US3094424A - Sintered refractory material - Google Patents

Sintered refractory material Download PDF

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Publication number
US3094424A
US3094424A US46919A US4691960A US3094424A US 3094424 A US3094424 A US 3094424A US 46919 A US46919 A US 46919A US 4691960 A US4691960 A US 4691960A US 3094424 A US3094424 A US 3094424A
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United States
Prior art keywords
nozzle
mix
magnesite
chrome
feo
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Expired - Lifetime
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US46919A
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English (en)
Inventor
Temple W Ratcliffe
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Babcock and Wilcox Co
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Babcock and Wilcox Co
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Priority to US46919A priority Critical patent/US3094424A/en
Priority to GB27142/61A priority patent/GB949520A/en
Priority to BE606791A priority patent/BE606791A/fr
Priority to LU40462D priority patent/LU40462A1/xx
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3094424A publication Critical patent/US3094424A/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/15—Tapping equipment; Equipment for removing or retaining slag
    • F27D3/1509—Tapping equipment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles
    • B22D41/52—Manufacturing or repairing thereof
    • B22D41/54—Manufacturing or repairing thereof characterised by the materials used therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/12—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on chromium oxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/42—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on chromites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/44—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminates
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F15/00—Safety arrangements for slowing, redirecting or stopping errant vehicles, e.g. guard posts or bollards; Arrangements for reducing damage to roadside structures due to vehicular impact
    • E01F15/02—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes
    • E01F15/04—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes essentially made of longitudinal beams or rigid strips supported above ground at spaced points
    • E01F15/0461—Supports, e.g. posts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
    • F27D1/0003—Linings or walls
    • F27D1/0006—Linings or walls formed from bricks or layers with a particular composition or specific characteristics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/15—Tapping equipment; Equipment for removing or retaining slag

