US3130786A - Perforating apparatus - Google Patents
Perforating apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- US3130786A US3130786A US33734A US3373460A US3130786A US 3130786 A US3130786 A US 3130786A US 33734 A US33734 A US 33734A US 3373460 A US3373460 A US 3373460A US 3130786 A US3130786 A US 3130786A
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- earth formation
- tool
- casing
- conduit
- orifice
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/11—Perforators; Permeators
- E21B43/114—Perforators using direct fluid action on the wall to be perforated, e.g. abrasive jets
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing perforations in solid materials and more particularly to a method and apparatus for creating such perforations in well casings and in earth formations penetrated by a well bore hole.
- a casing is placed in the well bore hole, and the casing is then perforated in the vicinity of selected producing zones in the surrounding earth formation to thereby condition the well for production operations.
- the resulting cavities desirably extend not only through the well casing but also through the surrounding cement and a portion of the adjacent earth formation.
- it often is advantageous to fracture the earth formation adjacent the producing zones such as by hydraulic means, for example, in order to increase (the permeability of the formation, and the cavities greatly facilitate the fracturing operation.
- One particularly advantageous method for initiating and producing fractures of this type is disclosed in US patent application Serial No.
- Patent 3,058,521, granted October 16, 1962 employs cavities to set up stress concentrations in the earth formation and thereby improve the effectiveness of the fracturing operation and make it possible to produce fractures in a preoriented plane.
- One general object of this invention is to provide a novel and economical method and apparatus for producing perforations in solid materials such as well casings, earth formations and the like.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a process for efiiciently and accurately forming cavities in an earth formation adjacent a well bore hole in which the degree of penetration of the cavities is increased and can be accurately controlled.
- a further object of the invention is to provide a method for forming a perforation of annular configuration in a Well casing, whereby the casing is cut in two.
- Still another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved apparatus for producing perforations in a well casing that is economical to manufacture and thoroughly reliable in operation.
- a conduit having a laterally projecting nozzle or orifice is lowered into a well casing located in the bore hole of an oil well.
- Fluid under high pressure and carrying finely divided abrasive particles, such as sand, for example, is forced through the conduit and outwardly through the narrow orifice, to thereby form by abrasion a cavity in the wall of the casing.
- the flow of the abrasive fluid is then continued to extend the cavity into the adjacent earth formation.
- the abrasive fluid is continuously directed through the orifice at a controlled rate to erode the casing wall and thereby provide an extremely smooth and uniformly dimensioned perforation.
- the diameter of the orifice and the ratio of this diameter to the orifice length are within well defined limits, thereby insuring accurate and extremely efficient penetration of the earth formation.
- the conduit is provided with a plurality of orifices which simultaneously form a series of cavities in accordance with a predetermined orientation in the casing and earth formation. As a result, stress concentrations are set up which greatly facilitate the subsequent fracturing operation.
- the ratio between the size of the abrasive particles in the fluid and the orifice diameter falls within a particular range to thereby insure effective peneration of the casing and of the earth formation without blocking or bridging the orifice.
- conduits and its orifice are rotated to thereby form an annular perforation in the well casing and adjacent earth formation.
- perforation is used herein as including an aperture, recess, hole, cavity, opening, etc., in a well casing, earth formation or other solid material.
- FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic view, partly in section, of a' case-d' well bore hole in an oil bearing stratum which has been conditioned or perforated in accordance with one illustrative embodiment of the invention
- FIGURE 2 is a side elevational view of one form of tool according to the invention which is useful in the conditioning of the well;
- FIGURE 3 is a vertical sectional view of the tool shown in FIGURE 2;
- FIGURE '4 is a transverse sectional view taken along the lines 44 in FIGURE 3;
- FIGURE 5 is an enlarged top view of a portion of the tool shown in FIGURE 2;
- FIGURE 6 is a diagrammatic horizontal sectional view ⁇ b of an earth formation including cavities formed through the use of the tool of FIGURE 2;
- FIGURE 7 is a side elevational view of another form of tool according to the invention which is useful in the conditioning of a well;
- FIGURE 8 is a transverse sectional view taken along the lines 88 in FIGURE 7;
- FIGURE 9 is a diagrammatic view, partly in section, of a cased well bore hole in an oil hearing stratum which has been conditioned or perforated in accordance with another illustrative embodiment of the invention.
- FIGURE 10- is an enlarged sectional view taken along the lines 10-10 in FIGURE 9;
- FIGURE 11 is a vertical sectional view of a portion of a well casing and tubing string, together with illustrative means for holding the string in position during the perforating operation.
- FIGURE 1 of the drawings there is shown a cross section of an underground earth formation 10 penetrated by a well bore hole '11 in a conventional manner.
- the bore hole 11 is provided with a well casing 12 of cylindrical configuration which is anchored to the formation 10 by means of a cement sheath 13.
- the section of the well illustrated passes through an oil bearing stratum 14 which forms a part of the earth formation 10.
- a suitable mixing tank 16 Supported on the ground surface 15 of the earth formation 10 is a suitable mixing tank 16 which includes an inlet opening 17 and an outlet stem 18.
- the stem 18 connects the tank to the intake side of a pump 20, the outfeed side of which is connected to one end of a hose or line 21 which illustratively may be fabricated from steel, rubber, or other suitable material.
- the opposite end of the hose 21 is secured by a coupling 22 to the upper end of a pipe or tubing string, represented schematically in FIGURE 1 by an elongated tube 23, which extends into the well bore hole 11.
- the bottom portion of the tube 23 is threaded and is connected by means of a coupling 24 to the upper end of a hydraulic perforating tool 25.
- the perforating tool 25 is substantially in the form of a pipe or conduit of cylindrical construction.
- the upper end of the tool 25 is open and is threaded to accommodate the coupling 24, while the lower end is provided with an annular bottom plate 26 which defines an opening 27 in the bottom of the tool.
