said differential means operating at a 1 to 1 ratio whenever said correction motor operates at base speed, a mechanical variable speed device connected between said differential means and said web cutting means, means connected between said variable speed device and said web cutting means for changing the rate of rotation of the web cutting means so that its periphery is at substantially web speed during cutting of the web and means effective during register control of said

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Making Paper Articles (AREA)
  • Control Of Cutting Processes (AREA)
  • Controlling Rewinding, Feeding, Winding, Or Abnormalities Of Webs (AREA)
US25618262 1962-01-03 1962-11-16 Register control for a cut-off mechanism Expired - Lifetime US3175442A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL287402D NL287402A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1962-01-03
US25618262 US3175442A (en) 1962-01-03 1962-11-16 Register control for a cut-off mechanism
GB4821862A GB999453A (en) 1962-01-03 1962-12-20 Improvements in or relating to a cut-off mechanism for severing selected lengths of material from a moving web and an electronic register therefor
DE19621411917 DE1411917A1 (de) 1962-01-03 1962-12-31 Vorrichtung zum Abschneiden einer fortlaufenden Materialbahn
FR920287A FR1347330A (fr) 1962-01-03 1963-01-02 Perfectionnements apportés aux dispositifs pour la commande d'un mécanisme servant à découper une feuille continue

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US164050A US3175441A (en) 1962-01-03 1962-01-03 Changeover device from register to non-register control of a cut-off mechanism
US25618262 US3175442A (en) 1962-01-03 1962-11-16 Register control for a cut-off mechanism

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3175442A true US3175442A (en) 1965-03-30

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US25618262 Expired - Lifetime US3175442A (en) 1962-01-03 1962-11-16 Register control for a cut-off mechanism

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US (1) US3175442A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1411917A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB999453A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL287402A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3424041A (en) * 1964-08-21 1969-01-28 Parsons & Whittemore Shearing machines for strip products particularly to those used in the corrugated board industry
US3552252A (en) * 1968-12-30 1971-01-05 Black Clawson Co Veneer defect detector and clipper control
US3604300A (en) * 1969-06-24 1971-09-14 Cutler Hammer Inc Frequency base knife control systems
EP1069061A3 (de) * 1999-07-13 2002-07-17 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Schneiden einer Bahn
EP1839858A3 (de) * 2006-03-28 2011-03-30 manroland AG Falzapparat einer Druckmaschine und Verfahren zum Betreiben desselben

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3039983C2 (de) * 1980-10-23 1984-04-05 Jagenberg-Werke AG, 4000 Düsseldorf Verfahren beim Betrieb einer Querschneidanlage

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2059412A (en) * 1936-02-01 1936-11-03 George W Swift Jr Inc Cut-off machine
US2075095A (en) * 1934-04-12 1937-03-30 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Cutter register control
US2228300A (en) * 1940-02-24 1941-01-14 S & S Corrugated Paper Mach Cutting knife
US2599430A (en) * 1950-03-29 1952-06-03 Du Pont Register control system for web cutting mechanisms
US2822047A (en) * 1955-01-26 1958-02-04 United States Steel Corp Flying shear
US2879845A (en) * 1956-01-18 1959-03-31 Koppers Co Inc Rotary shears
US3071999A (en) * 1958-10-27 1963-01-08 Koppers Co Inc Cut-off control apparatus
US3084579A (en) * 1959-04-29 1963-04-09 Wilbur J Melville Control means for registration control device

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2075095A (en) * 1934-04-12 1937-03-30 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Cutter register control
US2059412A (en) * 1936-02-01 1936-11-03 George W Swift Jr Inc Cut-off machine
US2228300A (en) * 1940-02-24 1941-01-14 S & S Corrugated Paper Mach Cutting knife
US2599430A (en) * 1950-03-29 1952-06-03 Du Pont Register control system for web cutting mechanisms
US2822047A (en) * 1955-01-26 1958-02-04 United States Steel Corp Flying shear
US2879845A (en) * 1956-01-18 1959-03-31 Koppers Co Inc Rotary shears
US3071999A (en) * 1958-10-27 1963-01-08 Koppers Co Inc Cut-off control apparatus
US3084579A (en) * 1959-04-29 1963-04-09 Wilbur J Melville Control means for registration control device

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3424041A (en) * 1964-08-21 1969-01-28 Parsons & Whittemore Shearing machines for strip products particularly to those used in the corrugated board industry
US3552252A (en) * 1968-12-30 1971-01-05 Black Clawson Co Veneer defect detector and clipper control
US3604300A (en) * 1969-06-24 1971-09-14 Cutler Hammer Inc Frequency base knife control systems
EP1069061A3 (de) * 1999-07-13 2002-07-17 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Schneiden einer Bahn
EP1839858A3 (de) * 2006-03-28 2011-03-30 manroland AG Falzapparat einer Druckmaschine und Verfahren zum Betreiben desselben

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB999453A (en) 1965-07-28
NL287402A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1900-01-01
DE1411917A1 (de) 1968-10-24

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