US3172983A - Snap-in plunger switch - Google Patents

Description

March 9, 1965 F. A. ZODA SNAP-IN PLUNGER SWITCH 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Oct. 9, 1961 FZEDEQJCK A. ZooA ATTORNEY March 9, 1965 F. A. ZODA SNAP-IN PLUNGER SWITCH 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Got. 9, 1961 A w m1 mA K m 2 E D a F ATTORNEY United States Patent 3,172,9ss SNAP-IN PLUNGER SWITCH Frederick A. Zoda, Trenton, N..I., assignor to Circle F Mfg. (10., Trenton, N.J., a corporation of New Jersey Filed Oct. 9, 1961, Ser. No. 143,878 6 Claims. (Ci. 290-168) This invention relates generally to eectrical wiring devices. More particularly, the invention has reference to a switch adapted for mounting in refrigerators, ovens, automobiles, or other environments in which the switch is to be operated by the closing and opening of a door. A switch of this type is known to the trade as a plunger switch. Most usually, the switch is normally on, although in some applications the switch may be normally oif when the plunger is in its extended position.

Comparatively recently, switches of this type have been designed to include snap-in means, whereby the switch is adapted to be quickly installed in an opening provided in the panel of the refrigerator or other structure in which it is to be used. The snap-in means found most suitable for this purpose conventionally embodies a switch cover formed at its periphery with an annular series of spring fingers. Such an arrangement facilities to a marked degree the assembly of the switches in the associated supporting structures, inasmuch as the two conductors intended for attachment to the switches can be drawn through the mounting hole of the associated support structure, and secured to the terminals of the switch, after which the switch is merely pressed into the mounting hole from the front to complete the installation.

In the highly competitive field in which switches of this category fall, it is of great importance to provide a switch having its molded and die made parts reduced to a minimum, without sacrifice of the ability of the switch to obtain a high electrical rating. The reduction of parts to a minimum, of course, not only reduces mold and die costs, but also, effects a continuous saving in assembly costs, throughout the time that the switch is manufactured.

The main object of the present invention is to achieve the above mentioned reduction of mold, die, and assembly costs, through the incorporation of novel features in the switch, such that various components of the switch are coactively related to impart thereto assembly functions not heretofore envisioned for said components by the industry.

With further regard to the reduction of costs generally, another object of the invention is to design individual components of the switch in such a manner as to lower to a considerable extent the amount of material heretofore thought required for said components by the trade.

A further object is to provide a switch in which there will be maximum normal projection of the plunger, when the door is opened, while yet obtaining minimum overall depth of the portion of the switch that is disposed interiorly of the associated regfrigerator or other support structure. This is of importance, in that manufacturers of major appliances such as refrigerators and ovens are continually endeavoring to effect reduction in wall thicknesses to obtain maximum capacity in relation to the overall area of the appliance. In turn, this dictates the need for shallower wiring devices.

In the trade, it becomes important to provide maximum normal plunger projection in relation to maximum travel of the plunger to a depressed position. It is ordinarily required that the plunger be capable of depression through a position in which it is flush with the cover of the switch, and obviously, it becomes difficult to achieve this, while at the same time obtaining minimum depth of the installed switch and maximum normal projection of the plunger. The present invention aims to provide maximum plunger projection in relation to minimum overall depth, while still achieving the desired flush relation between the tip of the plunger and the cover of the switch in the depressed plunger position.

A further object is to provide a construction for the stationary contacts of the switch, so designed as to provide for maximum compactness of the switch while still achieving optimum electrical characteristics as regards the electrical valve at which the switch is rated, the number of cycles through which the switch will ordinarily pass, etc.

Still another object is to provide, in a switch of this type, an arrangement wherein the exposed portions of the terminals will be separated by a portion of the body of the device, which portion will be of substantial crosssection so as to provide an efiicient insulation barrier between the terminals, with the terminals nevertheless being confined within the main circumference of the body.