- the inner portion of the plate 26 adjacent the opening is beveled to thereby form a valve seat 28 which accommodates a ball valve 29.
- the bottom plate forming seat 28 is integrally formed with the lower portion of tool 25, in other embodiments this tool portion illustratively may be threaded and a suitable sub including the valve seat and accompanying ball valve aflixed thereto.
- the outer cylindrical surface of the tool 25 is provided intermediate its ends with a first group of threaded apertures 30', 3'1 and 32 (FIGURE 4) and with a second group of threaded apertures 33, 3'4 and 35.
- These apertures each extend radially from the axis of tool 25 in a substantially horizontal plane, and, for purposes that will become more fully apparent hereafter, the apertures in each group are spaced thirty degrees from each other and one hundred and eighty degrees from the corresponding apertures in the opposite group.
- each of the apertures 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35 accommodates a bushing 36.
- the bushing 36 includes a threaded cylindrical portion 37 and a hexagonal shoulder portion 38.
- the threaded portion 37 of each bushing is inserted in its corresponding aperture 30, 31, 32, 33, 3'4 or 35, and the shoulder portions 38 of the bushings protrude from the cylindrical side wall of the tool 25 in spaced relationship with the inner cylindrical surface of the well casing 12 (FIG- URE 1).
- each of the bushings 36 is a cylindrical aperture '40 which is reduced adjacent its outer end to form a shoulder 41.
- the aperture 40 accommodates a cylindrical insert 42 which advantageously is fabricated from a relatively hard material such as tungsten carbide, although other suitable materials, such as ceramics or cerametics, like may be employed with good effect.
- Insert 42 is reduced adjacent the outer end thereof to form a shoulder 43 which abuts the shoulder 41 and thereby prevents the insert from moving outwardly relative to its corresponding bushing 36.
- each in bushing is provided with an axial orifice 45.
- the cross-sections of these orifices advantageously are substantially circular, although in other arrangements the orifice cross-section may be square or may be of other suitable configuration.
- Each orifice 45 extends in a lateral direction with respect to the tool 25, and, as shown in 'FIGURE 1, the outer ends of the orifices are positioned in spaced, juxtaposed relationship with the inner surface of the well casing 12 adjacent the oil bearing stratum 1 4.
- the axes of the orifices 45 extend in a uniform, substantially horizontal plane, and, for purposes that will become more fully apparent hereafter, the radial orientation of these axes conforms to that described above with respect to the tool apertures 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35.
- the material to be supplied to the orifices 4-5 is prepared in the mixing tank 16 and comprises an abrasive which is suspended in a liquid or other fluid.
- abrasive which is suspended in a liquid or other fluid.
- various materials may be employed as the abrasive, sand, tungsten carbide particles, or other material having a granular structure is of particular effectiveness. Because of its economy, sand is preferred.
- the abrasive concentration has been found to be particularly effective when it is within the range of from about one-half pound per gallon of liquid to four pounds per gallon of liquid.
- the pump 20 draws the abrasive mixture from the tank 16 and forces it under pressure through the hose 21, the tube 23 and the perforating tool 25.
- the ball valve 29 is forced downwardly against the valve seat 28 to thereby hermetically seal the opening 27 in the bottom plate 26.
- the pressurized mixture in tool 25 flows outwardly through the orifices 45 in six fluid streams which are disposed in a single, substantially horizontal plane.
- the abrasive particles in these streams strike the inner wall of the well casing 12 and erode a series of substantially cylindrical perforations 50 therein.
- the fluid streams strike the cement sheath 13 and the oil bearing stratum 14 to thereby form six elongated cavities 51.
- the abrasive mixture forced through the orifices 45 is returned to the top of the well through the annular opening between the tubing 23 and the inner cylindrical surface of the well casing.
- settled sand or other fill may be circulated out .of the well in a rapid and straightforward manner.
- the abrasive mixture is not returned to the top of the well after the perforating operation but is forced under pressure into the formation.
- hydraulic pressure is applied to the casing 12 and/ or the tubing 23 to thereby squeeze the mixture into the formation.
- the pressure drop of the abrasive mixture across the orifices 45 is maintained uniform and within a specificed range, both during the formation of the perforations 50 and during the formation of the cavities 51.
- this pressure differential across the orifices preferably is within the range of from about 1,500 pounds per square inch to 4,000 pounds per square inch.
- the velocity of the abrasive mixtures through each of the tool orifices is sufficient to insure that effective casing perforations and cavities in the cement sheathing and adjacent earth formation are formed without excess frictional losses resulting from high velocity flow of the abrasive particles and without causing irregularities in the perforations or damage to the casing.
- pressure differentials below 1,500 pounds per square inch is acceptable in certain situations, some of which will be discussed hereafter, for most applications the formation of the perforations and cavities at these lower pressure requires an excessive amount of time, and the extent of penetration of the surrounding earth formation is limited.
- each of the orifices in the perforating tool 25 (the distance a in FIGURE advantageously is maintained within the range of from about .125 inch to .25 inch, preferably from .156 to .188 inch.
- sand or other abrasive particles of 20-40 mesh or greater tend to obstruct the orifice, and the resulting perforations and cavities in many instances are of a diameter which is too small to permit sufficient entry of the oil or other produced fluid into the well bore hole.
- the ratio between the diameter of each orifice and its length is determined by the length of the bushing 36 and is represented by the distance b. It has been found that the ratio a/ b may vary from about .10 to .67 without deleterious effect, preferably from about .20 to .50, but that the use of diameter to length ratios substantially outside the broader range impairs the quality of the perforations in the well casing and the cavities in the sheathing and surrounding earth formation.
- the particle diameter preferably is inorganic, a chelating agent, or surface active agent, to
- the abrasive fluid in order to increase the degree. of penetration of the well casing, and surrounding earth formation.
