US3166406A - Alloy for elevated temperatures - Google Patents
Alloy for elevated temperatures Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3166406A US3166406A US214475A US21447562A US3166406A US 3166406 A US3166406 A US 3166406A US 214475 A US214475 A US 214475A US 21447562 A US21447562 A US 21447562A US 3166406 A US3166406 A US 3166406A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- alloys
- alloy
- steel
- present
- temperatures
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 72
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title description 72
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003483 aging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000015842 Hesperis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012633 Iberis amara Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001122 Mischmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001192 hot extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 that is Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/10—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
- C22C38/105—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt containing Co and Ni
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/14—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
Definitions
- the present invention relates to ferrous-base alloys and, more particularly, to strong, ductile weldable ferrousbase alloys for use at temperatures up to about 1000" F. and higher.
- maraging steels are characterized on the whole by ease of formability both by hot-working and cold-working processes, by case of weldability and by freedom from major distortion during hardening heat treatment.
- an alloy for high temperature use should resist oxidation and/ or scaling at least as well as materials in current competitive use.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a novel ferrous-base alloy for use in structures, components, parts, etc., employed at elevated temperatures up to about 1000" F. and higher.
- the invention also contemplates providing a novel coldworkable steel.
- his a further object of the invention to provide a novel age-hardened ferrous-base alloy for use at elevated tempertures up to about 1000 F.
- the invention further contemplates providing novel structures including components, parts, welded assemblies,
- the present invention contemplates a novel ferrous-base alloy containing, in percent by weight, about 14% to about 16%'nickel, about 8.5% to about 9.5% cobalt, about 4.6% to about 5.2% molybdenum, about 0.1% to about 0.8% titanium, about 0.1% to about 1.2% aluminum, up to about,3% vanadium, up to about 0.03% carbon, up to about 0.2% manganese, up to about 0.2% silicon, up to about 0.01% boron, up to about 0.1% zirconium, up to about 0.05% calcium with the balance being essentially iron together with small amounts of impurities and incidental elements normally occurring in ferrous-base alloys and/or associated with said alloying elements.
- the ferrous-base alloy composition of the present invention is correlated so that the number resulting from the summation of five times the percentage of titanium, plus three times the percentage of aluminum plus the percentage of vanadium is at least equal to about 4.5 and is less than about 7.
- H the number resulting from the summation of five times the percentage of titanium, plus three times the percentage of aluminum plus the percentage of vanadium is at least equal to about 4.5 and is less than about 7.
- alloys in accordance with thepresent invention contain about to about 0.9% aluminum and con, manganese, boron, zirconium, rare earth elements (from the addition of mischmetal), lithium, magnesium, uranium, calcium, etc.
- the alloy is then cast at temperatures of about 2800 F. into ingots.
- the ingots are subsequently hot worked at starting temperatures of about 2300 F. and finishing temperatures of about 1500 F., advantageously in more than one direction to facilitate homogenization of the microstructure.
- the alloys are advantageously annealed at about 1800 F.
- the alloy can be cold worked, machined, etc., and thereafter hardened by aging at a temperature of about 800 F. to
- annealing heat treatment can consist of heating for about 1 to about hours at 1500 F. to about 1800 F. with the longer times being employed at temperaturesin the lower end of said temperature range.
- Iron includes small amounts of silicon, manganese, boron, zirconium and/or calcium within the limits of the ranges set forth hereinbefore together with residual andunavoidable amounts of impurities ane incidental elements.
- Table II shows that alloys in accordance with the present invention exhibit a high combination of strength and ductility over the wide temperature range of about room temperature (70 F.) to 1000 F.
- alloys in accordance with the present invention can be successfully employed in situations involving cyclical variations in temperature over a wide range.
- Table III shows that at elevated temperatures of about 800 F. to about 1000 F, alloys of the present invention exhibit extraordinaryresistance to creep under very high stress. This resistance to prolonged high stress at elevated temperatures coupled with the extraordinarily high combination of tensile characteristics over the temperature range of about 70 F. to about 1000 F. as shown in Table 11, indicates wide commercial utility for the alloys of the present invention as parts and components subjected in use to elevated temperatures and high stress for extended periods of time which are intermittently subjected to lower temperatures.
- Alloys of the present invention can be modified to contain up to about 5% chromium with the chromium replacing nickel weight for weight.
- the chromium replacing nickel weight for weight.
- alloys of the present invention can be expected to show a weight gain of less than 0.2 mg./cm. after a total of 100 hours at 1000 F.