Summarized briefly, the invention comprises a onepiece, molded body of a phenolic or other suitable dielectric material, forrned open at one end and having its other end reduced in cross-section so as to define diametrically opposed recesses receiving terminals projecting out of the body. The reduced portion of the body comprises an insulation barrier for the terminals, which are adapted to be constructed of relatively short length as compared to those conventionally utilized in switches of this type. Closing the open end of the body is a metallic cover, which may be suitably finished to impart thereto an attractive, corrosion-resistant characteristic. The cover has the usual annular series of spring fingers, but in accordance with the present invention a plurality of said fingers are bent inwardly into underlying engagement with shoulders formed upon the body of the device, whereby to assemble the cover with the body and thus hold all the parts of the switch in assembled relation. The device is further provided with a plunger projecting through a central aperture of the cover, said plunger having at its inner end a rounded surface engaging the central portion of the movable contact, which is thus adapted to have a floating or rockingmotion upon the plunger, permitting the movable contact to seat itself properly against cooperating surfaces of a pair of stationary contacts integral with the above-mentioned terminals. Due to this arrangement, a clean double break is achieved in the device, so as to improve measurably the electrical characteristics thereof. The plunger is springbiased to its normal, extended position, and in accordance with the invention, guide grooves are formed in the inner surface of the body, for the purpose of preventing relative rotation of the movable contact, plunger, and stationary contacts during the use of the device.

Other objects will appear from the following description, the claims appended thereto, and from th annexed drawing, in which like reference characters designate like parts throughout the several views, and wherein:

FIGURE 1 is a front perspective view of a door switch according to the present invention;

FIGURE 2 is a rear perspective view thereof;

FIGURE 3 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view through the switch, taken substantially on line 33 of FIGURE 1 with the plunger in its normal, extended position;

FIGURE 4 is a transverse sectional view on the same scale as FIGURE 3, taken substantially on line 4--4 of FIGURE 3;

FIGURE 5 is a transverse sectional view through the switch, on the same scale as FIGURE 3, taken substantially on line 5-5 of FIGURE 3;

FIGURE 6 is a longitudinal sectional view, on the 3 same scale as FIGURE 3, taken substantially on line 66 on FIGURE 4, with the plunger extended;

FIGURE 7 is a view similar to FIGURE 6 in which the plunger has been partially depressed;

FIGURE 8 is a fragmentary longitudinal sectional view substantially on line 88 of FIGURE 4, on the same scale as FIGURE 3;

FIGURE 9 is a fragmentary longitudinal sectional view on the same scale as FIGURE 3, taken substantially on line 99 of FIGURE FIGURE 10 is an exploded perspective view, on a scale slightly larger than that of FIGURE 1, showing the plunger, one of the stationary contacts, and the movable contact.

Referring to the drawing in detail, the door switch comprising the present invention includes a one-piece, molded body of phenolic or other suitable dielectric material, formed open at its forward end and having, as shown to particular advantage in FIGURES 1 and 2, a forward end portion 12 of circular cross-section.

Body 10 is provided with a reduced rear end portion 14, which in the preferred, illustrated embodiment extends for slightly more than half the overall length of the body. The reduced portion 14 defines diametrically opposed longitudinal or side recesses 16, coextensive with the rear end portion 14. Recesses 16, at the juncture between end portions 12, 14, have end walls 18.

Formed in the outer surface of the body 19 is a pair of diametrically opposed longitudinal grooves 20, terminating at their front ends in closely spaced relation to the forward extremity of the body. The provision of the grooves 26 defines, at the closed front ends of said grooves, shoulders 22, which as shown in FIGURE 9 are undercut, said shoulders being engaged by inwardly bent fingers 24 of a snap-in cover generally designated 26. The cover will be described in detail hereinafter.

The provision of the longitudinal grooves 20 further defines, at opposite sides of each shoulder 22, stop surfaces 28, so that on engagement of the fingers 24 against the shoulders 22 during the assembly of the switch, relative rotation of the body It) and cover 26 will be prevented due to the fact that any tendency toward said relative rotation will be prevented by engagment of the stop surfaces against the fingers 24 (see FIGURES 2 and 5).

Formed in the respective end walls 18 of the diametrically opposed side recesses 16 are slots 30 (see FIG- URES 2, 3, and 5), through which the terminals of the switch project in a manner to be discussed in further detail hereinafter.

Referring now to FIGURES 4 and 8, I provide diametrically opposed guideways 32 lying chordally of the body, in parallel relation, as best shown in FIGURE 4. Guideways 32 communicate with a center cavity 34 extending the full length of the body, said cavity being of circular cross-section (see FIGURE 4), with the guideways communicating with the cavity through the medium of connecting passages 36.