- the use of such an acid, chelating agent, or surface active agent is particularly advantageous in deep wells and in other situations where high frictional losses limit the pressure differential that can be realized across the orifices, as in cases where the tubing diameter is relatively small.
- effective penetration is obtained with a pressure differential across the orifices as low as 300 pounds per square inch.
- the following acids in the concentrations indicated have exhibited particular effectiveness under these conditions:
- Hydrochloric acid Greater than 0.5 percent. Gluconic acid Greater than 10 parts per million. Citric acid Greater than 10 parts per million. Tartaric acid About 50 parts per million.
- acids such as the mineral acids, including sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, hydrobromic acids, other organic acids, including acetic, propionic, sulfarm'c acids, etc.
- one sand and oil mixture including two percent hydrochloric acid was directed through an orifice against a well casing for one minute and created a penetration which measured 500 mils.
- the resulting penetration by the sand and oil mix-- ture measured 37 mils.
- an emulsion of acid and oil, containing sand likewise was directed through an orifice against the well casing for one minute.
- the acid consisted of a 10 percent solution of hydrochloric acid, and the oil phase of the emulsion comprised 70 percent by volume. The resulting penetration measured 275 mils.
- sulfuric acid for example, or other acids.
- acids such as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, propylenediamine tetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid (triglycin), diaminocyclohexane tetraacetic acid, etc., may be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
- hydrocarbon soluble such as octadecyl carboxylic acid, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, polyethylene glycol oleate, polyethylene glycol ricinoleate, sorbitan, monolaurate, poly'oxyethylene lauryl alcohol, and many others, may be employed.
- the acid, chelating agent or surface active agent additive may be employed in the abrasive fluid in the form of a solution in either water, if water is employed as the suspending fluid, or in oil or a hydrocarbon liquid, if these liquids are employed as the suspending fluid for the abrasive.
- the acid, chelating agent or surface active agent additive may also be employed in the form of a Water and oil emulsion with the additive being in either the external or internal phases, preferably the external '5 phase. to employ an emulsifying agent to produce the oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion.
- the perforating tool 25 is provided with a plurality of the orifices 45 which advantageously are laterally disposed in a uniform, substantially flat plane.
- the orifices extend radially from the tool 25 and are arranged in two, oppositely disposed, groups.
- the axes of the orifices in each group are radially spaced approximately thirty degrees apart and are spaced one hundred and eighty degrees from the corresponding orifice axes in the opposite group, although it will be understood that this radial spacing may be varied somewhat without departing from the purpose or scope of the invention.
- the casing cavities 50 and the perforations 51 in the oil producing stratum 14 likewise extend in a single plane and are disposed in two groups which extend in opposite directions.
- the ratio between the diameter of the perforations 51 in each group and the minimum thickness of the Web of earth formation between these perforations may vary from about 0.25 up to, but not including, infinity, such as 100, 1000, etc. That is, the ratio of the distance x divided by the distance y in FIG- URE 6 advantageously is not less than 0.25 and of course cannot equal infinity since the perforations would then be in direct contact and there would be no web of earth formation therebetween. In other words, the spacing between the perforations in each group at their closest point may be from four diameters apart to almost nothing.
- the plane of the axes of the orifices 45, and hence the plane of the stress concentrations in the adjacent earth formation is substantially horizontal.
- the orientation at the orifice axes may be such that the stress concentrations are dis posed in planes which extend at an angle with respect to the horizontal, for purposes which are more fully described in Gilbert application Serial No. 700,144, referred to above.
- a single orifice is employed in the perforating tool or the tool is provided with a plurality of orifices which are positioned one above the other along the tool surface.
- FIG- URES 7 and 8 One particularly advantageous embodiment in accordance with this latter arrangement is shown in FIG- URES 7 and 8 and comprises a perforating tool 55 which is threaded at its upper end and is adapted to be affixed to the coupling 24 (FIGURE 1) in a manner similar to the perforating tool 25.
- the lower end of the tool 55 is closed by an integrally formed circular plate 56.
- the tool 55 includes three threaded apertures 57, 58 and and each of these apertures accommodates a bushing 36, which, as indicated heretofore, includes the insert 42 and the laterally extending orifice 45.
- the bushing apertures 57, 58 and 59 are equally spaced along the length of the tool 55, and, as best shown in FIGURE 8,, also are radially spaced one hundred and twenty degrees apart In the case of an emulsion, it may be desirable around the tool.
- the abrasive mixture flowing through the orifices erodes three casing perforations and corresponding cavities in the adjacent earth formation at three different levels.
- a perforating tool having bushings and orifices arranged in accordance with the pattern of FIGURES 7 and 8 may be extended to include a large number of these bushings and orifices which are adapted to form a corresponding number of simultaneous perforations at different levels in the casing and surrounding earth formation.
- a perforating tool employing nine such bushings and orifices longitudinally spaced at one foot intervals and radially spaced 120 apart was successfully employed in the perforation of a well.
- the radial spacing between the bushings may be greater or less than 120", depending upon the number of bushings employed and the tool dimensions.
- the degree of penetration into the oil producing earth formation may be controlled to some extent by varying the amount of time during which the pump 20 is effective to force the abrasive mixture into the tubing and through the orifices 45.
- maximum effective penetration of the earth formation occurred after approximately fifteen to thirty minutes of pumping time.
- adequate penetration occurred after three minutes of pumping time.
- the optimum pumping time to effect a given degree of penetration will depend in large measure upon such factors as the nature and type of the formation, the pressure differential employed, the particular composition of the abrasive liquid, the configuration of the orifices, etc.
- the lateral separation between the outer face of each of the bushings 36 and the inner cylindrical surface of the well casing preferably should not be less than .375 inch, and best results are obtained when this lateral separation is within the range of from about .438 inch to .750 inch.
