US3154754A - Circuit for distributing power between two mutually orthogonal polarization paths employing a rotatable absorbing strip - Google Patents

Circuit for distributing power between two mutually orthogonal polarization paths employing a rotatable absorbing strip Download PDF

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US3154754A
US3154754A US68496A US6849660A US3154754A US 3154754 A US3154754 A US 3154754A US 68496 A US68496 A US 68496A US 6849660 A US6849660 A US 6849660A US 3154754 A US3154754 A US 3154754A
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strip
wave
wave guide
waves
twistable
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US68496A
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Ronde Frans Christiaan De
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US Philips Corp
North American Philips Co Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/16—Auxiliary devices for mode selection, e.g. mode suppression or mode promotion; for mode conversion
    • H01P1/162—Auxiliary devices for mode selection, e.g. mode suppression or mode promotion; for mode conversion absorbing spurious or unwanted modes of propagation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/16—Auxiliary devices for mode selection, e.g. mode suppression or mode promotion; for mode conversion
    • H01P1/161—Auxiliary devices for mode selection, e.g. mode suppression or mode promotion; for mode conversion sustaining two independent orthogonal modes, e.g. orthomode transducer

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  • the invention relates to a power dividing circuit ⁇ for microwaves.
  • a power dividing circuit which comprises lirst transmission path for electromagnetic waves having a certain direction lof polarisation.
  • This power divider further comprises a second transmission path 1for electromagnetic waves and a third transmission path for electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic waves in the second land third transmission paths lbeing polarised at right angles to one another.
  • the rst transmission path is connected to the second and third transmission paths through a cornmon polarisation rotator. It is further known to use a twisted strip of conductive material as a polarisation rotator.
  • the known power divider provided with the said known polarisation rotator has a limitation in that the second and third transmission paths are coupled with yone another.
  • a strip is provided made o-f a material for absorbing electromagnetic waves having a direction of polarisation parallel to the plane of this strip.
  • FIG. 1 shows by way of example an embodiment of a power divider in accordance with the invention.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show vector diagrams illustrating the operation off the power distributor of FIG. l.
  • a wave guide 1 of rectangular cross-section is connected to a wave guide 2 of circular cross-section through a matched transition piece 3.
  • the wave guide 2 contains a strip S1 of conductive material.
  • This strip iS secured to the inner surface of the wave guide 2 by means of projections 4 and 5.
  • the points of attachment lie in a plane passing through the axis of wave guide 2, in the case shown in the plane ⁇ of the drawing.
  • the strip S1 is :secured to the inner surface of 'a cylinder C with the aid of projections 7 and 8.
  • the inner ⁇ surface of the cylinder C is linked yup with the inner surface of the wave guide 2 without reflection.
  • the cylinder C is adap-ted to be rotated about its axis which coincides with the axis of the wave guide 2.
  • the strip S1 is twisted; as will be explained hereinafter, the maximum relative angular displacement of the cylinder C need not exceed 90.
  • a strip S2 is aligned with the strip S1.
  • This strip S2 is made of a material, for example a metal deposed from vapour, ,for absorbing electromagnetic energy.
  • a material for example a metal deposed from vapour, ,for absorbing electromagnetic energy.
  • the wave guide ⁇ 2 further contains a coupling member 9 for electromagnetic waves the direction of polarisation of which lies in the plane of the drawing at right angles to the axis of the Wave guide 2.
  • This coupling member comprises a conductive rod 10 which through an aperture 11 in the wave guide 2 extends into a Wave guide 12 shown partly only.
  • the rod 10 lies in a plane passing through the axis of the wave guide 2 at right angles to the axis.
  • a strip S3 of conductive material is arranged behind the rod 10 spaced away therefrom by one quarter wavelength. Both the rod and the strip S3 lie in the plane of the drawing.
  • the part of the wave guide 2 behind the rod 10 now ⁇ forms an ininite impedance for electromagnetic waves having a direction of polarisation lying in the plane of the drawing. Waves having this direction of polarisation are withdrawn substantially entirely from the wave guide Z by the coupling member 9 and are passed to the wave guide 12 through the rod 1t).
  • Transverse slits are provided both in the strip S1 and in the ⁇ strip S3. These strips prevent the occurrence of waves of other types. In particular no wave types can occur which are produced by longitudinal currents in the strips.
  • the wave guide 2 is coupled at its right-hand end through a matched transition piece 13 to a wave guide 14 of rectangular cross-section.
  • the direction of polarisation of the electromagnetic waves in the wave guide 14 is at right angles to the plane of the drawing.
  • FIG. 2 shows co-ordinate axes.
  • the y-axis corresponds to the direction at right angles to the plane of the drawing of FIG. 1
  • the x-axis corresponds with a direction in the plane of the drawing of FIG. 1 at right angles to the aixs ofthe wave guide 2.
  • the vectors -A1-Ay show diagrammatically the electric field strength of the electromagnetic waves propagating in the power distributor of FIG. l in the directions of arr-ows P1-Py.
  • the vector A1 represents the electromagnetic wave supplied from the wave guide 1 to the wave guide 2.