. Angularly spaced from the connecting passages 36 a distance slightly less than 90 degrees are longitudinal guide grooves 38 which, like the cavity 34, extend the full length of the body. Guide grooves 38 extend radially from the central cavity, in full communication therewith over the entire length of the guide grooves.

Connecting the respective passages 36 with the guide grooves 38 adjacent thereto are depressions 40. These are extended from one end of the respective guideways (FIGURE 4), and are relatively narrow in relation to their depth (see FIGURE 8}.

A pair of like, oppositely arranged stationary contacts 42 are provided in the device, each of these including an elongated, flat body part 44 terminating at its rear end in a bevelled, apertured terminal 46 of the male tab type adapted to receive a conventional push-on, female connector, not shown, whereby wires, also not shown, can

be attached to the terminals. Obviously, although tabtype terminals are illustrated by way of example, said terminals might be of other shapes, according to the particular type of connection desired.

At its upper end, contact 42 is formed (see FIGURES 4 and 10) with an arm 48 extending at an obtuse angle to the plane of the body part, within the forward end portion of the body 10. Arm 48, at its free end, is integrally formed with a depending contact element 50 angled downwardly outwardly in a direction from arm 48. Thus, when the oppositely arranged contacts are assembled in the body (see FIGURES 6 and 7), they diverge in a direction rearwardly from the front end of the body, lying in planes oblique to the axis of the body, within the upper ends of the guide grooves 38.

A compression, coil spring 52 seats on the rear end wall 53 of the body, and at its front end bears against the underside of a circular body portion of a movable contact generally designated 54.

The body portion of the movable contact has been designated 56, and is provided with a central aperture surrounded by a forwardly projecting, low extrusion 58. Projecting radially from the periphery of the bottom portion are diametrically opposed, rearwardly divergent contact arms 60, the angle of which is selected to match that of the contact element 50, so that, as shown in FIGURE 6 to best advantage, there is a full face-to-face contact between the contact arms 6! and the contact elements 50 in the on position of the switch.

A plunger 62 is of one-piece, molded construction, and like the body is of phenolic or other suitable dielectric material. Plunger 62 has, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, a rounded tip 64, and at the base of the plunger there are formed diametrically opposed, Wide guide lugs 66 (FIGURE 10). As shown to particular advantage in FIGURES 6 and 7, the base end 68 of the plunger is convexly shaped, with the convexity extending about an elongated, axial bore 70 of the plunger, the bore 70 communicating with a short counter-bore 72 at the base end of the plunger. Since the circular body portion 56 of the movable contact 54 is wholly planiform in the area thereof surrounding the extrusion, it will be observed that the movable contact is engaged, in the normal position of the parts, by the base of the plunger only in the areas of the plunger base and movable contact immediately bounding the counterbore 72 and extrusion 58 respectively.

The extrusion, in this connection, is loosely positioned within the counterbore, and it becomes apparent, therefore, that the movable contact is imparted a self-seating floating characteristic such as to permit it to seat firmly against both of the contact elements 50 in full face-toface engagement therewith, regardless of possible cocking of the plunger. This is of particular importance in a switch of this type, in view of the fact that the plunger is usually engaged and depressed by a door that is turning about a hinge axis, thus causing the plunger to be given a lateral pressure tending to tilt the same out of axial alignment with the remainder of the switch. Especially is this true when, as is often the case, the switch is mounted in close proximity to the hinge axis of the door.

The self-seating arrangement of the movable contact has further value, in that when the plunger is depressed by closure of the door, the contact of the plunger with the movable contact is limited, as hereinbefore described, to the area immediately surrounding the extrusion 58. By holding the engagement of the plunger and contact to this centrally disposed area, I insure to a high degree the provision of a true double break, wherein both contact arms 60 leave the contact elements 50 simultaneously, so as to break the circuit at both sides of the bridging contact 54 at the same time. This, as is known in the trade, is an arrangement which is sought after but often not fully achieved, and it has been found in practice that the construction illustrated and described tends to produce the desired simultaneous double break where ordinarily said double break would not be fully achieved, particularly in View of the lateral pressures against the plunger for reasons given previously in this description.