- the deleterious effects of back splash frequently cause damage to the perforating tool and its bushings.
- losses in jet momentum tend to reduce the efficiency of the perforating operation.
- FIGURES 9 and 10 of the drawings there is shown a perforating tool which is positioned in a well bore hole 66 having the usual casing 67 and surrounding cement sheath 63.
- the section of the hole shown passes through an oil bearing stratum 69 forming a part of an earth formation 70.
- the tool 65 is connected to the lower end of a tubing string 71, as by a coupling 72.
- the opposite, upper end of string 71 is disposed above the ground surface 73 of the earth formation and is rotatably secured to an elbow swivel 74.
- a hose or line is connected between the swivel 74 and the outfeed side of a pump 76, the swivel '74 providing communication for the flow of fluids from the line 75 to the tubing string 71 and the tool 65.
- the intake side of pump 76 is connected to a mixing tank 77 in a manner similar to that described heretofore in connection with the pump 20 and tank 16 of FIGURE 1.
- the perforating tool 65 is substantially in the form of an elongated, vertically disposed cylinder which is closed at its lower end, the upper end thereof being in open communication with the tubing string '71.
- the tool 65 includes three threaded apertures 80, 81 and 82 which are disposed in a horizontal plane and are equally spaced around the tool at 120 intervals.
- Each of the apertures 80, 81 and 82 is provided with one of the orifice bushings 36, and the orifices 45 in these bushings extend outwardly in spaced relationship with the inner cylindrical surface of the casing 67.
- the pump 76 Upon the lowering of the tool 65 into the bore hole 66 to a depth adjacent that of stratum 69, the pump 76 is actuated to force an abrasive mixture from the tank 77, through the line 75, the swivel 74-, the tubing string 71, the perforating tool 65 and outwardly through the three orifices 45 therein in a manner similar to that described heretofore.
- the portion of the tubing string 71 immediately beneath the swivel 74 and above the ground surface 73 is then grasped by a pair of tongs 85 and is rotated to thereby rotate the tool 65 and its orifice bushings 36.
- the abrasive mixture flowing through the orifices 45 erodes an armular perforation 86 in the well casing 67, the cement sheath 68 and the surrounding stratum 69, thereby cutting the casing in two and providing a smooth, horizontally disposed cavity in the stratum 69.
- stress concentrations are set up in stratum 69 which greatly facilitate subsequent fracturing operations and enhance the production capabilities of the well.
- the perforating tool advantageously is held in position along the axial center of the well bore hole during the time the abrasive mixture flows outwardly through the orifices 45.
- a centralizer 90 (FIGURE 9) which is mounted on the tubing string 71 immediately above the coupling 72.
- the centralizer 90 includes two sleeves 91 and 92 which are slidably disposed in spaced-apart relationship with each other on the string 71.
- each spring member Rigidly affixed to the outer cylindrical surface of the lowermost sleeve 91 are the lower ends of four bowed spring members 93, and these members extend upwardly and are secured at their opposite ends to the uppermost sleeve 92.
- the spring members 93 are equally spaced around sleeves 91 and 92 and .are prestressed in a manner such that they tend to draw the sleeves together. In their position in the well casing 67, the longitudinal midpoint of each spring member bears against the adjacent portion of the inner casing wall.
- the spring members 93 remain fixed and press against the adjacent wall of the casing 67 to thereby resist sideways movement of the string and the tool away from the axial center of the well bore hole 66.
- the sleeves 91 and 92 are fixedly secured to the rotating tubing string 71, with the result that the spring members 93 rotate with the string.
- FIGURE 11 is illustrative of an alternative centralizer 95 useful in connection with the invention.
- the centralizer 95 is slidably disposed on a tubing string 96 which is substantially similar to the strings 23 and '71 discussed heretofore but is provided with a plurality of longitudinally extending slots 97 adjacent the lower end thereof.
- the string 96 is disposed in a well casing 98 and is connected to the perforating tool 65, for example, by means of a coupling 99.
- Centralizer 95 rests on the coupling 99 and is substantially in the form of an elongated hollow cylinder which surrounds the slots 97 on the tubing string 96 and is of a diameter slightly less than that of the well casing 98.
- the ends of the centralizer 95 taper inwardly and engage 10 the string 96 in fluid-tight relationship therewith.
- Bearings 100 are disposed at each end of the centralizer to permit the tubing string to rotate freely therein.
- a plurality of apertures 101 are disposed in the cylindrical surface of the centralizer 95 and are arranged in a series of vertically disposed rows extending therearound, four of these rows being visible in FlGURE 11.
- Each of the apertures 101 accommodates a laterally extending member 102 which is adapted for reciprocal sliding movement therein and protrudes outwardly toward the adjacent portion of the inner wall of the well casing.
- the abrasive mixture As the abrasive mixture is pumped down the tubing string 96 and out through the orifices in the tool 65, the mixture passes through the slots 97 and into the centralizer 95.
- the resulting pressure build-up in the centralizer urges each of the members 102 outwardly and into frictional engagement with the inner casing wall, thereby rigidly holding the centralizer in position.
- the perforating tool 95 is firmly maintained along the axial center of the well bore hole during the time the abrasive mixture is effective to penetrate the casing 93.
- the centralizer 95 is maintained in fixed relationship with the tubing string 96. With this arrangement, the perforating tool is prevented from moving upwardly or downwardly with respect to the well casing as well as from moving from side to side.
- Example I As an example of the effectiveness of the method and apparatus of the present invention in the conditioning of an oil well located in the Cleveland formation in Oklahoma, which prior to treatment in accordance with the invention produced a negligible quantity of oil, the well was treated as follows:
- a perforating tool of the type shown in FIGURES 1 through 5 of the drawings was lowered into the well on a 2 inch diameter tubing string to a depth of 6,408 feet.
