US3173024A - Non-linear functional operator - Google Patents

Non-linear functional operator Download PDF

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Publication number
US3173024A
US3173024A US124187A US12418761A US3173024A US 3173024 A US3173024 A US 3173024A US 124187 A US124187 A US 124187A US 12418761 A US12418761 A US 12418761A US 3173024 A US3173024 A US 3173024A
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United States
Prior art keywords
voltage
zener diodes
input
voltages
operator
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Expired - Lifetime
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US124187A
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard Peretz
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ATCLIERS DE CONSTRUCTIONS ELECTRIQUES DE CHARLEROI
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Richard Peretz
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06G—ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
    • G06G7/00—Devices in which the computing operation is performed by varying electric or magnetic quantities
    • G06G7/12—Arrangements for performing computing operations, e.g. operational amplifiers
    • G06G7/16—Arrangements for performing computing operations, e.g. operational amplifiers for multiplication or division
    • G06G7/164—Arrangements for performing computing operations, e.g. operational amplifiers for multiplication or division using means for evaluating powers, e.g. quarter square multiplier
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06G—ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
    • G06G7/00—Devices in which the computing operation is performed by varying electric or magnetic quantities
    • G06G7/12—Arrangements for performing computing operations, e.g. operational amplifiers
    • G06G7/26—Arbitrary function generators
    • G06G7/28—Arbitrary function generators for synthesising functions by piecewise approximation

Definitions

  • a known principle of operation of such circuits consists of producing an output signal which varies as the input voltage according to a function which can be represented by a broken line constituting an approximation of the desired function. This principle has been disclosed in the book Electronic Analog Computers" by Korn, A. G. and Korn, T. M. pages 290 to 297 (McGraw- Hill, New York, 1956).
  • a general object of the present invention is to provide a non-linear functional operator which operates according to the above-mentioned principle, simple and ac curate, easy to use, sturdy and stable.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a nonlinear functional operator comprising branches each constituted by Zener diodes connected in series at the junction points of which voltages appear which can be rep resented, as a function of the input voltage, by straight lines intersecting the horizontal axes in spaced points and comprising means for separately varying the slope of these linear voltages and for combining them so that the resulting voltage varies by approximation according to any desired non-linear function.
  • FIG. 1 represents an element of a non-linear functional operator according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the variation of output voltages of this element as a function of the input voltage
  • FIG. 3 shows a circuit allowing the slope of these output voltages to be varied
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic of a particular form of a nonlinear functional operator in which two elements as shown in FIG. 1 are used;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic of another particular form of realization
  • FIG. 6 shows a circuit for smoothing the angles of the variation of an output voltage represented by a broken line
  • FIG. 7 shows a still further form of realization of an operator.
  • Zener diodes Z Z Z Z are connected in series with a silicon diode D
  • An input voltage V being applied to terminals V with a polarity corresponding to the conduction direction of diode D and assuming that the input voltage increases, there will appear at terminals V a voltage V; once the Zener voltage of Z has been reached.
  • This voltage V will vary according to FIG. 2, increasing from zero until when V has reached the Zener voltage of the second diode Z a voltage V appears which also increases from zero, and so forth.
  • voltages V V V V appear successively as the input voltage increases and will vary according to FIG. 2.
  • a second group of Zener diodes Z' Z' Z are connected in series with a second silicon diode D' having a conduction direction opposite to that of D so that,
  • the silicon diodes D and D are necessary to prevent direct conduction by the Zener diodes.
  • the circuit shown at FIG. 4 may be employed. It comprises two elements similar to that of FIG. 1, fed by equal voltages but having opposite polarities.
  • the first element is constituted by the Zener diodes Z11, Z21, Z311; Z u, Z m, 21 and thfi SlllCOIl diodes D and D Potentiometers P P P P111; P' P P are connected between the ground and the common point of the silicon diodes D and D' and the respective common points of the different Zener diodes.
  • the second element comprises the Zener diodes Z Z Z Z Z Z' z, the silicon diodes D D and the potentiometers P02, P12, P22 P112; P32, F zz P g.
  • the tlVO elements are fed respectively by input voltages V and V, which are equal but of opposite polarities.
  • FIG. 6 shows the application of the principle of smoothing the angles of the broken line representing the function.
  • This principle has been disclosed by the inventor in a communication at the International Analogy Computation Meeting, September 1955. It consists of superimposing on the voltage at the junction point of two adjacent portions of the broken line a voltage, preferably of triangular shape as a function of time, having a frequency notably higher than the maximum frequency of the voltages applied to the operator.
  • the smoothing has a parabolic shape.
  • FIG. 7 whichrepresents a-complete schematic of a non-linear functional operatoriaccording to the invention, two series of Zener diodes and silicon diodes, designated by the'same refereneesas-in'FIG. .4, are fed with equal voltages, but havingopposite polarities, respectively supplied by an input amplifier ⁇ and-an inverting amplifier 2.
  • This-amplifier has a gainequal ml and it only invertsthepolarity of 'the' voltagesupplied-by the amplifier 1.
  • the input voltage, atthe terminals? is applied togthe input ofthe amplifierl through aresistanee 4.
  • junction-points-of the Zener diodes are connected through silicon diodes d p1 d d ,-d df and dlzfdzg (11, d' d' 'd the groups of which have alternate polarities,to'commutators, designated by thegeneral references-K K .K having movable contacts a a which can be operated manually orautomatically.
  • the commutators are connected together so that: the voltage at any one of the junctoin points of the Zener diodes canqbe applied to any one of the leads b b b 'connected respectively-topotentiometers P ,-P P the voltages of which are applied, through resistances r r r to-the input of an output amplifier 5.
  • the potentiometers 'can' also be operated-manually or automatically. It can be readily understood that this amplifier receives the sum of in different voltages which can be chosen in any desired manner among the-different junction points'ofthe Zener diodes -to reproduce the desired non-linear function.
  • the signal is amplified by the amplifier 5 and appears at its terminals 6.
  • the gain ot-the amplifier;5 can be ad justed by means of a switch 7 and resistances such as 8, 9, 10.
  • T he smoothing of the angles of'the generated function is achieved as described above by applying high frequency voltages to the leads b b b through condensers C C C 'Thesevoltages are taken at potentiometers R R R fed by a suitable generator 11.
  • the generated function can be shifted horizontally by applying'to'the input terminal of the amplifier 1 a DC. voltage which can be adjusted positively ornegatively by means of a-potentiometer 1'2 fed by a suitableD.C. source 13.
  • a DC. voltage which can be adjusted positively ornegatively by means of a-potentiometer 1'2 fed by a suitableD.C. source 13.
  • the vertical shifting of the curve is achieved by applying to the input of the .amplifierS a DC. voltage; through a resistance 14, supplied by a source '15 and adjustable by means of a potentiometer 16.
  • a non-linear functional operator having input and output terminals, the output voltage of which is a nonlinear functionyof the input voltage, said function being graphically. representable by approximation by a broken line, comprising at least one branch constituted by aaplurality of Zener jdiodes connected in series, all in the same direction, said March being connected, at one end, to an input terminal, through a silicon diode poled to permit flowot current in the breakdown directionof'the' Zener diodes, aplurality of potentiometersconnected between the ground and respectively the inputterminal and each of the successive junction-points of thexZener diodes, and
  • a summation circuit to add the'voltages: taken at the difsilicon diode poled to permit fiow of current in the: breakdown direction of the Zener fdiodes,.the twowbranches having reverse directions of'lfiow with respect to the common input: terminal, a plurality of potentiometers connected between the ground and respectively the input terminals and the successive function points of the. Zener diodes of both circuits, and a summation circuit-toadd the voltages taken at the different otentiometers, the output voltage of said: summation circuit being applied to the output terminal of the operator.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Software Systems (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Indication And Recording Devices For Special Purposes And Tariff Metering Devices (AREA)
  • Tone Control, Compression And Expansion, Limiting Amplitude (AREA)
  • Sewing Machines And Sewing (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Current Or Voltage (AREA)
US124187A 1960-07-18 1961-07-14 Non-linear functional operator Expired - Lifetime US3173024A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE471223 1960-07-18
BE593091 1960-07-18