  • the direction of the vector A1 corresponds with the direction of polarisation of this wave 4and the length of the vector A1 is proportional to the amplitude of this wave.
  • FIG. 2 shows the Vector A2 rota-ted relatively to the y-axis through an angle a. This means that the electromagnetic wave in the direction of the arrow P2 in FIG. 1 is polarised in a direction rotated through the same angle a relatively to the direction at right angles to the plane of the drawing.
  • the vector A2 has a component AX in the direction of the x-axis.
  • the vector Ay represents the wave propagating from the wave guide 2 to the wave guide x14 and the vector AX represents the wave supplied by the coupling member 9 from the wave guide 2 to the wave guide 12.
  • the ratio between the lengths of the vectors Ay and Ax can be simply varied by increasing or reducing the angle a.
  • Varying the position of the cylinder C the raio between the amplitudes of the waves in the wave-guides 12 and 14 and hence the power supplied to either wave guide is varied.
  • the wave guide 14 of FIG. 1 generally is not terminated without reflection. Hence, in the wave guide 14 waves will also propagate in Ia direction opposite to the direction of the arrow Py, as shown by arrow Ry.
  • the vectors By-B1 diagrammatically represent the electric eld strength of the electromagnetic waves propagating in the direction of the arrows Ry-R1 in FIG. l.
  • FIG. 3 shows that the vector By has a component By1 3 at right angles to the strip S2 shown in cross-section and a component Byz tangential to the strip S2.
  • the electromagnetic wave represented by the vector Byl propagates along the strip S1.
  • the direction of polarisation yof this wave rotates through an angle a.
  • this wave is now represented by a Vector B1 rotated through an angle a relatively to the vector Byl.
  • the electromagnetic wave represen-ted by the vector Byz is completely absorbed by the strip S2, However, if the 4strip S2 is not present, this wave reects at the end of the strip S1 and the component of the reected wave having a direction of polarisation according to the x-axis is guided by the coupling member 9 to the wave guide 12. In this event, the wave in the direction of an arrow PX depends not only upon the wave in the direction of the arrow P1 Ibut also upon the wave in the direction of the yarrow Ry. The provision of the strip S2 in the manner shown prevents the latter wave from producing an electromagnetic wave in the wave guide 12.
  • the advantage of the power distributor described consists in that only the electromagnetic wave propagating in FIG. 1 from the left to the right supplies power to the wave guide 12.
  • the power divider described actually is a directional coupler.
  • a microwave power dividing circuit comprising a :source of electromagnetic waves of predetermined polarization, rst and second microwave transmission path means for waves of mutually perpendicular polarization, and polarization rotating coupling means connected t couple waves from said source to said first and second transmission path means, said coupling means comprising a twistable strip of conductive material extending axially of said coupling means between said source and said rst and Second transmission means, means -for twisting said strip for rotating the polarization of said waves, and ⁇ a rotatable absorbing strip of material for absorbing electromagnetic energy, said absorbing strip being positioned between said twistable strip and said rst and second transmission path means in a longitudinal plane with respect to said coupling means, said absorbing strip being in the Same plane as the end of said twistable strip toward said rst and second transmission .path means.
  • a microwave power dividing circuit comprising a source of electromagnetic waves of predetermined polarization, first and second rectangular waveguide means having mutually perpendicular polarizations, and polarization rotating coupling means for coupling said waves to said iirst and second waveguide means, said coupling means comprising circular waveguide means, means applying said waves to one end of said circular waveguidt-l means, means for coupling said first and second rectangular waveguide means to the other end of said circular waveguide means, a twistable 4strip ⁇ of ⁇ conductive material posi- ⁇ tioned within said circular waveguide means and extending axially therewith, means ⁇ for twisting Said twistable strip, and a rotatable strip of electromagnetic energy absorbing material within said circular waveguide means between ⁇ said twistable strip and said other end, said energy absorbing ⁇ strip ybeing positioned in a plane extending through the axis ⁇ of said circular waveguide means, said adjustable strip being in the same plane as the adjacent end of said twistable Strip.
  • a microwave power dividing circuit comprising a source of electromagnetic Waves of predetermined polarization, -rst and second rectangular waveguide means having mutually perpendicular polarizations, land polarization rotating coupling means for coupling said waves to said first and second waveguide means, Said coupling means comprising circular waveguide means, means applying Said waves to one end of said circular waveguide means, means ⁇ for coupling said tirst and second rectangular waveguide means to the other end of said circular waveguide means, a twistable strip of conductive material positioned within said circular waveguide means and extending axially therewith, means for holding the end of said twistable strip toward said one end of sa-id circular waveguide means, means for rotating the other end of said twistable strip for twisting said strip, ⁇ a strip of electromagnetic energy absorbing material mounted on said other end of said twistable strip, said energy absorbing strip lbeing positioned in a plane extending through the axis of said circular waveguide means and being in the same plane as said ⁇ other end of said twistable