- the tool was provided with six orifices which were arranged as shown in FIGURE 4 and which each had a diameter of .172 inch and a length of .469 inch.
- the well included a 5 /2 inch diameter casing, and the spacing between the inner surface of this casing and the outer face of each of the orifice bushings was approximately one-half inch.
- a mixture of 20-40 mesh Ottawa sand and water in the ratio of 2 pounds of sand per gallon of water was pumped down the tubing and out through the six orifices at a rate such that the pressure differential across the orifices was 2,300 pounds per square inch.
- the water used was gelled by the addition of 75 pounds of Guar Gum per 1,000 gallons of water.
- the tool was raised to a depth of 6,400 feet, and the mixture was again pumped into the tubing and outwardly through the orifices for 3 minutes at a pressure differential across the orifices of 1,600 pounds per square inch.
- the pumping action was then reversed to remove the ball valve from its seat and to circulate settled sand and other fill out of the well.
- Example II As another example of the effectiveness of the method and apparatus of the invention, a cased well in Carson County, Texas, which, prior to treatment in accordance with the present invention, produced 3 barrels of oil per day, was treated through the use of a perforating tool of the type shown in FIGURES 7 and 8 of the drawings.
- the tool was two feet long and included four orifice bushings which were longitudinally spaced one-half foot apart with a radial separation of 90 degrees.
- the diameter of each orifice was .172 inch and the length .469 inch.
- the tool was lowered into the well casing on a 2 inch diameter tubing string to a depth of 3195 feet.
- the casing had a diameter of 7 inches, and the lateral separation between the outer face of each of the orifice bushings and the inner casing surface was about onehalf inch.
- a mixture of 20-40 mesh Ottawa sand and crude oil in the ratio of two pounds of sand per gallon of oil was pumped down the tubing and out through the four orifices for three minutes.
- the pressure differential across the orifices was 2,925 pounds per square inch. Additional three minute cuts were then made in a similar manner at depths of 3191 feet and 3171 feet with pres sure differentials across the orifices of 2,750 pounds per square inch.
- the well Upon the termination of the third cut, the well began producing oil at a rate of 26 barrels per day.
- Example III In either of the foregoing examples, when approximateiy 0.5% by weight of hydrochloric acid is employed in the abrasive fluid, it is possible to obtain greater penetration of the earth formation during the same period of time.
- abrasives and suspending fluids may be employed in the foregoing examples.
- acid, chelating agent or surface active agent additives such as those disclosed hereinabove, may be used in the abrasive fluid employed in any of the foregoing examples.
- the additive may be dissolved in the aqueous, oily or hydrocarbon abrasive fluid or it may be present in the form of an emulsion.
- An example of a suitable emulsion is a water-in-oil emulsion prepared by dissolving pounds of hydrochloric acid and .25 pound of an emulsifying agent in 250 pounds of water and adding to it 750 pounds of crude oil. After thoroughly blending the resulting emulsion, there was added 2% by weight of 2040 mesh Ottawa sand.
- each of the inserts 42 in the bushings 36 is fabricated from a relatively hard tool steel or similar material.
- erosion of the insert orifices 45 during the perforating operation is maintained at a minimum.
- the outer surfaces of the bushings 3:6 and the adjacent portions of the perforating tool advantageously are coated with an abrasive-resistant material, as illus mated by the coating 60 shown in FIGURES 2 and 5, or by the coating 61 in FIGURES 7 and 8.
- These coatings may be applied in any suitable manner, such as by a flame spray, hot dip process, etc.
- Certain illustrative coating materials that may be employed include aluminized coatings, lead coatings, carbides, plastics, laminated rubbers and the like.
- the present invention has been shown and described as having particular utility in the formation of perforations in a well casing, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention also may be employed advantageously for other applications where the formation of perforations or cavities in solid material is either necessary or desirable.
- the invention may be used effectively to provide elongated cavities directly in the earth formation surrounding the well bore and thereby enhance the production capacities of the well.
- treatment of other earth formations such as digging holes under highways for underground pipes, washing out earth in mining operations, etc., may be effectively accomplished in accordance with the invention.
- a perforating apparatus of the type which is adapted to be positioned in juxtaposition with an earth formation and supplied with an abrasive carrying fluid under pressure comprising, in combination, an elongated conduit having a plurality of laterally extending openings therein, insert means rigidly positioned in each of said openings, each of said insert means including an elongated orfice having one end in open communication with the interior of said conduit and having the other end disposed in spaced relationship with said earth formation, the orifice in each of said insert means having a diameter within the range of from about .125 inch to .25 inch and the ratio of orifice diameter to orifice length being from about .10 to .67, whereby abrasive carrying fluid delivered through said conduit to said orifices erodes a plurality of perforations in said earth formation, and means automatically responsive to the delivery of fluid through said conduit for preventing lateral movement thereof relative to said earth formation.
- a perforating apparatus of the type which is adapted to be positioned in a well casing in an earth formation and supplied with an abrasive carrying fluid under pressure, said apparatus comprising, in combination, an elongated conduit having a plurality of laterally extending openings therein, first insert means rigidly positioned in each of said openings, each of said first insert means including an elongated aperture therein, second insert means rigidly positioned in each of said apertures, each of said second insert means including an elongated orifice having one end in open communication with the interior of said conduit and having the other end disposed in spaced, juxtaposed relationship with the interior surface of said casing, the orifice in each of said second insert means having a diameter within the range of from about .125 inch to .25 inch and the ratio of orifice diameter to ori fice length being from about .10 to .67, whereby abrasive carrying fluid delivered through said conduit to said orifices erodes a plurality of cavities in said casing and in the adjacent
- Apparatus as defined in claim 2 which includes means for rotating said conduit during the delivery of said fluid therethrough, said pressure-operated means being in operable relationship with said conduit and adapted to engage the inner wall of said casing for preventing lateral movement of said conduit as it rotates.
