US3109982A - Transistor regulators - Google Patents

Transistor regulators Download PDF

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US3109982A
US3109982A US65512A US6551260A US3109982A US 3109982 A US3109982 A US 3109982A US 65512 A US65512 A US 65512A US 6551260 A US6551260 A US 6551260A US 3109982 A US3109982 A US 3109982A
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transistor
resistor
collector
electrode
terminals
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US65512A
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Robert E D Anderson
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AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F1/46—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc
    • G05F1/56—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices

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  • This invention relates to transistor regulator circuits and, more particularly, to series transistor negative regulator circuits.
  • United States Patent Voltage regulators commonly employ p-n-p germanium I transistors as series regulating devices because of their power handling capability. Germanium transistors of the n-p-n type are restricted to power levels below one watt. Although high power n-p-n silicon transistors are available, they are inefficient as series regulators because of their relatively high saturation resistance.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a negative voltage regulator in which degeneration in the series transistor biasing resistor is reduced to a negligible value.
  • a feature ofthis invention resides in the use of a lowpower transistor to step down input voltage variations by a value equal to the gain of the said additional transistor stage.
  • FIGURE of which is a schematic view of a negative voltage regulator embodying the present invention.
  • Transistor 2 is an n-p-n transistor while transistors 1, 3 and 4 are p-n-p transistors.
  • An unregulated unidirectional voltage of the noted polarities is applied to input terminals 22 and 23.
  • the emitter electrode of n-p-n transistor 2 is connected to the input terminal 23, while the collector electrode of transistor 2 is connected to the input terminal 22 by resistor "ice 2 a of transistor 2.
  • the base electrode of transistor 1 is also connected to input terminal 22 by resistor 6.
  • the emitter electrode of transistor 1 is connectedto output terminal.
  • collector electrode of tnansistor 1 is connected to input terminal 23 by asymmetrically conducting device 20.
  • the base and collector electrodes of transistor 1 are connected together by asymmetrically conducting device 19.
  • Resistor 9 and capacitor 17 connect the base electrode of transistor 3 to output terminal 25.
  • the base electrode of transistor 3 is also connected to the collector electrode of p-n-p transistor 4 which is connected, in turn, to output terminal 25 by resistor 11.
  • the emitter electrode of transistor 4 is connected to the output terminal 24 by asymmetrically conducting device 21 and to output terminal 25 by resistor 10.
  • Output terminal 24 is connected to output terminal 25 by a serial connection comprising resistor 12, adjustable resistor 13 and resistor 14.
  • the base electrode of transistor 4 is connected to adjustable resistor 13.
  • Gapacitor 16 connects the junction of resistors 13 and 14 to output terminal 25.
  • Capacitor 15 connects output terminals 24 and 25.
  • the bias potential of transistor 1 is the sum of the loop voltages appearing across resistor 6, resistor 7 and Zener asymmetrically conducting device 18, the bias potential of large current transistor 1 decreases, thus causing less collector-emitter current fiow. Decreased collector-emitter current flow in transistor 1 results in less load current hence a decrease in load voltage--thus compensating for the original positive increase at the regulatoroutput terminals.
  • Zener asymmetrically conducting device 19 is a starting device. At the instant the input source of potential is applied at the input terminals 22 and 23 no voltage appears across the output terminals 24 and 25 since transistor 1 is nonconducting as are transistors 2, 3 and 4; The potential appearing across the collector-emitter electrodes of transistor 1 is, therefore, the potential applied to input terminals 22 and 23 which may damage the transistor. metrically conducting device 19 which breaks down at the instant the source of potential is applied to input terminals 22 and 23 thereby establishing a base-emitter current starting path through transistor 1. Once current flows through the load the circuit operates as heretofore described which, in turn, causes the potential across Zener asymmetrically conducting device 19 to fall to a value which terminates conduction therethrough.