Description

Oct. 27, 1964 F. c. DE RONDE 3,154,754
CIRCUIT FOR DISTRIBUTING POWER BETWEEN TWO MUTUALLY ORTHOGONAL POLARIZATION-PATHS EMPLOYING A ROTATABLE ABSORBING STRIP Filed Nov. l0. 1960 INVENTOR FRANZ CH. DE RONDE United States Patent O 3,154,754 CIRCUIT FOR DISTRIBUTING PWER BETWEEN TWG MUTUALLY RTHOGONAL POLARIZA- 'HON PA'IHS EMPLOYING A ROTATABLE AB- SORBWG STRIP Frans Christiaan de Ronde, Eindhoven, Netherlands, as-
signor to North American Philips Company, Inc., New York, NY., a corporation of Delaware Filed Nov. 10, 1961i, Ser. No. 68,496 Claims priority, application Belgium Dec. 16, 1959 3 Claims. (Cl. 333-7) The invention relates to a power dividing circuit `for microwaves.
A power dividing circuit is known which comprises lirst transmission path for electromagnetic waves having a certain direction lof polarisation. This power divider further comprises a second transmission path 1for electromagnetic waves and a third transmission path for electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic waves in the second land third transmission paths lbeing polarised at right angles to one another. The rst transmission path is connected to the second and third transmission paths through a cornmon polarisation rotator. It is further known to use a twisted strip of conductive material as a polarisation rotator. The known power divider provided with the said known polarisation rotator has a limitation in that the second and third transmission paths are coupled with yone another.
It is the object of the invention to eliminate this coupling.
According to the invention, at the end of the strip adjacent the second and third transmission paths and in alignment therewith a strip is provided made o-f a material for absorbing electromagnetic waves having a direction of polarisation parallel to the plane of this strip.
The invention will now be explained more fully with reference to the drawing.
FIG. 1 shows by way of example an embodiment of a power divider in accordance with the invention.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show vector diagrams illustrating the operation off the power distributor of FIG. l.
In FIG. 1 a wave guide 1 of rectangular cross-section is connected to a wave guide 2 of circular cross-section through a matched transition piece 3. The wave guide 2 contains a strip S1 of conductive material. This strip iS secured to the inner surface of the wave guide 2 by means of projections 4 and 5. The points of attachment lie in a plane passing through the axis of wave guide 2, in the case shown in the plane `of the drawing. At its other end the strip S1 is :secured to the inner surface of 'a cylinder C with the aid of projections 7 and 8. The inner `surface of the cylinder C is linked yup with the inner surface of the wave guide 2 without reflection. The cylinder C is adap-ted to be rotated about its axis which coincides with the axis of the wave guide 2. By turning the cylinder C relatively to the cylinder 2 the strip S1is twisted; as will be explained hereinafter, the maximum relative angular displacement of the cylinder C need not exceed 90.
The strip S1 and the cylinder C together constitute a variable polarisation rotator for electromagnetic waves.
A strip S2 is aligned with the strip S1. This strip S2 is made of a material, for example a metal deposed from vapour, ,for absorbing electromagnetic energy. In the position of the cylinder C shown in FIG. 1 both the strip S1 and the strip S2 lie in the plane of the drawing.
The wave guide `2 further contains a coupling member 9 for electromagnetic waves the direction of polarisation of which lies in the plane of the drawing at right angles to the axis of the Wave guide 2. This coupling member comprises a conductive rod 10 which through an aperture 11 in the wave guide 2 extends into a Wave guide 12 shown partly only.
ICC
