US3083445A - Method of making an electrical resistance device - Google Patents
Method of making an electrical resistance device Download PDFInfo
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- US3083445A US3083445A US676951A US67695157A US3083445A US 3083445 A US3083445 A US 3083445A US 676951 A US676951 A US 676951A US 67695157 A US67695157 A US 67695157A US 3083445 A US3083445 A US 3083445A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- winding
- aluminum oxide
- metal
- coating
- making
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- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010285 flame spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 PLATINUM GROUP METALS Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 23
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 11
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 241001331845 Equus asinus x caballus Species 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNSPFAOULBTYBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].C#C Chemical group [O].C#C LNSPFAOULBTYBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/16—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor the conductor being mounted on an insulating base
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
- Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
Definitions
- the present invention deals with an electrical resistance device and more particularly with an electrically heated muifle for muffie type furnaces.
- Electrical furnaces of the mufffe type comprise an insulated housing containing an elongated hollow muflle of suitable electrical insulating and heat conductive refractory material, such as Alundum, with an electrical resistance wire wound on the mule and a refractory cement, especially Alundum cement, covering the resistance wire.
- suitable electrical insulating and heat conductive refractory material such as Alundum
- the refractory materials When the furnace is operated at elevated temperatures, such as heat treating temperatures, especially at temperatures of the order of l400 C. and higher, the refractory materials, particularly the refractory cement, are subject to cracking whereby the winding is exposed and deleteriously affected.
- the cracking is particularly severe when the furnace temperatures are rapidly elevated and lowered.
- the resistance wire employed is advantageously composed of the platinum group metals, for example platinum, and alloys of these metals, in view of the desirable resistance characteristics of such metals at high temperatures. Howevenin view of the cracking of the mufile and the refractory cement the platinum winding is exposed and the platinum volatili/Zes, whereby the electrical properties of the winding are no longer maintained constant.
- FIGURE 1 illustrates a longitudinal sectional view of a furnace mufile with an exposed winding thereon
- FIGURE 2 illustrates a longitudinal sectional View of a furnace muflle with the winding coated and embedded according to the invention.
- the resistance wires of the mule furnace which are embedded in refractory material, are protected against volatilization and deterioration under high temperatures by means of a particular barrier coating between the metal resistance winding and the refractory material, the barrier coating itself being a particular refractory material, and the winding being cornposed preferably of a platinum group metal or alloys thereof.
- a tubular member 1 composed of a refractory material such as Alundum or zirconium oxide is covered over a major port-ion of its external surface area with a thin layer 2 of fused aluminum oxide which is deposited on the tubular member 1 while in the molten or fused state and which, on solidification, provides a dense coating integral with the said tubular member.
- a resistance winding 3 composed of a metal of the platinum group or an alloy composed of metals of the platinum group is cleaned Iand roughened by conventional means and wound over the coating 2.
- the winding and at least a portion of the layer 2 is provided with a further coating 4 of the fused aluminum oxide which effectively combines with the layer 2 of the same material to embed the winding 3 within a -thin coat of the integrally combined layers 2 and 4 of fused and solidified aluminum oxide.
- the ⁇ coated winding is further coated with a layer 5 of Alundum cement or equivalent refractory cement to complete the furnace muflle.
- the muffle so constructed effectively protects the volatilization of the win-ding 3 should zany cracking occur in the refractory cement 5.
- the winding 3 ⁇ is roughened prior to embedding in the combined layers 2 and 4 since the combined layers are substantially thin, of the order of between 0.001 to 0.03", to permit some expansion of the winding 3 without fracture of the embedding layers which are tenaciously mechanically bonded to the roughened windings.
- the Win-dings would be exposed to the Alundum cement the composition of which is, for example, parts A12O35 parts SiO2-5 parts CaO, whereby under heated conditions the SiO2 reduces in the presence of a platinum group metal forming silicon which reacts with the platinum group metal with ydeleterious electrical and mechanical effects causing erosion or volatilization of the metal and lowering the melting point thereof.
- the fused aluminum oxide according to the invention is either aluminum oxide in a substantially pure state or aluminum oxide containing not more than five percent of at least one refractory oxide such as titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, zirconium .oxide and the like, with less than one percent SiO2, which amount of Si02 is of critical significance and below the deleterious Si02 content of the Alundum cement, whereby the fused aluminum oxide layer acts as an effective barrier agains-t the Si02 content of the Alundum cement and whereby the effective life of the winding is increased more than five times that of a winding in contact with the Alundum cement.
- refractory oxide such as titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, zirconium .oxide and the like
- the layers 2 and 4 while shown separately as two layers divided by the dotted line 6, constitute in fact a single integral layer applied in two steps, the last applied fused layer 4 being bonded by fusion with the first applied layer 2.