Definitions

  • Such procedures usually involve the teeming of the molten steel from a furnace into a transfer ladle and bottom pouring of the steel from the ladle either directly or through an intermediate vessel to the casting mold.
  • Bottom pouring from a ladle or other vessel is usually favored, since a major portion of the impurities will float on the surface of the molten metal and the discharge of such impurities with the molten metal can be avoided.
  • the stopper is used as a valve in conjunction with a selected cross-sectional flow area of the nozzle.
  • the materials constituting the nozzle must be sufficiently soft to provide a seat for the stopper rod so as to seal the nozzle when the stopper is in its closed position.
  • the nozzle must be able to withstand the erosive elfect of the metal passing therethrough and to withstand the variations in temperatures to which it is subjected.
  • the properties of the materials constituting a pouring nozzle become particularly critical when the nozzle is used in any metal pouring process where a uniform delivery rate and a smooth surfaced consolidated stream is required such as in the multiple nozzle pouring of a single large slab ingot mold, or for use in pouring multiple ingots from a single ladle.
  • the mix will analytically contain 3.6 to 7.5 FeO, 4.0 to 7.0% A1 0 9.3 to 15.0% Cr O and to MgO, where the sum of the oxides of iron, aluminum, chrome and magnesium should be at least 70%. Additional oxides should not exceed 11.0% CaO, 8.6% Fe O and 8.7% SiO and with a ratio of RO/R O of 3 to 4.
  • the material is mixed with 3 to 5% of a bonding agent such as Goulac, dextrin or the like, or dry sodium silicate.
  • the mixture, with the bonding agent, is wetted with 6 to 7% (by weight) water, formed to the desired shape by conventional dry press techniques at conventional dry pressing pressures and dried. Thereafter, the nozzle is fired at 2700 to 2750 F. minimum, and cooled in a furnace to room temperature.
  • FIG. 1 is an elevation, in section, of a ladle and tun dish schematically arranged to deliver molten metal to a casting mold, and incorporating the nozzle of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged elevation, in section, of a portion of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
  • the ceramic composition of the present invention is illustrated in the form of a pouring nozzle as used in the casting of ferrous metals and alloys, it will be understood the composition may be used for multiple nozzles in steel ingot casting, for purposes other than nozzles, and it may be used for metals other than ferrous alloys.
  • a nozzle block 10' containing a nozzle 10 is positioned in the bottom 11 of a transfer ladle 12 where the rate of pour from the ladle is controlled by cooperation between the nozzle 10 bore dimensions and a movable stopper rod 13.
  • the molten metal discharged from the ladle 12 passes through a tun dish 14 or similar flow channel for discharge through a nozzle 15 directly into the open upper end of a casting mold 16.
  • the transfer ladle 12 includes a metal body lined with refractory material 17 of conventional construction.
  • the ladle 12 may have a molten metal capacity of from 5 to 50 tons, or even greater. While it is of advantage to use a pouring nozzle 10 of the ceramic composition which forms the subject matter of this application, it is also possible to use a conventional fire clay ladle nozzle since erosion in the ladle nozzle 10 is not nearly as detrimental to the regulation of the pouring rate as erosion in the nozzle 15 which delivers molten metal directly to the casting mold 16.
  • the ladle nozzle 10 is constructed in one piece with an upwardly tapered entrance end 18 when the nozzle block 10 is positioned in an opening 20 in the ladle bottom 11. As shown, the nozzle block is held in position by an angle iron framework 21 and is backed up by a ramming mix 22 to maintain the nozzle in its proper position relative to the refractory materials forming the remainder of the ladle bottom.
  • the stopper rod 13 is of conventional construction where a steel rod 23 is vertically positioned in co-axial relationship with the center line of the nozzle.
  • the stopper rod is normally protected by a layer of refractory material 24 and is provided with a stopper head 25fo'rmed of a graphite and clay mixture so that when the stopper 13 is moved to its lowermost position, the contact between the lower surface of the stopper head 25 and the upper tapered end portion 18 of the nozzle effects a tight closure to definitely stop movement of molten metal through the nozzle.
  • the stopper rod 13 is moved upwardly from the tapered upper end of the nozzle and positioned to regulate the flow of metal through the nozzle. As hereinafter described, the stopper rod positioning is used to regulate the rate of flow of molten metal to the tun dish 14 and thence to the continuous casting mold 16.
  • Thetun dish 14 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2 and includes a metallic casing having steel plate sides 29 (only one shown) and ends 26 and 27 with a cast iron bottom 28.
  • the tun dish is of square or rectangular horizontal and vertical cross-section and is lined with a high aluminum refractory brick 30 capable of withstanding the heat and erosive effect of the molten metal passed therethrough.
  • the tun dish 14 is provided with a depending baffle 31 which serves as a skimmer interposed across the flow path of the molten metal-moving from the inlet end 32 of the tun dish to the nozzle or discharge end 33 thereof.
  • the cast iron bottom of the tun dish is provided with an opening 34 of, for example, 2%" diameter. This opening is positioned closely adjacent the end wall 26 and intermediate the side walls 29 of the tun dish. A corresponding opening is provided through the refractory lining 30 of the tun dish for the insertion of the nozzle 15 of the present invention.
  • the nozzle block 15' with its nozzle 15 is supported on insulating fire brick 36 resting on the bottom plate 28 adjacent the opening 34, and is positioned by a ramming mix 37 inserted between the nozzle and the adjacent refractory lining 30.
  • the nozzle is formed With an inwardly tapering entrance end portion 35 which the bore of the nozzle is dimensioned to provide the proper flow rate therethrough consistent with the viscosity of the molten metal being handled.
  • the casting unit is capable of handling approximately 500 pounds per minute, with a bore diameter of the nozzle of and when a head of 8 to inches of molten low carbon steel is imposed thereon.
  • the nozzle is formed as a sintered chrome-magnesite composition where the chrome ore is of a special composition and size consist.
  • the chrome ore used should be of a size wherein all of the ore will pass a 10 mesh screen (Tyler) and have the following fineness distribution:
  • the magnesite composition is also special, should all pass a 4 mesh screen (Tyler) and have the following fine ness distribution:
  • bonding agent may be obtained with organic bonds such as Goulac, dextrin or the like, or by the addition of similar amounts of dry sodium silicate.
  • the mixture including the bonding material is wetted with 6 to 7% of water by Weight, and formed to the desired configuration by conventional dry press techniques. Thereafter, the nozzle is dried overnight at 200 C., fired at 2700 to 2750 F. minimum, and cooled in the furnace to substantially room tempenature.
  • the discharge end of the nozzle block 15 Prior to use, the discharge end of the nozzle block 15 :is cut so as to produce a non-tapered portion of the nozzle 15 subjacent the tapered portion 35 of nozzle 15 of FIG. 2 equal to at least one bore diameter, the out being made so that the plane of the bottom surface is normal to the axis of the bore of the nozzle. Over a range of nozzle sizes this procedure results in cut nozzle blocks of various heights. The height of the insulation 36 is therefore varied to bring the top of the nozzle block 15 substantially flush with the uppermost surface of the bottom refractory liner 30 of the tun dish 14.
  • the chrome-magnesite consist formed by combining compositions 1 and 5 above, had the following analysis to form a preferred nozzle according to the invention:
  • the RO/R O factor is 3.28 and the nozzle proved to be entirely satisfactory for the purpose. Substantially equal success was attained by a mix of 30% (by weight) of composition 1 when combined with 70% (by weight) of composition 4. In such a composition the RO/R O factor is 3.37. Mixes formed by compositions 2 and 3, 2 and 4, and 2 and 5 were also successful with the RO/R O factors being 2.98, 4.06 and 3.96 respectively. However, a mix formed by combining compositions 1 and 3 in the described ratio had a RO/R O factor of 2.52 and proved to be too soft for satisfactory nozzle service in the continuous casting of steel.
  • a sintered refractory pouring nozzle for molten metal comprising a chrome-magnesite mix combined with a bonding agent and water, said mix being molded at a pressure in excess of 1000 psi to form a pouring nozzle and fired to a temperature of not less than 2700 to 2750 F., said chrome-magnesite mix analytically containing 3.6 to 7.5% FeO; 4.0 to 7.0% A1 9.3 to 15.0% Cr O 50 to 70% MgO with the sum of FeO, Al O Cr O and MgO being at least 70%, and including no more than 11.0% CaO, 8.6% Fe O and 8.7% SiO 2.
  • a sintered refractory pouring nozzle for molten metal comprising a chrome-magnesite mix combined with a bonding agent and water, said mix being molded at a pressure in excess of 1000 psi. to form a pouring nozzle, and fired to a temperature of not less than 2700 to 2750 F., said chrome-magnesite mix analytically containing 3.62% FeO; 4.55% A1 0 9.36% Cr O 64.12% MgO; 5.76% CaO; 8.5% Fe O and 4.13% SiO 3.
  • a sintered refractory pouring nozzle for ferrous alloys comprising a chrome-magnesite mix formed of 30% by Weight of 10 mesh chrome ore and 70% by weight of -4 mesh magnesite combined with a bonding agent and water, said mix being molded at a pressure in excess of 1000 psi. to form a pouring nozzle, and fired to a temperature of not less than 2700 to 2750 F., said chrome-magnesite mix analytically containing 3.6 to 7.5 FeO; 4.0 to 7.0% A1 0 9.3 to 15.0% Cr O 50 to 70% MgO with the sum of FeO, A1 0 Cr 0 and MgO being at least 70%, and including no more than 11.0% CaO, 8.6% Fe O and 8.7% SiO 4.
  • a refractory pouring nozzle for ferrous alloys comprising a chrome-magnesite mix formed of 30% 10 mesh chrome ore and 70% -4 mesh magnesite, said mix combined with 3 to 5% by weight of a bonding agent and 6 to 7% by weight of water, said mix being dry molded at a pressure in excess of 1000 psi.
  • said chrome-magnesite mix analytically containing 3.6 to 7.5% FeO; 4.0 to 7.0% A1 0 9.3 to 15.0% Cr O 50 to 70% MgO with the sum of FeO, A1 0 Cr O and MgO being at least 70%, and including no more than 11.0% CaO; 8.6% Fe O and 8.7% SiO 5.
  • a sintered refractory pouring nozzle for ferrous alloys comprising a chrome-magnesite mix formed by combining by weight 30% of chrome ore and 70% of magnesite, said chrome ore having a maximum size of 10 mesh and having a cumulative fineness percentage 6 of 7 to 15% on the 65 mesh screen, 17 to 24% on 100 mesh screen and 53 to 60% on 200 mesh screen, said magnesite having a maximum size of 4 mesh and having a cumulative fineness percentage of 50 to 60% on the 65 mesh screen, 53 to 62% on the 100 mesh screen and 65 to 73% on the 200 mesh screen, said chromemagnesite mix analytically containing 3.6 to 7.5 FeO; 4.0 to 7.0% A1 0 9.3 to 15.0% Cr O 50 to MgO with the sum of FeO, A1 0 Cr O and MgO being at least 70%, and including no more than 11.0% CaO; 8.6% Fe O and 8.7% SiO 6.
  • a molded sintered chrome-magnesite refractory shape analytically containing 3.6 to 7.5% FeO; 4.0 to 7.0% A1 0 9.3 to 15.0% Cr O 50 to 70% MgO with the sum of FeO, A1 0 Cr O and MgO being at least 70%, and including no more than 11.0% CaO; 8.6% Fe O and 8.7% SiO 7.
  • a sintered refractory shape comprising a chromemagnesite mix combined with a bonding agent and water, said mix being molded at a pressure in excess of 1000 p.s.-i.
  • a refractory shape comprising a chrome-magnesite mix formed of 30% by weight of 10 mesh chrome ore and 70% by weight of -4 mesh magnesite combined with a bonding agent and water, said mix being molded at a pressure in excess of 1000 p.s.i.
  • said chrome-magnesite mix analytically containing 3.6 to 7.5% FeO; 4.0 to 7.0% A1 0 9.3 to 15.0% Cr O 50 to 70% MgO with the sum of FeO, A1 0 Cr O and MgO being at least 70%, and including no more than 11.0% CaO, 8.6% Fe O and 8.7% SiO 9.
  • a sintered refractory shape resistant to erosion by molten ferrous alloys comprising a ohrome-magnesite mix formed of 30% 10 mesh chrome ore and 70% 4 mesh magnesite, said mix combined with 3 to 5% by weight of a bonding agent and 6 to 7% by weight of Water, said mix being dry molded :at a pressure in excess of 1000 p.s.i.
  • said chrome-magnesite mix analytically containing 3.6 to 7.5 FeO; 4.0 to 7.0% Al O 9.3 to 15.0% Cr O 50 to 70% MgO with the sum of FeO, A1 0 Cr O and MgO being at least 70%, and including no more than 11.0% CaO, 8.6% Fe O and 8.7% SiO 10.
  • a sintered refractory shape resistant to erosion by molten ferrous alloys comprising a chrome-magnesite mix formed by combining by Weight 30% of chrome ore and 70% of magnesite, said chrome ore having a maximum size of 10 mesh and having a cumulative fineness percentage of 7 to 15% on the 65 mesh screen, 17' to 24% on mesh screen and 53 to 60% on 200 mesh screen, said magnesite having a maximum size of 4 mesh and having a cumulative fineness percentage of 50 to 60% on the 65 mesh screen, 53 to 62% on the 100 mesh screen and 65 to 73% on the 200 mesh screen, said chrome-magnesite mix analytically containing 3.6 to 7.5 FeO; 4.0 to 7.0% A1 0 9.3 to 15.0% Cr O 50 to 70% MgO with the sum of FeO, A1 0 Cr O and MgO being at lea-st 70%, and including no more than 11.0% CaO, 8.6% Fe O and 8.7% SiO References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,068,