The rod 10 lies in a plane passing through the axis of the wave guide 2 at right angles to the axis. A strip S3 of conductive material is arranged behind the rod 10 spaced away therefrom by one quarter wavelength. Both the rod and the strip S3 lie in the plane of the drawing. The part of the wave guide 2 behind the rod 10 now `forms an ininite impedance for electromagnetic waves having a direction of polarisation lying in the plane of the drawing. Waves having this direction of polarisation are withdrawn substantially entirely from the wave guide Z by the coupling member 9 and are passed to the wave guide 12 through the rod 1t).
Transverse slits are provided both in the strip S1 and in the `strip S3. These strips prevent the occurrence of waves of other types. In particular no wave types can occur which are produced by longitudinal currents in the strips.
The wave guide 2 is coupled at its right-hand end through a matched transition piece 13 to a wave guide 14 of rectangular cross-section. The direction of polarisation of the electromagnetic waves in the wave guide 14 is at right angles to the plane of the drawing.
When the cylinder C is in the position shown, that is to say in the position in which both the strip S1 and the strip S2 lie in `the plane of the drawing, an electromagnetic wave entering the wave guide 2 from the :wave guide 1 will pass unimpeded lfrom the right-hand end of the wave guide 2 to thewave guide 14. Thus, in the wave guide 12 no electromagnetic wave is produced.
The operation of the power distributor will now be explained with reference to FIG. 2 for the case in ywhich the cylinder C is rotated from the position shown through a certain angle, t'or example an angle ot a degrees, an electromagnetic wave being supplied from the wave guide 1 tothe wave guide 2.
"FIG, 2 shows co-ordinate axes. The y-axis corresponds to the direction at right angles to the plane of the drawing of FIG. 1, the x-axis corresponds with a direction in the plane of the drawing of FIG. 1 at right angles to the aixs ofthe wave guide 2.
The vectors -A1-Ay show diagrammatically the electric field strength of the electromagnetic waves propagating in the power distributor of FIG. l in the directions of arr-ows P1-Py. The vector A1 represents the electromagnetic wave supplied from the wave guide 1 to the wave guide 2. The direction of the vector A1 corresponds with the direction of polarisation of this wave 4and the length of the vector A1 is proportional to the amplitude of this wave.
FIG. 2 shows the Vector A2 rota-ted relatively to the y-axis through an angle a. This means that the electromagnetic wave in the direction of the arrow P2 in FIG. 1 is polarised in a direction rotated through the same angle a relatively to the direction at right angles to the plane of the drawing.
The vector A2 has a component AX in the direction of the x-axis. The vector Ay represents the wave propagating from the wave guide 2 to the wave guide x14 and the vector AX represents the wave supplied by the coupling member 9 from the wave guide 2 to the wave guide 12. The ratio between the lengths of the vectors Ay and Ax can be simply varied by increasing or reducing the angle a. Thus, by Varying the position of the cylinder C the raio between the amplitudes of the waves in the wave- guides 12 and 14 and hence the power supplied to either wave guide is varied.
The wave guide 14 of FIG. 1 generally is not terminated without reflection. Hence, in the wave guide 14 waves will also propagate in Ia direction opposite to the direction of the arrow Py, as shown by arrow Ry.
Similarly to FIG. 2, in FIG. 3 the vectors By-B1 diagrammatically represent the electric eld strength of the electromagnetic waves propagating in the direction of the arrows Ry-R1 in FIG. l.
FIG. 3 shows that the vector By has a component By1 3 at right angles to the strip S2 shown in cross-section and a component Byz tangential to the strip S2.
The electromagnetic wave represented by the vector Byl propagates along the strip S1. Thus, the direction of polarisation yof this wave rotates through an angle a. In the figure this wave is now represented by a Vector B1 rotated through an angle a relatively to the vector Byl.