- alloys of the present invention exhibit an outstanding combination of room temperature and elevated temperature characteristics making them particularly suitable for structures, parts, components, etc., subjected in use to high and/or prolonged stress at temperatures up to about 1000 F.
- Specificsteels outside the present invention are set forth in Table IV. It is to be noted with regard to Table IV that, for convenience, iron has been eliminated from the heading. It is to be understood that in each instance, the balance of the alloy is essentially iron together with impurities and small amounts of boron, manganese, silicon, zirconium and/or calcium and other incidental and/or deoxidizing and/or Alloy B, when annealed at 1500 F. prior to aging, exhibited a life to rupture at 1000 F.
- Alloy C had low elongation when tested at 1000 F. for tensile characteristics.
- Alloys N and O are representative of chromium-containing alloys which exhibit impaired oxidation resistance at 1000 F. It is to be observed that low yield strength, low ductility and/or impaired oxidation resistance at 1000 F. limits and/or restricts the commercial use of an alloy at ele vated temperatures.
- steels outside the pres-. ent invention can'exhibit low livesto rupture at 1000 F.
- alloy G in the condition resulting from annealing at 1500 F., cooling, aging at 900 F. for 3 hours and air cooling, exhibited Shours lifeto rupture at 1000 F.
- an aged steel of the present invention (alloy No. 2) exhibited a life to rupture of 834 hours at 220 k.s.i. load.
- Table VI shows, in comparison with Table 11 set forth hereinbefore, that the alloys of the present invention are much less detrimentally affected by temperatures up to about 1000 F.
- alloy No. 2 an alloy of the present invention, has a 0.2% yield strength of 186 l .s.i., whereas the commercially available steel exhibited a 0.2% yield strength at 1000 F. of only about 129 k.s.i.
- the alloy of the present invention maintains a high degree of ductility and toughness in combination with high yield strength at elevated temperatures up to about 1000 F.
- the alloys of the present invention are particularly "2? applicable for use as hot work dies and. tooling, for example, hot forging dies and hot extrusion dies, missile and aircraft components heated to temperatures up to about 1000" F. during service, for example, skirt parts of rockets, shafting and rotors for enerating equipment, mortar tubes, gun barrels, chemical plant equipment, etc.
- the alloy can also be used for fasteners and other, har
- a steel as in claim '1 which contains about 0.5% to about 0.9% aluminum and about 0.6% to about 0.8% titanium.
- a steel as in claim 1 which is annealed at about 1800 F. for about 1 hour.
- An annealed and aged steel having an advantageous combination of mechanical characteristics including strength and toughness at temperatures ranging from about room temperature up to about 1000 F. and consisting essentially, in percent by weight, ofabout 14% to about 16% nickel, about 8.5% to about 9.5% cobalt, about 4.6% to about 5.2% molybdenum, about 0.1% to about 0.8% titanium, about 0.1% to about 1.2% aluminum, up to about 3% vanadium, up to 0.03% carbon, up to about 0.2% manganese, up toabout 0.2% silicon, up to about 0.01% boron, up to about 0.1% zirconium, up to about 0.05% calcium with the balance being essentially iron, the titanium, aluminum and vanadium contents of said steel being so correlated so that the number X calculated by V is about 4.5 to about 7.
- An aged steel as in claim 4 which contains about 0.5% to about 0.9% aluminum and about 0.6% to about 0.8% titanium.
- a process for producing a high strength structure adapted to be employed at temperatures up to about 1000" F. comprising providing a steel consisting essentially, in percent by Weight, of about 14% to about 16% nickel, about 8.5% to about 9.5% cobalt, about 4.6% to about 5.2% molybdenum, about 0.1% to about 0.8% titanium, about 0.1% to about 1.2% aluminum, upto about 3% vanadium, up to about 0.03% carbon, up to about 0.2% manganese, up to about 0.2% silicon, up to about 0.01% boron, up to about 0.