- the layers are applied by feeding aluminum oxide powder into a hot flame, where the powder is fused, for example, by an oxygen-acetylene flame and, while in the molten or fused state, is sprayed onto the tube 1 and roughened Winding 3 substantially in the manner of producing fused quartz by melting and spraying quartz powder onto a fused quartz base which is well known in the art.
- a resistance heated member comprising flame spraying an aluminum oxide first coating on a surface of a silica containing refractory support, mounting a metal taken Ifrom the Agroup consisting of platinum group metals and alloys thereof on the sprayed surface, land flame spraying a further coat-ing of aluminum oxide on the metal and said first coating thereby embedding the metal in fused aluminum oxide.
Landscapes
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
Description
April 2, 1963 J. S. HILL 3,083,445
METHOD 0F MAKING AN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE DEVICE Filed Aug. e, 1957 UnitedStates Patent Office A 3,083,445 Patented Apr. 2, 1963 3,083,445 METHOD F MAKING AN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE DEVICE James S. Hill, Cranford, NJ., assignor, by mesne assignments, to Engelhard Industries, Inc., Newark, NJ., a
corporation of Delaware Filed Aug. 8, 1957, Ser. No. 676,951 Claims. (Cl. 29-155.62)
The present invention deals with an electrical resistance device and more particularly with an electrically heated muifle for muffie type furnaces.
Electrical furnaces of the mufffe type comprise an insulated housing containing an elongated hollow muflle of suitable electrical insulating and heat conductive refractory material, such as Alundum, with an electrical resistance wire wound on the mule and a refractory cement, especially Alundum cement, covering the resistance wire.
When the furnace is operated at elevated temperatures, such as heat treating temperatures, especially at temperatures of the order of l400 C. and higher, the refractory materials, particularly the refractory cement, are subject to cracking whereby the winding is exposed and deleteriously affected. The cracking is particularly severe when the furnace temperatures are rapidly elevated and lowered.
For high temperature applications such as described above, the resistance wire employed is advantageously composed of the platinum group metals, for example platinum, and alloys of these metals, in view of the desirable resistance characteristics of such metals at high temperatures. Howevenin view of the cracking of the mufile and the refractory cement the platinum winding is exposed and the platinum volatili/Zes, whereby the electrical properties of the winding are no longer maintained constant.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrical resistance device for high temperature application. It is another object of the present invention to provide an electrically heated furnace mufe comprising a winding adapted to maintain substantially constant electrical operating characteristics. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a furnace muffle including a resistance Windin-g thereon which is covered by a coat of particular refractory material whereby the winding is effectively protected against volatilization. Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description hereinafter following and the `dra-wings forming a par-t hereof, in which:
FIGURE 1 illustrates a longitudinal sectional view of a furnace mufile with an exposed winding thereon, and
FIGURE 2 illustrates a longitudinal sectional View of a furnace muflle with the winding coated and embedded according to the invention.
In accordance with the invention the resistance wires of the mule furnace, which are embedded in refractory material, are protected against volatilization and deterioration under high temperatures by means of a particular barrier coating between the metal resistance winding and the refractory material, the barrier coating itself being a particular refractory material, and the winding being cornposed preferably of a platinum group metal or alloys thereof.
Referring to FIGURE l, a tubular member 1 composed of a refractory material such as Alundum or zirconium oxide is covered over a major port-ion of its external surface area with a thin layer 2 of fused aluminum oxide which is deposited on the tubular member 1 while in the molten or fused state and which, on solidification, provides a dense coating integral with the said tubular member. A resistance winding 3 composed of a metal of the platinum group or an alloy composed of metals of the platinum group is cleaned Iand roughened by conventional means and wound over the coating 2. Having provided the winding 3 on the layer 2, the winding and at least a portion of the layer 2, is provided with a further coating 4 of the fused aluminum oxide which effectively combines with the layer 2 of the same material to embed the winding 3 within a -thin coat of the integrally combined layers 2 and 4 of fused and solidified aluminum oxide. Subsequently, the `coated winding is further coated with a layer 5 of Alundum cement or equivalent refractory cement to complete the furnace muflle. The muffle so constructed effectively protects the volatilization of the win-ding 3 should zany cracking occur in the refractory cement 5. It is of critical significance that the winding 3` is roughened prior to embedding in the combined layers 2 and 4 since the combined layers are substantially thin, of the order of between 0.001 to 0.03", to permit some expansion of the winding 3 without fracture of the embedding layers which are tenaciously mechanically bonded to the roughened windings. Without the embedding or barrier layer composed of the combined layers 2 xand 4, the Win-dings would be exposed to the Alundum cement the composition of which is, for example, parts A12O35 parts SiO2-5 parts CaO, whereby under heated conditions the SiO2 reduces in the presence of a platinum group metal forming silicon which reacts with the platinum group metal with ydeleterious electrical and mechanical effects causing erosion or volatilization of the metal and lowering the melting point thereof.