- a perforating apparatus of the type which is adapted to be lowered into a well casing in an earth formation and supplied with an abrasive carrying fluid under pressure comprising, in combination, an elongated conduit having a plurality of laterally extending openings therein, first insert means rigidly positioned in each of said openings, each of said first insert means including an elongated aperture therein, and second insert means rigidly positioned in each of said apertures, each of said second insert means including an elongated orifice having one end in open communication with the interior of said conduit and having the other end disposed in spaced, juxtaposed relationship with the interior of said casing, the orifice in each of said second insert means having a diameter within the range of from about .125 inch to .25 inch and the ratio of orifice diameter to orifice length being from about .10 to .67, said orifices being arranged in two groups extending in substantially opposite directions in a uniform, fiat plane, whereby abrasive carrying fluid delivered
- a perforating apparatus of the type which is adapted to be positioned in a well casing in an earth formation and supplied with an abrasive carrying fluid under pressure comprising, in combination, an elongated conduit having a plurality of laterally extending openings therein, first insert means rigidly positioned in each of said openings, each of said first insert means including an elongated aperture therein, second insert means rigidly positioned in each of said apertures, each of said second insert means including an elongated orifice having one end in open communication with the interior of said conduit and having the other end disposed in spaced, juxtaposed relationship with the interior surface of said casing, the orifice in each of said second insert means having a diameter within the range of from about .125 inch to .25 inch and the ratio of orifice diameter to orifice length being from about .10 to .67, whereby abrasive carrying fluid delivered through said conduit to said orifices erodes a plurality of cavities in said casing and in the adjacent
- a perforating apparatus of the type which is adapted to be lowered into a well casing in an earth formation and supplied with an abrasive carrying fluid under pressure said apparatus comprising, in combination, an elongated conduit having a plurality of laterally extending openings therein, first insert means rigidly positioned in each of said openings, each of said first insert means including an elongated aperture therein, and second insert means of abrasion-resistant material rigidly positioned in each of said apertures, each of said second insert means including an elongated orifice having one end in open communication with the interior of said conduit and having the other end disposed in spaced, juxtaposed relationship with the interior of said casing, the orifices being arranged in two groups extending in susbtantially opposite directions in a uniform, fiat plane, whereby abrasive carrying fluid delivered through said conduit to said orifices erodes a plurality of cavities in said casing and in the adjacent earth formation, to thereby perforate said casing and, as fluid
- a perforating apparatus of the type which is mation and supplied with an abrasive carrying fluid under pressure comprising, in combination, an elongated conduit having at least one laterally extending opening therein, first insert means rigidly positioned in said opening, said first insert means including an elongated aperture therein, second insert means of abrasion-resistant material rigidly positioned in said aperture, said second insert means including an elongated cylindrical orifice having one end in open communication with the interior of said conduit and having the other end disposed in predetermined spaced relationship with the interior surface of said casing, the axis of the orifice in said second insert means extending in a radial direction with respect to said conduit, an abrasion-resistant coating on the exposed exterior surfaces of said first and second insert means and also on the adjacent exterior surface of said conduit, and means for delivering abrasive carrying fluid to said conduit and through said orifice, to erode a substantially cylindrical cavity in said casing and in the adjacent earth formation.
- Apparatus as defined in claim 8 which includes means for rotating said conduit during the delivery of said fluid therethrough.
- a perforating apparatus of the type which is adapted to be positioned in juxtaposition with an earth formation and supplied with an abrasive carrying fluid under pressure comprising, in combination, an elongated conduit having at least one laterally extending opening therein, insert means rigidly positioned in said opening, said insert means including an elongated orifice having one end in open communication with the interior of said conduit and having the other end disposed in spaced relationship with said earth formation, whereby abrasive carrying fluid delivered through said conduit to said orifice erodes a perforation in said earth formation, and means automatically responsive to the delivery of fluid through said conduit for preventing lateral movement thereof relative to said earth formation.
Description
Claims (1)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US33734A US3130786A (en) | 1960-06-03 | 1960-06-03 | Perforating apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US33734A US3130786A (en) | 1960-06-03 | 1960-06-03 | Perforating apparatus |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3130786A true US3130786A (en) | 1964-04-28 |
Family
ID=21872134
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US33734A Expired - Lifetime US3130786A (en) | 1960-06-03 | 1960-06-03 | Perforating apparatus |
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US (1) | US3130786A (en) |
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US3313348A (en) * | 1963-12-27 | 1967-04-11 | Gulf Research Development Co | Process of forming vertical well bore fractures by use of circumferential notching |