The electromagnetic wave represen-ted by the vector Byz is completely absorbed by the strip S2, However, if the 4strip S2 is not present, this wave reects at the end of the strip S1 and the component of the reected wave having a direction of polarisation according to the x-axis is guided by the coupling member 9 to the wave guide 12. In this event, the wave in the direction of an arrow PX depends not only upon the wave in the direction of the arrow P1 Ibut also upon the wave in the direction of the yarrow Ry. The provision of the strip S2 in the manner shown prevents the latter wave from producing an electromagnetic wave in the wave guide 12.
The advantage of the power distributor described consists in that only the electromagnetic wave propagating in FIG. 1 from the left to the right supplies power to the wave guide 12. Thus, the power divider described actually is a directional coupler.
What is claimed is:
1. A microwave power dividing circuit comprising a :source of electromagnetic waves of predetermined polarization, rst and second microwave transmission path means for waves of mutually perpendicular polarization, and polarization rotating coupling means connected t couple waves from said source to said first and second transmission path means, said coupling means comprising a twistable strip of conductive material extending axially of said coupling means between said source and said rst and Second transmission means, means -for twisting said strip for rotating the polarization of said waves, and `a rotatable absorbing strip of material for absorbing electromagnetic energy, said absorbing strip being positioned between said twistable strip and said rst and second transmission path means in a longitudinal plane with respect to said coupling means, said absorbing strip being in the Same plane as the end of said twistable strip toward said rst and second transmission .path means.
2. A microwave power dividing circuit comprising a source of electromagnetic waves of predetermined polarization, first and second rectangular waveguide means having mutually perpendicular polarizations, and polarization rotating coupling means for coupling said waves to said iirst and second waveguide means, said coupling means comprising circular waveguide means, means applying said waves to one end of said circular waveguidt-l means, means for coupling said first and second rectangular waveguide means to the other end of said circular waveguide means, a twistable 4strip `of `conductive material posi- `tioned within said circular waveguide means and extending axially therewith, means `for twisting Said twistable strip, and a rotatable strip of electromagnetic energy absorbing material within said circular waveguide means between `said twistable strip and said other end, said energy absorbing `strip ybeing positioned in a plane extending through the axis `of said circular waveguide means, said adjustable strip being in the same plane as the adjacent end of said twistable Strip.
3. A microwave power dividing circuit comprising a source of electromagnetic Waves of predetermined polarization, -rst and second rectangular waveguide means having mutually perpendicular polarizations, land polarization rotating coupling means for coupling said waves to said first and second waveguide means, Said coupling means comprising circular waveguide means, means applying Said waves to one end of said circular waveguide means, means `for coupling said tirst and second rectangular waveguide means to the other end of said circular waveguide means, a twistable strip of conductive material positioned within said circular waveguide means and extending axially therewith, means for holding the end of said twistable strip toward said one end of sa-id circular waveguide means, means for rotating the other end of said twistable strip for twisting said strip, `a strip of electromagnetic energy absorbing material mounted on said other end of said twistable strip, said energy absorbing strip lbeing positioned in a plane extending through the axis of said circular waveguide means and being in the same plane as said `other end of said twistable strip.
References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,628,278 Zaleski Feb. 10, 1953 2,748,352 Miller May 29, 1956 2,769,145 Zaleski et al. Oct. 30, 1956 2,942,266 Mattingly June 2l, 1960 2,985,850 Crawford et al May 23, 1961