Designated at 74 is a flat spacer washer of electrically insulative fibre or the like, with the plunger freely sliding in the center opening of said Washer. The washer 74 seats in the forward end of the body It), flush with the front end surface of said body. The stationary contacts are engaged directly against the washer, so as to be held in proper position, said stationary contacts being, in effect, fixedly clamped between the washer and the bottom surfaces of the depressions 4t} as shown in FIG- URE 8.

Further, as will be noted from FIGURE 6, the washer serves as a stop permitting forward movement of the plunger beyond its normal, extended position shown in FIGURE 6, due to the engagement of the lugs 66 against the washer. Lugs 66, it may be noted, extend into the guide grooves 38, with the contact arms 69 also extending into said guide grooves, thus to hold the plunger, movable contact, and body against relative rotational movement.

Considering now the construction of the snap-in cover 74, this includes a shallowly dished plate member 76 centrally apertured for slidable movement of the plunger therein, the plate member having an underlying peripheral lip 78 formed with an annular series of uniformly spaced spring fingers ht slightly bent outwardly intermediate their ends as shown in FIGURE 6. Any two of the spring fingers can be bent under the shoulders 22 in the manner as shown at 24 in FIGURE 9, and this represents an appreciable advance over conventional assembly methods as hereinbefore practiced in the art. Ordinarily, in a switch of this type, the spring fingers have not been employed for the purpose of assembling the body with the cover. Rather, separate pieces, either metallic or otherwise, have been required to accomplish this desirable objective. In the present instance, all the parts are held assembled between a one-piece phenolic body and a one-piece snap-in cover, thus reducing to a marked degree the number of parts required, while at the same time simplifying assembly operations.

In assembly of the device, one would first insert the spring, then the movable contact, and then the stationary contacts. The plunger would then be positioned upon the movable contact, after which the washer is applied, followed by the cover, after which two of the fingers are bent under the shoulders 22.

This completes the assembly of the switch, and the switch is readily installed by snapping the same into a suitable opening of the panel of the refrigerator or other supporting structure, not shown. Either prior to or after installation of the switch, leads, not shown, are connected to the terminals through the use of conventional push-on connectors crimped or otherwise secured to the leads.

Connectors of the character described generally have rolled side edges, and in order to facilitate the application of said connectors without interference from the body, I provide shallow side grooves 82 extending longitudinally of the body over the full length of the reduced portion 14 thereof. These grooves accommodate the rolled edge portions of the push-on connectors, so as to provide clearance for said connectors.

It may be noted that by reason of the illustrated arrangement, the reduced end portion 14 defines a wide, thick insulation barrier between the terminals 46, which are ordinarily disposed in exposed positions projecting beyond the rear extremity of the body.

Further, the construction permits the stationary contacts to be much shorter in length than is ordinarily the case, and this represents a considerable saving, in quantity production, of the metal used in forming said contacts. Still further, the construction reduces the over all length of the portion of the switch that is disposed interiorly of the supporting panel of the refrigerator or other appliance, while still achieving maximum normal projection of the plunger in relation to said overall length. Heretofore, the overall length of the device has been increased by the extent of the projection of the tabtype terminals beyond the rear end of the body.

It is believed apparent that the invention is not necessarily confined to the specific use or uses thereof described above, since it may be utilized for any purpose to which it may be suited. Nor is the invention to be necessarily limited to the specific construction illustrated and described, since such construction is only intended to be illustrative of the principles of operation and the means presently devised to carry out said principles, it being considered that the invention comprehends any changes in construction that may be permitted within the scope of the appended claims.

I claim:

1. A plunger switch of the type designed to snap into a mounting hole of an associated supporting structure, comprising: a body of molded, one-piece, dielectric construction formed as a cupped member open at one end thereof; a centrally apertured cover for the open end of the body also having a one-piece construction and including in its peripheral area a series of spring fingers at least two of which are clinched into underlying relation to portions of the body in direct contact with said portions inwardly of the body circumference, the remaining fingers being bowed outwardly to snap into said mounting hole; a plunger slidably mounted in and projecting out of the aperture of the cover; a. pair of stationary contacts mounted in and having terminals projecting exteriorly of the body; a movable contact mounted for movement with the plunger and including contact surfaces, shiftable into and out of engagement with the stationary contacts responsive to movement of the plunger between opposite extreme positions thereof; and a compression spring seated in the body and engaging the movable contact, said spring exerting a resilient, yielding pressure against the movable contact in a direction to extend the plunger from the body and shift the movable contact into engagement with the stationary con tacts.