The fused aluminum oxide according to the invention is either aluminum oxide in a substantially pure state or aluminum oxide containing not more than five percent of at least one refractory oxide such as titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, zirconium .oxide and the like, with less than one percent SiO2, which amount of Si02 is of critical significance and below the deleterious Si02 content of the Alundum cement, whereby the fused aluminum oxide layer acts as an effective barrier agains-t the Si02 content of the Alundum cement and whereby the effective life of the winding is increased more than five times that of a winding in contact with the Alundum cement.
The layers 2 and 4, while shown separately as two layers divided by the dotted line 6, constitute in fact a single integral layer applied in two steps, the last applied fused layer 4 being bonded by fusion with the first applied layer 2.
In application, the layers are applied by feeding aluminum oxide powder into a hot flame, where the powder is fused, for example, by an oxygen-acetylene flame and, while in the molten or fused state, is sprayed onto the tube 1 and roughened Winding 3 substantially in the manner of producing fused quartz by melting and spraying quartz powder onto a fused quartz base which is well known in the art.
While the invention is particularly described and illustrated in connection with a muffle type furnace, it is intended to include herein electrical components such as resistance heated members which constitute a platinum group metal mounted on or contacting SiOz containing material which would normally be deleterious to the metal, and with the barrier layer hereinabove `described as a barrier layer between the metal and the support and which is within the scope of the appended claims.
What I claim is:
l. The method of making a resistance heated member comprising flame spraying an aluminum oxide first coating on a surface of a silica containing refractory support, mounting a metal taken Ifrom the Agroup consisting of platinum group metals and alloys thereof on the sprayed surface, land flame spraying a further coat-ing of aluminum oxide on the metal and said first coating thereby embedding the metal in fused aluminum oxide.
2. The method of making a resistance heated member. I
comprising flame spraying molten aluminum oxide to form a irst coating on a surface of` a silica containing refractory support, Winding arwir'e `cmpo'sed` of ai inet-alf selected from the 'group consisting of platinum groupmeta-lsand alloys thereof over the' sprayed surface, and further ame spraying moltenl aluminum oxide' on thek Wire and saidiirst coating'- therebyembedding the wire in fused aluminum oxide.
3. The method according to. claim 2 wherein the refractory support is :a furnace mule. Y
4. The method accordngfto claim 2 comprising applying a layer of Alundum ce-ment over the `aluminum oxideembeddin-g: thjei wire;
I minum. oxide embedding., said wirer is applied to provide a thickness Ithereof of from 0.001" to 0.03".
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 457,828 Morford' Aug. 18, 1891 1,096,414 Coolidge May 12, 1914 1,158,972 Boeck Nov. 2', 1915 1,298,421 Thomson Mar. 25,v 1919 1,802,892 Hansen Apr. 28, 1931 2,088,949 Feket'e' Y v 1 1 Aug. 3, 1937 2,661,385 Lincoln et al Dec. 1, 1953 2,961,335 Shepard Y A Y- Nov. 22, 1960 FOREIGN. PATENTS 6495398:k Gre-at, Britain -1 Jan. 24,. `1951
Claims (1)
1. THE METHOD OF MAKING A RESISTANCE HEATED MEMBER COMPRISING FLAME SPRAYING AN ALUMINUM OXIDE FIRST COATING ON A SURFACE OF A SILICA CONTAINING REFRACTORY SUPPORT, MOUNTING A METAL TAKEN FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF PLATINUM GROUP METALS AND ALLOYS THEREOF ON THE SPRAYED SURFACE, AND FLAME SPRAYING A FURTHER COATING OF ALUMINUM OXIDE ON THE METAL AND SAID FIRST COATING THEREBY EMBEDDING THE METAL IN FUSED ALUMINUM OXIDE.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US676951A US3083445A (en) | 1957-08-08 | 1957-08-08 | Method of making an electrical resistance device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US676951A US3083445A (en) | 1957-08-08 | 1957-08-08 | Method of making an electrical resistance device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3083445A true US3083445A (en) | 1963-04-02 |
Family
ID=24716697