Claims (1)

1. A MICROWAVE POWER DIVIDING CIRCUIT COMPRISING A SOURCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES OF PREDETERMINED POLARIZATION, FIRST AND SECOND MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION PATH MEANS FOR WAVES OF MUTUALLY PERPENDICULAR POLARIZATION, AND POLARIZATION ROTATING COUPLING MEANS CONNECTED TO COUPLE WAVES FROM SAID SOURCE TO SAID FIRST AND SECOND TRANSMISSION PATH MEANS, SAID COUPLING MEANS COMPRISING A TWISTABLE STRIP OF CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL EXTENDING AXIALLY OF SAID COUPLING MEANS BETWEEN SAID SOURCE AND SAID FIRST AND SECOND TRANSMISSION MEANS, MEANS FOR TWISTING SAID STRIP FOR ROTATING THE POLARIZATION OF SAID WAVES, AND A ROTATABLE ABSORBING STRIP OF MATERIAL FOR ABSORBING ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY, SAID ABSORBING STRIP BEING POSITIONED BETWEEN SAID TWISTABLE STRIP AND SAID FIRST AND SECOND TRANSMISSION PATH MEANS IN A LONGITUDINAL PLANE WITH RESPECT TO SAID COUPLING MEANS, SAID ABSORBING STRIP BEING IN THE SAME PLANE AS THE END OF SAID TWISTABLE STRIP TOWARD SAID FIRST AND SECOND TRANSMISSION PATH MEANS.
US68496A 1959-12-16 1960-11-10 Circuit for distributing power between two mutually orthogonal polarization paths employing a rotatable absorbing strip Expired - Lifetime US3154754A (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3622921A (en) * 1970-10-22 1971-11-23 Us Navy Polarization rotator
US4420729A (en) * 1981-04-24 1983-12-13 Ferranti Plc Microwave phase-shifting apparatus
US4684776A (en) * 1985-05-01 1987-08-04 Shell Oil Company Method and apparatus for uniform microwave bulk heating of thick viscous materials in a cavity

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2628278A (en) * 1951-09-20 1953-02-10 Gen Precision Lab Inc Apparatus for rotating microwave energy
US2748352A (en) * 1951-12-27 1956-05-29 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Non-reciprocal wave transmission networks
US2769145A (en) * 1951-08-10 1956-10-30 Gen Precision Lab Inc Microwave power divider
US2942266A (en) * 1957-07-16 1960-06-21 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Antenna with means for preventing re-radiation into feed guide
US2985850A (en) * 1959-11-06 1961-05-23 Carl F Crawford Variable, high-power microwave power divider

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2769145A (en) * 1951-08-10 1956-10-30 Gen Precision Lab Inc Microwave power divider
US2628278A (en) * 1951-09-20 1953-02-10 Gen Precision Lab Inc Apparatus for rotating microwave energy
US2748352A (en) * 1951-12-27 1956-05-29 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Non-reciprocal wave transmission networks
US2942266A (en) * 1957-07-16 1960-06-21 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Antenna with means for preventing re-radiation into feed guide
US2985850A (en) * 1959-11-06 1961-05-23 Carl F Crawford Variable, high-power microwave power divider

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3622921A (en) * 1970-10-22 1971-11-23 Us Navy Polarization rotator
US4420729A (en) * 1981-04-24 1983-12-13 Ferranti Plc Microwave phase-shifting apparatus
US4684776A (en) * 1985-05-01 1987-08-04 Shell Oil Company Method and apparatus for uniform microwave bulk heating of thick viscous materials in a cavity

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