2. A plunger switch of the type intended to snap into a mounting hole of an associated supporting structure, comprising: a body of molded, one-piece, dielectric construction formed as a cupped member open at one end thereof, said body having angularly spaced external shoulders disposed inwardly of the circumference of the body and faced toward the rear end thereof; a centrally apertured cover for the open end of the body also having a one-piece construction and including in its peripheral area an annular series of spring fingers of identical length and outer configuration, said fingers being uniformly angularly spaced about the entire circumference of the body, two at least of the fingers being clinched into underlying relation to said shoulders in direct engagement therewith with the remaining fingers being bowed outwardly to snap into said mounting hole; a plunger slidably mounted in and projecting out of the aperture of the cover; a pair of stationary contacts mounted in and having terminals projecting exteriorly of the body; a movable contact mounted for movement with the plunger, said movable contact including contact surfaces shiftable into and out of engagement with the stationary contacts responsive to operation of the plunger between opposite extreme positions thereof; and a compression spring seated in the body and engaging the movable contact, said spring exerting a resilient, yielding pressure against the movable contact in a direction to extend the plunger from the body and shift the movable contact into engagement with the stationary contacts.

3. A plunger switch of the type intended to snap 7 into a mounting hole of an associated supporting structure, comprising: a body of molded, one-piece, dielectric construction formed as a cupped member open at one end, said body being formed with a pair of diametrically opposed external shoulders faced toward the rear end thereof, the body having abutments extending at opposite sides of each shoulder; a one-piece cover including a flat, circular plate member having a central aperture, an annular lip underlying the periphery of the plate member, and an annular series of spring fingers identical to one another in length and outer configuration, said fingers depending from the lip and being uniformly angularly spaced about the entire circumference of the body in pairs in which the fingers of each pair are arranged diametrically opposite each other, each finger of a selected one of said pairs being clinched into underlying relation to a shoulder between the abutments associated with said shoulder, the remaining fingers being bowed out-' wardly to snap into said mounting hole; a plunger slidably mounted in and projecting out of the aperture of the plate member; a pair of stationary contacts mounted in and having terminals projecting exteriorly of the body; a movable contact mounted for movement with the plunger, said movable contact including contact surfaces shiftable into and out of engagement with the stationary contacts, responsive to operation of the plunger between opposite extreme positions thereof; and a compression spring seated in the body and engaging the movable contact, said spring exerting a resilient, yielding pressure against the movable contact in a direction to extend the: plunger from the body and shift said contact surfaces of the movable contact into engagement with the stationary contacts.

' 4, A plunger switch of a type intended to snap into a mounting hole of an associated structure, comprising: a body of molded, one-piece, dielectric construction formed as a cuppedv member having a circular, openlfront end and having a rear end portion formed with diametri cally opposed recesses extending to the rear extremity of the body from a location intermediate the ends thereof, said recesses having end walls at said location, said recesses opening upon the rear extremity of the body; a cover for the open end of the body secured to the body and having a central aperture, said cover including means for snapping the same into said mounting hole; a plunger slidably mounted in and projecting out of the aperture of the cover; a pair of stationary contacts mounted in the body and having rear end portions extending into the recesses through the end walls to provide a pair of terminals for the switch, said contacts being confined wholly within the circular area defined by said front end of the body, said contacts terminating within the recesses short of the rear extremity of the body to locate the reduced portion of the body as an insulation barrier therebetween; a movable contact mounted for movement with the plunger, said movable contact including contact surfaces shiftable into and out of engagement with the stationary contacts responsive to operation of the plunger between opposite extreme positions; and a compression spring seated in the body and engaging the movable contact, said spring exerting a resilient, yielding pressure against the movable contact in a direction to extend the plunger from the body and shift said contact surfaces of the movable contact into engagement with the stationary contacts.