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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US46919A 1960-08-02 1960-08-02 Sintered refractory material Expired - Lifetime US3094424A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US46919A US3094424A (en) 1960-08-02 1960-08-02 Sintered refractory material
GB27142/61A GB949520A (en) 1960-08-02 1961-07-26 Sintered refractory material
BE606791A BE606791A (fr) 1960-08-02 1961-08-01 Matériau réfractaire fritté.
LU40462D LU40462A1 (OSRAM) 1960-08-02 1961-08-02

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US3094424A true US3094424A (en) 1963-06-18

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BE (1) BE606791A (OSRAM)
GB (1) GB949520A (OSRAM)
LU (1) LU40462A1 (OSRAM)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3192582A (en) * 1962-10-03 1965-07-06 Harbison Walker Refractories Bottom pour ladle nozzle and stopper rod construction
US3354940A (en) * 1965-04-16 1967-11-28 Harbison Walker Refractories Continuous casting apparatus with improved nozzle composition
US3379409A (en) * 1964-11-04 1968-04-23 Green Refractories Composite stopper rod sleeve with insulating inner portion
US3814167A (en) * 1971-06-04 1974-06-04 Es Alpine Montan Ag Process for separating non-metallic inclusions from hot liquid metal
US3840062A (en) * 1968-07-18 1974-10-08 M Kenney Continuous steel casting method
US3892395A (en) * 1972-09-28 1975-07-01 Foseco Int Stopper rods
FR2417360A1 (fr) * 1978-02-20 1979-09-14 Didier Werke Ag Sortie de coulee de fond de conteneur metallurgique servant a recevoir de l'acier fondu liquide, notamment de panier de coulee continue
US4754800A (en) * 1985-12-13 1988-07-05 Inland Steel Company Preventing undissolved alloying ingredient from entering continuous casting mold

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2068641A (en) * 1931-01-31 1937-01-26 Carrie George Milroy Spalling resistant refractory brick

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2068641A (en) * 1931-01-31 1937-01-26 Carrie George Milroy Spalling resistant refractory brick

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3192582A (en) * 1962-10-03 1965-07-06 Harbison Walker Refractories Bottom pour ladle nozzle and stopper rod construction
US3379409A (en) * 1964-11-04 1968-04-23 Green Refractories Composite stopper rod sleeve with insulating inner portion
US3354940A (en) * 1965-04-16 1967-11-28 Harbison Walker Refractories Continuous casting apparatus with improved nozzle composition
US3840062A (en) * 1968-07-18 1974-10-08 M Kenney Continuous steel casting method
US3814167A (en) * 1971-06-04 1974-06-04 Es Alpine Montan Ag Process for separating non-metallic inclusions from hot liquid metal
US3892395A (en) * 1972-09-28 1975-07-01 Foseco Int Stopper rods
FR2417360A1 (fr) * 1978-02-20 1979-09-14 Didier Werke Ag Sortie de coulee de fond de conteneur metallurgique servant a recevoir de l'acier fondu liquide, notamment de panier de coulee continue
US4754800A (en) * 1985-12-13 1988-07-05 Inland Steel Company Preventing undissolved alloying ingredient from entering continuous casting mold

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Publication number Publication date
GB949520A (en) 1964-02-12
LU40462A1 (OSRAM) 1961-10-02
BE606791A (fr) 1961-12-01

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