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US3173024A true US3173024A (en) 1965-03-09

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US (1) US3173024A (fr)
BE (1) BE593091A (fr)
DE (1) DE1224064B (fr)
FR (1) FR1294602A (fr)
IT (1) IT652954B (fr)
LU (1) LU40373A1 (fr)
NL (1) NL267021A (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3264553A (en) * 1963-07-15 1966-08-02 Dept Of Electrical Engineering Electronic analog bridge type ramp function generators
US3441728A (en) * 1966-08-29 1969-04-29 Bourns Inc Square law function generator
US3549998A (en) * 1968-09-04 1970-12-22 Phillips Petroleum Co Linear analog conversion
US3553487A (en) * 1967-10-12 1971-01-05 Honeywell Inc Circuit for generating discontinuous functions
US3768013A (en) * 1971-02-11 1973-10-23 Gen Electric Non-linear function generator

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2697201A (en) * 1949-09-27 1954-12-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Adjustable nonlinear resistance
US2945950A (en) * 1958-10-14 1960-07-19 Avco Mfg Corp Balanced phase sensing circuitry

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR986450A (fr) * 1949-03-07 1951-07-31 Sncf Dispositif électrique reproduisant une fonction donnée d'une variable et ses applications
FR1037766A (fr) * 1951-05-28 1953-09-22 Electronique & Automatisme Sa Traducteurs électriques de fonctions arbitraires
US2890832A (en) * 1954-09-02 1959-06-16 Joseph J Stone Smooth-curve function generator

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2697201A (en) * 1949-09-27 1954-12-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Adjustable nonlinear resistance
US2945950A (en) * 1958-10-14 1960-07-19 Avco Mfg Corp Balanced phase sensing circuitry

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3264553A (en) * 1963-07-15 1966-08-02 Dept Of Electrical Engineering Electronic analog bridge type ramp function generators
US3441728A (en) * 1966-08-29 1969-04-29 Bourns Inc Square law function generator
US3553487A (en) * 1967-10-12 1971-01-05 Honeywell Inc Circuit for generating discontinuous functions
US3549998A (en) * 1968-09-04 1970-12-22 Phillips Petroleum Co Linear analog conversion
US3768013A (en) * 1971-02-11 1973-10-23 Gen Electric Non-linear function generator

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1294602A (fr) 1962-05-26
DE1224064B (de) 1966-09-01
NL267021A (nl) 1964-08-10
LU40373A1 (fr) 1961-09-08
IT652954B (it) 1963-02-28
BE593091A (fr) 1960-08-12

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