5. A plunger switch of a type intended to snap into a mounting hole of an associated supporting structure, comprising: a body of molded, one-piece, dielectric construction formed as a cupped member having an open front end and having a rear end portion formed with diametrically opposed recesses extending to the rear extremity of the body from a location intermediate at the ends thereof, said recesses having end walls at said location; a cover for the open end of the body secured to the body and having a central aperture, said cover including m ans for snapping the same into said mounting hole; a plunger slidably mounted in and projecting out of the aperture of the cover; a pair of stationary contacts having front end portions extending longitudinally of and within the body, arms projecting laterally from one side of the front end portions adjacent to and in a direction parallel to the general plane of the cover, contact elements depending from said arms, and rear end portions extending through said end walls into the recesses to provide a pair of terminals for the switch, said contacts terminating within the recesses short of the rear extremity of the body to locate the reduced portion of the body as an insulation barrier therebetween; a movable contact mounted for movement with the plunger, said movable contact including contact surfaces shiftable into and out of engagement with said contact elements in response to operation of the plunger between opposite extreme positions thereof; and a compression spring seated in the body and engaging the movable contact, said spring exerting a resilient, yielding pressure against the movable contact in a direction to extend the plunger from the body and shift said contact surfaces of the movable contact into engagement with the contact elements of the stationary contacts.

6. A plunger switch of a type intended to snap into a mounting hole of an associated supporting structure, comprising: a body of molded, one-piece, dielectric construction formed as a cupped member having an open front end and having a rear end portion formed with diametrically opposed recesses extending to the rear extremity of the body from a location intermediate at the ends thereof, said recesses having end walls at said location; a cover for the open end of the body secured to the body and having a central aperture, said cover including means for snapping the same into said mounting hole; a plunger slidably mounted in and projecting out of the aperture of the cover; a pair of stationary contacts having straight, flat body portions extending longitudinally of and within the body, arms projecting laterally from one end of the respective body portions angularly to the planes of said body portions, said arms extending from one side of said body portions in a direction parallel to the general plane of the cover, contact elements depending from said arms, said body portions at their other ends extending through said end walls of the recesses to provide a pair of terminals for the switch, said terminals terminating within the recesses short of the rear extremity of the body and wholly within the circumference of the body to locate the reduced portion of the body as an insulation barrier therebetween; a movable contact mounted for movement with the plunger, said movable contact including contact surfaces shiftable into and out of engagement with said contact elements in response to operation of a plunger between opposite extreme positions thereof; and

. a compression spring seated in the body and engaging the movable contact, said spring exerting a resilient, yielding pressure against the movable contact in a direction to extend the plunger from the body and shift said contact surfaces of the movable contact into engage ment with the contact elements of the stationary contacts.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,605,375 7/52 Ellithorpe 200-159 2,712,047 6/55 Herterick 200-159 2,886,674 5/59 SpiCer 200-159 2,899,511 8/59 Fraser ZOO-61.81 2,903,540 9/59 Gloviak 200-168 X 2,969,443 1/61 Barden 200-168 2,994,750 8/61 Raab 200-159 FOREIGN PATENTS 597,560 1/48 Great Britain.

BERNARD A. GILHEANY, Primary Examiner. ROBERT K. SCHAEFER, Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A PLUNGER SWITCH OF THE TYPE DESIGNED TO SNAP INTO A MOUNTING HOLE OF AN ASSOCIATED SUPPORTING STRUCTURE, COMPRISING: A BODY OF MOLDED, ONE-PIECE, DIELECTRIC CONSTRUCTION FORMED AS A CUPPED MEMBER OPEN AT ONE END THEREOF; A CENTRALLY APERTURED COVER FOR THE OPEN END OF THE BODY ALSO HAVING A ONE-PIECE CONSTRUCTION AND INCLUDING IN ITS PERIPHERAL AREA A SERIES OF SPRING FINGERS AT LEAST TWO OF WHICH ARE CLINCHED INTO UNDERLYING RELATION TO PORTIONS OF THE BODY IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH SAID PORTIONS INWARDLY OF THE BODY CIRCUMFERENCE, THE REMAINING FINGERS BEING BOWED OUTWARDLY TO SNAP INTO SAID MOUNTING HOLE; A PLUNGER SLIDABLY MOUNTED IN AND PROJECTING OUT OF THE APERTURE OF THE COVER; A PAIR OF STATIONARY CONTACTS MOUNTED IN AND HAVING TERMINALS PRO-

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