US3331456A (en) * | 1964-11-13 | 1967-07-18 | Halliburton Co | Apparatus for straightening large diameter holes by fluid erosion |
US3370887A (en) * | 1966-04-05 | 1968-02-27 | Continental Oil Co | Hole preparation for fracturing solution mining wells |
US3416614A (en) * | 1965-12-27 | 1968-12-17 | Gulf Research Development Co | Hydraulic jet drilling method using ferrous abrasives |
US3529684A (en) * | 1968-05-10 | 1970-09-22 | Continental Oil Co | Horizontal notching tool |
US4047569A (en) * | 1976-02-20 | 1977-09-13 | Kurban Magomedovich Tagirov | Method of successively opening-out and treating productive formations |
US4113314A (en) * | 1977-06-24 | 1978-09-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior | Well perforating method for solution well mining |
US4134453A (en) * | 1977-11-18 | 1979-01-16 | Halliburton Company | Method and apparatus for perforating and slotting well flow conductors |
US4790384A (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1988-12-13 | Penetrators, Inc. | Hydraulic well penetration apparatus and method |
US4928757A (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1990-05-29 | Penetrators, Inc. | Hydraulic well penetration apparatus |
EP0427423A2 (en) * | 1989-11-08 | 1991-05-15 | Halliburton Company | Downhole jetting tool |
US5107943A (en) * | 1990-10-15 | 1992-04-28 | Penetrators, Inc. | Method and apparatus for gravel packing of wells |
US5287920A (en) * | 1992-06-16 | 1994-02-22 | Terrell Donna K | Large head downhole chemical cutting tool |
US5327970A (en) * | 1993-02-19 | 1994-07-12 | Penetrator's, Inc. | Method for gravel packing of wells |
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US5445220A (en) * | 1994-02-01 | 1995-08-29 | Allied Oil & Tool Co., Inc. | Apparatus for increasing productivity by cutting openings through casing, cement and the formation rock |
US5462129A (en) * | 1994-04-26 | 1995-10-31 | Canadian Fracmaster Ltd. | Method and apparatus for erosive stimulation of open hole formations |
US6189629B1 (en) | 1998-08-28 | 2001-02-20 | Mcleod Roderick D. | Lateral jet drilling system |
US6263984B1 (en) | 1999-02-18 | 2001-07-24 | William G. Buckman, Sr. | Method and apparatus for jet drilling drainholes from wells |
US6397864B1 (en) * | 1998-03-09 | 2002-06-04 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Nozzle arrangement for well cleaning apparatus |
US6564868B1 (en) * | 2000-10-16 | 2003-05-20 | Cudd Pressure Control, Inc. | Cutting tool and method for cutting tubular member |
US20050274522A1 (en) * | 2004-06-11 | 2005-12-15 | Surjaatmadja Jim B | Limited entry multiple fracture and frac-pack placement in liner completions using liner fracturing tool |
US20060070730A1 (en) * | 2004-10-04 | 2006-04-06 | Nord Service, Inc. | Device for cutting of slot-like key seats in wells by a hydroabrasive method |
US20060289167A1 (en) * | 2005-06-22 | 2006-12-28 | Surjaatmadja Jim B | Methods and apparatus for multiple fracturing of subterranean formations |
US20080000637A1 (en) * | 2006-06-29 | 2008-01-03 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Downhole flow-back control for oil and gas wells by controlling fluid entry |
WO2008002850A2 (en) * | 2006-06-26 | 2008-01-03 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Method of removing a device in an annulus |
US20100044025A1 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2010-02-25 | Martindale James G | Fluid perforating/cutting nozzle |
US20100212903A1 (en) * | 2009-02-22 | 2010-08-26 | Dotson Thomas L | Apparatus and method for abrasive jet perforating |
US20110146989A1 (en) * | 2009-12-18 | 2011-06-23 | Dotson Thomas L | Apparatus and method for abrasive jet perforating and cutting of tubular members |
US8240369B1 (en) * | 2011-11-02 | 2012-08-14 | Go Energy, Inc. | Slot-perforating system for oil, gas and hydro-geological wells |
US8365827B2 (en) | 2010-06-16 | 2013-02-05 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Fracturing method to reduce tortuosity |
US20130105163A1 (en) * | 2011-11-02 | 2013-05-02 | Anatoli Nikouline | Method of opening productive formations and a working fluid provided therefor |
US20140216713A1 (en) * | 2013-02-01 | 2014-08-07 | Thru Tubing Solutions, Inc. | Downhole tool with erosion resistant layer |
US8863823B1 (en) * | 2013-11-25 | 2014-10-21 | Anatoli Nikouline | Universal underground hydro-slotting perforation system controlled by working fluid pressure for activation and intensification of gas, oil, and hydro-geological wells |
US9353597B2 (en) | 2012-04-30 | 2016-05-31 | TD Tools, Inc. | Apparatus and method for isolating flow in a downhole tool assembly |
US9416610B2 (en) | 2012-08-09 | 2016-08-16 | TD Tools, Inc. | Apparatus and method for abrasive jet perforating |
US20170009554A1 (en) * | 2014-04-07 | 2017-01-12 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Systems and Methods for Using Cement Slurries in Hydrajetting Tools |
US9822615B2 (en) | 2013-09-13 | 2017-11-21 | TD Tools, Inc. | Apparatus and method for jet perforating and cutting tool |
US9822616B2 (en) | 2014-03-21 | 2017-11-21 | TD Tools, Inc. | Pressure actuated flow control in an abrasive jet perforating tool |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3313348A (en) * | 1963-12-27 | 1967-04-11 | Gulf Research Development Co | Process of forming vertical well bore fractures by use of circumferential notching |
US3266571A (en) * | 1964-03-05 | 1966-08-16 | Halliburton Co | Casing slotting |
US3331456A (en) * | 1964-11-13 | 1967-07-18 | Halliburton Co | Apparatus for straightening large diameter holes by fluid erosion |
US3416614A (en) * | 1965-12-27 | 1968-12-17 | Gulf Research Development Co | Hydraulic jet drilling method using ferrous abrasives |
US3370887A (en) * | 1966-04-05 | 1968-02-27 | Continental Oil Co | Hole preparation for fracturing solution mining wells |
US3529684A (en) * | 1968-05-10 | 1970-09-22 | Continental Oil Co | Horizontal notching tool |
US4047569A (en) * | 1976-02-20 | 1977-09-13 | Kurban Magomedovich Tagirov | Method of successively opening-out and treating productive formations |