  • a regulator circuit comprising first and second transistors each having base, collector and emitter electrodes, a pair of input terminals and a pair of output terminals, one of said input terminals being at a higher .potential than said other input terminal, means for connecting said one of said input terminals to one of said output terminals, means comprising the collector-emitter electrodes of said first transistor for connecting the other of said input terminals to the other of said output terminals, first and second resistors, means for connecting the emitter electrode of said second transistor to the collector electrode of said first transistor, means comprising said first resistor for connecting the base electrode of said second transistor to the collector electrode of said first transistor, means comprising said second resistor for connecting the said one input terminal and the collector electrode of said second transistor, means for connecting the collector electrode of said second transistor to the base electrode of said first transistor, means responsive to outputvoltage variations and means for connecting the base electrode of said second transistor to said output voltage responsive means.
  • a regulator circuit comprising a detector, an amplifier, a transistorcapable of passing small currents, a transistor capable of passing large currents, each of said transistors having base, collector and emitter electrodes, a pair of input terminals, and a pair of output terminals, means for connecting one of said input terminals to one of said output terminals, means comprising the collectoremitter electrodes of said large current transistor for connecting the other of said input terminals to the other of said output terminals, first and second resistors, means for connecting the emitter electrode of said small current transistor to the collector electrode of said large current transistor, means comprising said first resistor for connecting the base electrode of said small current transistor to the collector electrode of said large current transistor, means comprising said second resistor for connecting the said one input terminal and the collector electrode of said small current transistor, means for connecting the collector electrode of said small current transistor of the base electrode of said large current transistor, means for connecting said detector across said output terminals, and
  • Zener asymmeans comprising said amplifier for connecting said base electrode of said small current transistor to said detector.
  • a negative voltage and current regulator circuit comprising a detector, an amplifier, a' transistor capable of passing small currents, and a transistor capablecf passing large currents, each of said transistors having base, collector and emitter electrodes, a pair of input terminals, a pair of output terminals, means for connecting one of said input terminals to one of said output terminals, means comprising the collector-emitter electrodes of said large current transistor for connecting the other of said input terminals to the other of said output terminals, first and second resistors, means for connecting the emitter electrode of said small current transistor to the collector electrode of said large current transistor, means comprising said first resistor for connecting the base electrode of said small current transistor to the collector electrode of said large current transistor, means comprisingsaid second resistor for connecting the said one input terminal to the collector electrode of said small current transistor, means for connecting the collector electrode of said small current transistor to the base electrode of said large current transistor
  • a negative voltage and current regulator circuit comprising a detector, an amplifier, a transistor capable of passing large currents, and atransistor capable of passing small currents, each of said transistors having base, collector and emitter electrodes, 21 pair of input terminals and a pair of output terminals, an asymmetrically conmeans comprising said second resistor for connecting said one input terminal to the collector electrode of said small current transistor, means for connecting the collector electrode of said small current transistor to the base electrode of said large current transistor, means for connecting said detector across said output terminals, and means comprising said amplifier for connecting said base electrode of said small current transistor to said detector.
  • third and fourth resistors a pair of input terminals, a pair of output terminals, first, second, third and fourth asymmetrically conducting devices, means for connecting one of said input terminals to one of said output terminals, means for serially connecting the other of said input terminals, the collector-emitter electrodes of said first transistor, said first asymmetrically conducting device, and the other of said output terminals, means for connecting the base electrode of said first transistor to the collector electrode of said second transistor, means for serially connecting the said one input terminal, said first resistor, the collector-emitter electrodes of said second transistor and the said other of said input terminals, means comprising said second resistor for connecting the base electrode of said second transistor, to the said other of said input terminals, means comprising said second asymmetrically conducting device for connecting the baseand collectorbase electrode of said second transistor, means for connecting the base electrode of said third transistor to the collector electrode of said fourth transistor, means for serially connecting the said one of said output terminals, said fourth asymmetrically conducting device, the collector-emitter electrode

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Continuous-Control Power Sources That Use Transistors (AREA)