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US676951A Expired - Lifetime US3083445A (en) | 1957-08-08 | 1957-08-08 | Method of making an electrical resistance device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3083445A (en) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3257709A (en) * | 1962-10-09 | 1966-06-28 | Stackpole Carbon Co | Method and apparatus for making a string of molded electrical resistors |
| US3258729A (en) * | 1966-06-28 | Load cell | ||
| US3406242A (en) * | 1967-05-04 | 1968-10-15 | Karl A. Lang | Diffusion furnace hearth plate |
| US3409727A (en) * | 1967-06-21 | 1968-11-05 | Electroglas Inc | Diffusion furnace |
| US3452432A (en) * | 1963-10-03 | 1969-07-01 | Corning Glass Works | Method of making an electrical component |
| US3523363A (en) * | 1968-04-20 | 1970-08-11 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Method of making a heating element |
| US3571477A (en) * | 1968-06-21 | 1971-03-16 | Bert Phillips | Protection of oxidizable electric furnace elements at high temperatures |
| US3845443A (en) * | 1972-06-14 | 1974-10-29 | Bailey Meter Co | Thin film resistance thermometer |
| US4151641A (en) * | 1978-02-21 | 1979-05-01 | General Electric Company | Methods of making an improved sensing element and an improved sensor assembly for a halogen gas leak detector |
| US4462020A (en) * | 1981-08-25 | 1984-07-24 | Harris Corporation | Miniature resistive temperature detector and method of fabrication |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US457828A (en) * | 1891-08-18 | Method of insulating electric conductors | ||
| US1096414A (en) * | 1911-12-15 | 1914-05-12 | Gen Electric | Electric furnace. |
| US1158972A (en) * | 1911-11-02 | 1915-11-02 | Norton Co | Electric furnace. |
| US1298421A (en) * | 1918-04-16 | 1919-03-25 | John Thomson | Zigzag carbon electric resister. |
| US1802892A (en) * | 1929-04-18 | 1931-04-28 | Hevi Duty Electric Co | Electric furnace |
| US2088949A (en) * | 1931-02-10 | 1937-08-03 | Radio Patents Corp | Electric conductor |
| GB649398A (en) * | 1948-08-11 | 1951-01-24 | Wikkiam Dubilier | Improvements in or relating to electromagnetic devices |
| US2661385A (en) * | 1953-12-01 | Muffle type furnace | ||
| US2961335A (en) * | 1956-04-13 | 1960-11-22 | Metallizing Engineering Co Inc | Method and apparatus for applying heat-fusible coatings on solid objects |
-
1957
- 1957-08-08 US US676951A patent/US3083445A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US457828A (en) * | 1891-08-18 | Method of insulating electric conductors | ||
| US2661385A (en) * | 1953-12-01 | Muffle type furnace | ||
| US1158972A (en) * | 1911-11-02 | 1915-11-02 | Norton Co | Electric furnace. |
| US1096414A (en) * | 1911-12-15 | 1914-05-12 | Gen Electric | Electric furnace. |
| US1298421A (en) * | 1918-04-16 | 1919-03-25 | John Thomson | Zigzag carbon electric resister. |
| US1802892A (en) * | 1929-04-18 | 1931-04-28 | Hevi Duty Electric Co | Electric furnace |
| US2088949A (en) * | 1931-02-10 | 1937-08-03 | Radio Patents Corp | Electric conductor |
| GB649398A (en) * | 1948-08-11 | 1951-01-24 | Wikkiam Dubilier | Improvements in or relating to electromagnetic devices |
| US2961335A (en) * | 1956-04-13 | 1960-11-22 | Metallizing Engineering Co Inc | Method and apparatus for applying heat-fusible coatings on solid objects |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3258729A (en) * | 1966-06-28 | Load cell | ||
| US3257709A (en) * | 1962-10-09 | 1966-06-28 | Stackpole Carbon Co | Method and apparatus for making a string of molded electrical resistors |
| US3452432A (en) * | 1963-10-03 | 1969-07-01 | Corning Glass Works | Method of making an electrical component |
| US3406242A (en) * | 1967-05-04 | 1968-10-15 | Karl A. Lang | Diffusion furnace hearth plate |
| US3409727A (en) * | 1967-06-21 | 1968-11-05 | Electroglas Inc | Diffusion furnace |
| US3523363A (en) * | 1968-04-20 | 1970-08-11 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Method of making a heating element |
| US3571477A (en) * | 1968-06-21 | 1971-03-16 | Bert Phillips | Protection of oxidizable electric furnace elements at high temperatures |
| US3845443A (en) * | 1972-06-14 | 1974-10-29 | Bailey Meter Co | Thin film resistance thermometer |
| US4151641A (en) * | 1978-02-21 | 1979-05-01 | General Electric Company | Methods of making an improved sensing element and an improved sensor assembly for a halogen gas leak detector |
| US4462020A (en) * | 1981-08-25 | 1984-07-24 | Harris Corporation | Miniature resistive temperature detector and method of fabrication |
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