US4113314A (en) * | 1977-06-24 | 1978-09-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior | Well perforating method for solution well mining |
US4134453A (en) * | 1977-11-18 | 1979-01-16 | Halliburton Company | Method and apparatus for perforating and slotting well flow conductors |
US4790384A (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1988-12-13 | Penetrators, Inc. | Hydraulic well penetration apparatus and method |
US4928757A (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1990-05-29 | Penetrators, Inc. | Hydraulic well penetration apparatus |
EP0427423A3 (en) * | 1989-11-08 | 1991-11-06 | Halliburton Company | Downhole jetting tool |
EP0427423A2 (en) * | 1989-11-08 | 1991-05-15 | Halliburton Company | Downhole jetting tool |
US5107943A (en) * | 1990-10-15 | 1992-04-28 | Penetrators, Inc. | Method and apparatus for gravel packing of wells |
US5287920A (en) * | 1992-06-16 | 1994-02-22 | Terrell Donna K | Large head downhole chemical cutting tool |
US5327970A (en) * | 1993-02-19 | 1994-07-12 | Penetrator's, Inc. | Method for gravel packing of wells |
US5366015A (en) * | 1993-11-12 | 1994-11-22 | Halliburton Company | Method of cutting high strength materials with water soluble abrasives |
US5445220A (en) * | 1994-02-01 | 1995-08-29 | Allied Oil & Tool Co., Inc. | Apparatus for increasing productivity by cutting openings through casing, cement and the formation rock |
US5462129A (en) * | 1994-04-26 | 1995-10-31 | Canadian Fracmaster Ltd. | Method and apparatus for erosive stimulation of open hole formations |
US6397864B1 (en) * | 1998-03-09 | 2002-06-04 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Nozzle arrangement for well cleaning apparatus |
US6189629B1 (en) | 1998-08-28 | 2001-02-20 | Mcleod Roderick D. | Lateral jet drilling system |
US6263984B1 (en) | 1999-02-18 | 2001-07-24 | William G. Buckman, Sr. | Method and apparatus for jet drilling drainholes from wells |
US6564868B1 (en) * | 2000-10-16 | 2003-05-20 | Cudd Pressure Control, Inc. | Cutting tool and method for cutting tubular member |
US20050274522A1 (en) * | 2004-06-11 | 2005-12-15 | Surjaatmadja Jim B | Limited entry multiple fracture and frac-pack placement in liner completions using liner fracturing tool |
US7287592B2 (en) * | 2004-06-11 | 2007-10-30 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Limited entry multiple fracture and frac-pack placement in liner completions using liner fracturing tool |
US7140429B2 (en) * | 2004-10-04 | 2006-11-28 | Nord Service Inc. | Device for cutting of slot-like key seats in wells by a hydroabrasive method |
US20060070730A1 (en) * | 2004-10-04 | 2006-04-06 | Nord Service, Inc. | Device for cutting of slot-like key seats in wells by a hydroabrasive method |
US7431090B2 (en) | 2005-06-22 | 2008-10-07 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for multiple fracturing of subterranean formations |
US20060289167A1 (en) * | 2005-06-22 | 2006-12-28 | Surjaatmadja Jim B | Methods and apparatus for multiple fracturing of subterranean formations |
US8322422B2 (en) | 2006-06-26 | 2012-12-04 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Method of removing a device in an annulus |
WO2008002850A2 (en) * | 2006-06-26 | 2008-01-03 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Method of removing a device in an annulus |
WO2008002850A3 (en) * | 2006-06-26 | 2008-03-27 | Halliburton Energy Serv Inc | Method of removing a device in an annulus |
US20100147520A1 (en) * | 2006-06-26 | 2010-06-17 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Method of removing a device in an annulus |
US20080000637A1 (en) * | 2006-06-29 | 2008-01-03 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Downhole flow-back control for oil and gas wells by controlling fluid entry |
US20100044025A1 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2010-02-25 | Martindale James G | Fluid perforating/cutting nozzle |
US7832481B2 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2010-11-16 | Martindale James G | Fluid perforating/cutting nozzle |
US7963332B2 (en) | 2009-02-22 | 2011-06-21 | Dotson Thomas L | Apparatus and method for abrasive jet perforating |
US20100212903A1 (en) * | 2009-02-22 | 2010-08-26 | Dotson Thomas L | Apparatus and method for abrasive jet perforating |
US20110146989A1 (en) * | 2009-12-18 | 2011-06-23 | Dotson Thomas L | Apparatus and method for abrasive jet perforating and cutting of tubular members |
US8757262B2 (en) * | 2009-12-18 | 2014-06-24 | TD Tools, Inc. | Apparatus and method for abrasive jet perforating and cutting of tubular members |
US8365827B2 (en) | 2010-06-16 | 2013-02-05 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Fracturing method to reduce tortuosity |
US8240369B1 (en) * | 2011-11-02 | 2012-08-14 | Go Energy, Inc. | Slot-perforating system for oil, gas and hydro-geological wells |
US20130105163A1 (en) * | 2011-11-02 | 2013-05-02 | Anatoli Nikouline | Method of opening productive formations and a working fluid provided therefor |
US9353597B2 (en) | 2012-04-30 | 2016-05-31 | TD Tools, Inc. | Apparatus and method for isolating flow in a downhole tool assembly |
US9416610B2 (en) | 2012-08-09 | 2016-08-16 | TD Tools, Inc. | Apparatus and method for abrasive jet perforating |
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US9822615B2 (en) | 2013-09-13 | 2017-11-21 | TD Tools, Inc. | Apparatus and method for jet perforating and cutting tool |
US10174594B2 (en) | 2013-09-13 | 2019-01-08 | TD Tools, Inc. | Jet perforating and cutting method |
US8863823B1 (en) * | 2013-11-25 | 2014-10-21 | Anatoli Nikouline | Universal underground hydro-slotting perforation system controlled by working fluid pressure for activation and intensification of gas, oil, and hydro-geological wells |
US9822616B2 (en) | 2014-03-21 | 2017-11-21 | TD Tools, Inc. | Pressure actuated flow control in an abrasive jet perforating tool |
US20170009554A1 (en) * | 2014-04-07 | 2017-01-12 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Systems and Methods for Using Cement Slurries in Hydrajetting Tools |
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