Description

, Nov. 5, 1963 I R E, D, ANDERSON I 3,109,982
- TRANSISTOR REGULATORS Filed Oct. 27. 1960 //v ve/v TOR R. E. D. A NDERSO/V A TTORNEV attenuating properties of the regulator.
This invention relates to transistor regulator circuits and, more particularly, to series transistor negative regulator circuits.
United States Patent Voltage regulators commonly employ p-n-p germanium I transistors as series regulating devices because of their power handling capability. Germanium transistors of the n-p-n type are restricted to power levels below one watt. Although high power n-p-n silicon transistors are available, they are inefficient as series regulators because of their relatively high saturation resistance.
In certain negative voltage regulators it is necessary to connect the series regulating transistor in' the negative lead. For example, when a three-leg (positive, negativepositive, negative) rectifier power supply source is used,
' it is often desirable to use dual circuitry, i.e., positive and This is also necessary where negative voltage regulators. two or more negative transistor regulators are operated in parallel from the same rectifier. The above-discussed transistor restriction necessitates the use of p-n-p transistors which, in turn, present a biasing problem, when the-series regulating transistor must be connected in the negtaive lead of a negative voltage regulator. The series transistor biasing resistor in such a configuration absorbs input voltage variations thereby introducing degeneration which, in turn, degrades the line regulating and ripple In addition, the power dissipation of an associated amplifier-detector network is increased.
It is. therefore, an object of this invention to provide efiicient negative voltage regulators.
Another object of this invention is to provide a negative voltage regulator in which degeneration in the series transistor biasing resistor is reduced to a negligible value.
It has been found that these objectives may be achieved by employing an additional low-power transistor shunted across the regulator'input terminals.
. A feature ofthis invention resides in the use of a lowpower transistor to step down input voltage variations by a value equal to the gain of the said additional transistor stage. v, 7
Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawing, the single FIGURE of which is a schematic view of a negative voltage regulator embodying the present invention.
Referring now to the drawing, there are provided direct-current input terminals 22 and 23 and direct-current output terminals 24 and 25. Transistor 2 is an n-p-n transistor while transistors 1, 3 and 4 are p-n-p transistors.
V Transistor 1 is capable of passing large currents, while transistors 2, 3 and 4 are capable of passing only small currents. Also provided are resistors 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12'. and 14, adjustable resistor 13, capacitors 15, 16 and 17 andasymmetrically conducting devices 18, 19, 20 and 21.
An unregulated unidirectional voltage of the noted polarities is applied to input terminals 22 and 23. The emitter electrode of n-p-n transistor 2 is connected to the input terminal 23, while the collector electrode of transistor 2 is connected to the input terminal 22 by resistor "ice 2 a of transistor 2. The base electrode of transistor 1 is also connected to input terminal 22 by resistor 6. The emitter electrode of transistor 1 is connectedto output terminal.
25, while the collector electrode of tnansistor 1 is connected to input terminal 23 by asymmetrically conducting device 20. The base and collector electrodes of transistor 1 are connected together by asymmetrically conducting device 19. The collector electrode of p-n-p trantransistor 3 to input terminal 22.
8 to output terminal 25. Resistor 9 and capacitor 17 connect the base electrode of transistor 3 to output terminal 25. The base electrode of transistor 3 is also connected to the collector electrode of p-n-p transistor 4 which is connected, in turn, to output terminal 25 by resistor 11. The emitter electrode of transistor 4 is connected to the output terminal 24 by asymmetrically conducting device 21 and to output terminal 25 by resistor 10. Output terminal 24 is connected to output terminal 25 by a serial connection comprising resistor 12, adjustable resistor 13 and resistor 14. The base electrode of transistor 4 is connected to adjustable resistor 13. Gapacitor 16 connects the junction of resistors 13 and 14 to output terminal 25. Capacitor 15 connects output terminals 24 and 25.
It should be understood that, except for the series regu lating transistor, combinations of p-n-p and n-p-ntransistors other than those discussed inthe foregoing description can be used equally as effectively.
The operation of the regulating arrangement can be and a portion of adjustable resistor 13 will appear at the base electrode of transistor 4. The rise in positive potential at the base electrode of transistor 4 causes more current to flow in the collector-emitter path of transistor 4. This increased current flow causes the potential drop across resistor 11 to increase thus decreasing the collectoremitter current flow in transistor 3. The decreased collector-emitter current flow of transistor 3 causes the potential drop across resistor 5 to decrease which, in turn, decreases the collector-emitter current flow of transistor 2. The decreased collector-emitter current flow of transistor 2 causes the potential'drop across resistor 6 to decrease. Since the bias potential of transistor 1 is the sum of the loop voltages appearing across resistor 6, resistor 7 and Zener asymmetrically conducting device 18, the bias potential of large current transistor 1 decreases, thus causing less collector-emitter current fiow. Decreased collector-emitter current flow in transistor 1 results in less load current hence a decrease in load voltage--thus compensating for the original positive increase at the regulatoroutput terminals. I