- 1% zirconium, up to about 0.05% calcium with the balance being essentially iron, the titanium, aluminum and vanadium contents of said steel being so correlated so that the number X calculated by X 5 %Ti-
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US214475A US3166406A (en) | 1962-08-03 | 1962-08-03 | Alloy for elevated temperatures |
| GB29765/63A GB982637A (en) | 1962-08-03 | 1963-07-26 | Alloy steel |
| CH962263A CH452207A (fr) | 1962-08-03 | 1963-08-02 | Acier au nickel-cobalt-molybdène |
| ES290535A ES290535A2 (es) | 1962-08-03 | 1963-08-02 | Mejoras introducidas en la fabricación de aceros al níquel-cobalto-molibdeno |
| AT621763A AT273194B (de) | 1962-08-03 | 1963-08-02 | Nickel-Kobalt-Molybdän-Stahl und Verfahren zu seiner Wärmebehandlung |
| LU44202D LU44202A1 (de) | 1962-08-03 | 1963-08-03 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US214475A US3166406A (en) | 1962-08-03 | 1962-08-03 | Alloy for elevated temperatures |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3166406A true US3166406A (en) | 1965-01-19 |
Family
ID=22799212
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US214475A Expired - Lifetime US3166406A (en) | 1962-08-03 | 1962-08-03 | Alloy for elevated temperatures |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3166406A (de) |
| AT (1) | AT273194B (de) |
| CH (1) | CH452207A (de) |
| ES (1) | ES290535A2 (de) |
| GB (1) | GB982637A (de) |
| LU (1) | LU44202A1 (de) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3313662A (en) * | 1964-08-20 | 1967-04-11 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Maraging steel |
| US3359094A (en) * | 1965-05-20 | 1967-12-19 | Int Nickel Co | Ferrous alloys of exceptionally high strength |
| US3453102A (en) * | 1966-03-08 | 1969-07-01 | Int Nickel Co | High strength,ductile maraging steel |
| US4294613A (en) * | 1979-07-03 | 1981-10-13 | Henrik Giflo | Acid resistant, high-strength steel suitable for polishing |
| US4299621A (en) * | 1979-07-03 | 1981-11-10 | Henrik Giflo | High mechanical strength reinforcement steel |
| US4832909A (en) * | 1986-12-22 | 1989-05-23 | Carpenter Technology Corporation | Low cobalt-containing maraging steel with improved toughness |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116657027A (zh) * | 2023-06-06 | 2023-08-29 | 山东钢铁股份有限公司 | 一种利用钢中残余金属元素低成本生产含钒h型钢的方法 |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB409355A (en) * | 1931-11-04 | 1934-04-30 | Wilhelm Kroll | Improvements in processes for improving alloys containing iron, aluminium and nickel |
| US2048164A (en) * | 1931-08-31 | 1936-07-21 | Int Nickel Co | Method of treating alloys |
| US2712498A (en) * | 1948-06-01 | 1955-07-05 | Rolls Royce | Nickel chromium alloys having high creep strength at high temperatures |
-
1962
- 1962-08-03 US US214475A patent/US3166406A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1963
- 1963-07-26 GB GB29765/63A patent/GB982637A/en not_active Expired
- 1963-08-02 CH CH962263A patent/CH452207A/fr unknown
- 1963-08-02 ES ES290535A patent/ES290535A2/es not_active Expired
- 1963-08-02 AT AT621763A patent/AT273194B/de active
- 1963-08-03 LU LU44202D patent/LU44202A1/xx unknown
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2048164A (en) * | 1931-08-31 | 1936-07-21 | Int Nickel Co | Method of treating alloys |
| GB409355A (en) * | 1931-11-04 | 1934-04-30 | Wilhelm Kroll | Improvements in processes for improving alloys containing iron, aluminium and nickel |
| US2712498A (en) * | 1948-06-01 | 1955-07-05 | Rolls Royce | Nickel chromium alloys having high creep strength at high temperatures |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3313662A (en) * | 1964-08-20 | 1967-04-11 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Maraging steel |
| US3359094A (en) * | 1965-05-20 | 1967-12-19 | Int Nickel Co | Ferrous alloys of exceptionally high strength |
| US3453102A (en) * | 1966-03-08 | 1969-07-01 | Int Nickel Co | High strength,ductile maraging steel |
| US4294613A (en) * | 1979-07-03 | 1981-10-13 | Henrik Giflo | Acid resistant, high-strength steel suitable for polishing |
| US4299621A (en) * | 1979-07-03 | 1981-11-10 | Henrik Giflo | High mechanical strength reinforcement steel |
| US4832909A (en) * | 1986-12-22 | 1989-05-23 | Carpenter Technology Corporation | Low cobalt-containing maraging steel with improved toughness |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES290535A2 (es) | 1964-03-16 |
| GB982637A (en) | 1965-02-10 |
| LU44202A1 (de) | 1963-10-03 |
| CH452207A (fr) | 1968-05-31 |
| AT273194B (de) | 1969-08-11 |
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