Resistor 6 and transistor 2 eliminate the degeneration problem presented by input voltage variations appearing across biasing resistor 5. Input voltage variations appearing across resistor 5 are stepped down by a value equal to the gain of the stage comprising transistor 2.
Resistors 8, 10 and 14 and Zener asymmetrically conducting device 18 provide transistor bias. Capacitor 15 provides low output impedance and, in combination with capacitors 16, 17 and resistor 9, provides high frequency stabilization against the oscillation etfect inherent in direct-current regulating arrangements with high-loop gain. Asymmetrically conducting device 29 provides con- 3,109,982 j I Patented Nov. 5, 1963 stant bias potentials for transistors 1 and 2 regardless of load current. This additional bias is necessary for situations where the input and output potentials approach the same value hence reducing the potential drop across the biasing resistors to a negligible value.
Zener asymmetrically conducting device 19 is a starting device. At the instant the input source of potential is applied at the input terminals 22 and 23 no voltage appears across the output terminals 24 and 25 since transistor 1 is nonconducting as are transistors 2, 3 and 4; The potential appearing across the collector-emitter electrodes of transistor 1 is, therefore, the potential applied to input terminals 22 and 23 which may damage the transistor. metrically conducting device 19 which breaks down at the instant the source of potential is applied to input terminals 22 and 23 thereby establishing a base-emitter current starting path through transistor 1. Once current flows through the load the circuit operates as heretofore described which, in turn, causes the potential across Zener asymmetrically conducting device 19 to fall to a value which terminates conduction therethrough.
Since changes may be made in the above-described arrangement and different embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is to be understood that all matter contained in the foregoing description and accompanying drawing is illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention and is not to be construed in a limiting sense.
What is claimed is:
I. A regulator circuit comprising first and second transistors each having base, collector and emitter electrodes, a pair of input terminals and a pair of output terminals, one of said input terminals being at a higher .potential than said other input terminal, means for connecting said one of said input terminals to one of said output terminals, means comprising the collector-emitter electrodes of said first transistor for connecting the other of said input terminals to the other of said output terminals, first and second resistors, means for connecting the emitter electrode of said second transistor to the collector electrode of said first transistor, means comprising said first resistor for connecting the base electrode of said second transistor to the collector electrode of said first transistor, means comprising said second resistor for connecting the said one input terminal and the collector electrode of said second transistor, means for connecting the collector electrode of said second transistor to the base electrode of said first transistor, means responsive to outputvoltage variations and means for connecting the base electrode of said second transistor to said output voltage responsive means.
2. A regulator circuit comprising a detector, an amplifier, a transistorcapable of passing small currents, a transistor capable of passing large currents, each of said transistors having base, collector and emitter electrodes, a pair of input terminals, and a pair of output terminals, means for connecting one of said input terminals to one of said output terminals, means comprising the collectoremitter electrodes of said large current transistor for connecting the other of said input terminals to the other of said output terminals, first and second resistors, means for connecting the emitter electrode of said small current transistor to the collector electrode of said large current transistor, means comprising said first resistor for connecting the base electrode of said small current transistor to the collector electrode of said large current transistor, means comprising said second resistor for connecting the said one input terminal and the collector electrode of said small current transistor, means for connecting the collector electrode of said small current transistor of the base electrode of said large current transistor, means for connecting said detector across said output terminals, and
The problem is alleviated by Zener asymmeans comprising said amplifier for connecting said base electrode of said small current transistor to said detector. 3. A negative voltage and current regulator circuit comprising a detector, an amplifier, a' transistor capable of passing small currents, and a transistor capablecf passing large currents, each of said transistors having base, collector and emitter electrodes, a pair of input terminals, a pair of output terminals, means for connecting one of said input terminals to one of said output terminals, means comprising the collector-emitter electrodes of said large current transistor for connecting the other of said input terminals to the other of said output terminals, first and second resistors, means for connecting the emitter electrode of said small current transistor to the collector electrode of said large current transistor, means comprising said first resistor for connecting the base electrode of said small current transistor to the collector electrode of said large current transistor, means comprisingsaid second resistor for connecting the said one input terminal to the collector electrode of said small current transistor, means for connecting the collector electrode of said small current transistor to the base electrode of said large current transistor, means for connecting said detector across said output terminals, means comprising said amplifier for connecting-said base electrode of said small current transistor to said detector, a starting asymmetrically conducting device, means for connecting said starting asymmetrically conducting device across the base-collector electrodes of said large current transistor.
4. A negative voltage and current regulator circuit comprising a detector, an amplifier, a transistor capable of passing large currents, and atransistor capable of passing small currents, each of said transistors having base, collector and emitter electrodes, 21 pair of input terminals and a pair of output terminals, an asymmetrically conmeans comprising said second resistor for connecting said one input terminal to the collector electrode of said small current transistor, means for connecting the collector electrode of said small current transistor to the base electrode of said large current transistor, means for connecting said detector across said output terminals, and means comprising said amplifier for connecting said base electrode of said small current transistor to said detector.
5. A negative voltage and current regulator circuit comprising first, second, third, and fourth transistors each having base, collector and emitter electrodes, first, second,
third and fourth resistors, a pair of input terminals, a pair of output terminals, first, second, third and fourth asymmetrically conducting devices, means for connecting one of said input terminals to one of said output terminals, means for serially connecting the other of said input terminals, the collector-emitter electrodes of said first transistor, said first asymmetrically conducting device, and the other of said output terminals, means for connecting the base electrode of said first transistor to the collector electrode of said second transistor, means for serially connecting the said one input terminal, said first resistor, the collector-emitter electrodes of said second transistor and the said other of said input terminals, means comprising said second resistor for connecting the base electrode of said second transistor, to the said other of said input terminals, means comprising said second asymmetrically conducting device for connecting the baseand collectorbase electrode of said second transistor, means for connecting the base electrode of said third transistor to the collector electrode of said fourth transistor, means for serially connecting the said one of said output terminals, said fourth asymmetrically conducting device, the collector-emitter electrodes of said fourth transistor, said fourth resistor and the other of said output terminals, an adjustable resistor, means comprising said adjustable resistor for connecting said output terminals, and means for connecting the base electrode of said fourth transistor to said adjustable resistor.
6. A negative voltage and current regulator circuit comprising first, second, third and fourth transistors each having base, collector and emitter electrodes, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth resistors, a pair of input terminals and a pair of output terminals, first, second, third and fourth asymmetrically conducting devices, means for connecting one of said input terminals to one of said output terminals, means for serially connecting the other of said input terminals, the collector-emitter electrodes of said first transistor, said first asymmetrically conducting device, and the other of said output terminals, means for connecting the base electrode of said first transistor to the collector electrode of said second transistor, means for serially connecting the said one input terminal, said first resistor, the collector-emitter electrodes of said second transistor and the said other input terminal, means for serially connecting the base electrode of said second transistor, said second resistor, and the other of said input terminals, means comprising said second asymmetrically conducting device for connecting the base and collector electrodes of said first transistor, means for serially connecting the said one output terminal, said third asymmetrically conducting device, said third resistor and the said other output terminal, means for connecting the base electrode of said second transistor to the collector electrode ofsaid third transistor, means comprising said fourth resistor for connecting the emitter electrode of said third transistor to the junction of said third resistor and said third asymmetrically conducting device, first, second and third capacitors, means for serially connecting the base electrode of said third transistor,
said fifth resistor, said first capacitor and the said other output terminal means comprising said sixth resistor for connecting the collector electrode of said fourth transistor to the said other output terminal means for connect ing the base electrode of said third transistor to the collector electrode of said fourth transistor, means comprising said fourth asymmetrically conducting device for connecting the emitter electrode of said fourth transistor to the said one of said output terminals, means comprising said seventh resistor for connecting the emitter electrode of said fourth transistor to the said other of said output terminals, an adjustable resistor, means for serially connecting said one of said output terminals, said eighth and ninth resistors, said adjustable resistor and the said other output terminal, means for connecting said second capacitor across said ninth resistor and means for connecting said third capacitor across said output terminals.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED i STATES PATENTS

Claims (1)

1. A REGULATOR CIRCUIT COMPRISING FIRST AND SECOND TRANSISTORS EACH HAVING BASE, COLLECTOR AND EMITTER ELOCTRODES, A PAIR OF INPUT TERMINALS AND A PAIR OF OUTPUT TERMINALS, ONE OF SAID INPUT TERMINALS BEING AT A HIGHER POTENTIAL THAN SAID OTHER INPUT TERMINAL, MEANS FOR CONNECTING SAID ONE OF SAID INPUT TERMINALS TO ONE OF SAID OUTPUT TERMINALS, MEANS COMPRISING THE COLLECTOR-EMITTER ELECTRODES OF SAID FIRST TRANSISTOR FOR CONNECTING THE OTHER OF SAID INPUT TERMINALS TO THE OTHER OF SAID OUTPUT TERMINALS, FIRST AND SECOND RESISTORS, MEANS FOR CONNECTING THE EMITTER ELECTRODE OF SAID SECOND TRANSISTOR TO THE COLLECTOR ELECTRODE OF SAID FIRST TRANSISTOR, MEANS COMPRISING SAID FIRST RESISTOR FOR CONNECTING THE BASE ELECTRODE OF SAID SECOND TRANSISTOR TO THE COLLECTOR ELECTRODE OF SAID FIRST TRANSISTOR, MEANS COMPRISING SAID SECOND RESISTOR FOR CONNECTING THE SAID ONE INPUT TERMINAL AND THE COLLECTOR ELECTRODE OF SAID SECOND TRANSISTOR, MEANS FOR CONNECTING THE COLLECTOR ELECTRODE OF SAID SECOND TRANSISTOR TO THE BASE ELECTRODE OF SAID FIRST TRANSISTOR, MEANS RESPONSIVE TO OUTPUT VOLTAGE VARIATIONS AND MEANS FOR CONNECTING THE BASE ELECTRODE OF SAID SECOND TRANSISTOR TO SAID OUTPUT VOLTAGE RESPONSIVE MEANS.
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3237087A (en) * 1961-06-21 1966-02-22 Lambda Electronics Corp Regulation circuit with a zener diode protecting a plurality of series connected transistors
US3626211A (en) * 1970-12-16 1971-12-07 Sperry Rand Corp Pulse modulator

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2832900A (en) * 1957-02-12 1958-04-29 Gerald M Ford Transient overvoltage and short circuit protective network
US2889512A (en) * 1955-05-12 1959-06-02 Gerald M Ford Direct current transistor voltage or current regulators

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2889512A (en) * 1955-05-12 1959-06-02 Gerald M Ford Direct current transistor voltage or current regulators
US2832900A (en) * 1957-02-12 1958-04-29 Gerald M Ford Transient overvoltage and short circuit protective network

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3237087A (en) * 1961-06-21 1966-02-22 Lambda Electronics Corp Regulation circuit with a zener diode protecting a plurality of series connected transistors
US3626211A (en) * 1970-12-16 1971-12-07 Sperry Rand Corp Pulse modulator

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