US3070881A - Rolling of titanium base alloys - Google Patents
Rolling of titanium base alloys Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3070881A US3070881A US710424A US71042458A US3070881A US 3070881 A US3070881 A US 3070881A US 710424 A US710424 A US 710424A US 71042458 A US71042458 A US 71042458A US 3070881 A US3070881 A US 3070881A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cladding
- titanium
- rolling
- alloy
- titanium base
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 23
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims description 23
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 title claims description 23
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 23
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 20
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 title description 11
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001339 C alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2,4-dichloro-5-propan-2-yloxyphenyl)acetamide Chemical compound CC(C)OC1=CC(NC(C)=O)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B3/00—Rolling materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special rolling methods or sequences ; Rolling of aluminium, copper, zinc or other non-ferrous metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
- B23K20/233—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded without ferrous layer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/939—Molten or fused coating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/94—Pressure bonding, e.g. explosive
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
- Y10T428/12826—Group VIB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12833—Alternative to or next to each other
Definitions
- Tempera- Time in w.q. water sq. in. Tons per percent; lb. sq. in.
- rolled titanium base alloy materials such as for example rolled sheets of titanium alloys consisting of a majority of titanium and about 8% manganese, or about 6% aluminum and about 4% vanadium, having one outstanding disadvantage compared with alternative sheet materials of similar specific strength such as stainless steels and nickel base alloys, namely their relatively low specific elastic modulus which may be expressed as the ratio of Youngs modulus (E) or the shear modulus '(G) to the specific gravity of the material.
- One proposed method for improving the low specific elastic modulus of titanium base alloys is the addition of alloying elements such as carbon and/or boron or other similar elements which form stiff second phases in the alloys.
- the present invention provides a new technique for rolling titanium base alloys containing an element such as carbon and/or boron which form a stiff second phase in the alloy and consists in cladding a workpiece of the alloy with relatively thin sheets or plates of ductile titanium or titanium alloy which will combine with the base alloy and hot rolling the workpiece with the cladding presented to the rolls.
- the cladding should be initially welded to the workpiece at the edges, preferably by an arc welding process under an inert gas such as argon.
- the temperature of rolling varies with the nature of the base alloy and in general isabove 800 C.
- the presence of the cladding prevents the formation of surface cracks which in the absence of the cladding would not heal because they become oxidised.
- Example II In a first example according to the invention a 2.5 inch diameter, 0.675 inch thick 300 gm. ingot of titanium base In a second example a gm. 1% inch diameter ingot of titanium base alloy containing 2% boron was clad as in Example I, and then reduced without difficulty by hot rolling at 900 C. with the cladding adjacent the rolls to 0.06 inch thick. Test results on the final product are shown in Table II.
- a workpiece of titanium base alloy material containing aluminum, molybdenum and 1% boron was clad with pure titanium sheets 0.017 inch thick welded to the workpiece at the edge under argon as in the case of the first example, and hot rolled at a temperature of 1000" C. in to sheet material.
- the rolling reduced the initial thickness of 0.65 inch to 0.065 inch in about 20 passes through the rolls and slightly raised the Vickers diamond hardness figure from an average value of about 312 to about 3.25.
- the invention provides the means of rolling titanium base alloys containing 1.5% of carbon or 1% of boron or more of these or like stiff second phase forming elements as is necessary to give a high specific elastic modulus to the alloy, as Well as the means of maintaining at a high level bend ductility which would otherwise be adversely affected by these elements.
- the abovementioned ductile cladding alloy may be of titanium base alloy such as one containing 5% aluminum, also that the initial cladding of the workpiece may be performed by depositing layers of titanium on the surfaces by a shielded arc welding process.
- a method of working a titanium base alloy initially possessing good rolling properties but modified by the addition of a strengthening element selected from the group consisting of carbon and boron forming a stiff second phase in the alloy and imparting to it a high specific elastic modulus and bad rolling properties which method comprises Welding to opposed faces of a workpiece of the alloy under inert conditions a cladding of thin plates of ductile material selected from the group consisting of ductile titanium and titanium alloys and hot rolling the workpiece in air with the cladding presented to the rolls.
- a method as claimed in claim 1 comprising initially welding plates of cladding to the workpiece under an inert gas shield before rolling.
- a method as claimed in claim 2 comprising initially welding the plates to the workpiece only in the peripheral marginal region under an inert gas shield before rolling.
- a method as claimed in claim 1 comprising depositing the cladding on the workpiece by a shielded arc welding process in which an inert gas is continuously supplied to the welding zone.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
United States Patent This invention relates to rolled titanium base alloy materials.
with sheets of pure titanium about 0.06 inch thick by weldalloy containing 2.5% carbon was clad on opposed faces ing the cladding under argon to the ingot at the edges. The ingot was then hot rolled with the cladding presented to the rolls at a temperature of 900 0., about passes being necessary to reduce the thickness of 0.06 inch thick of which the cladding then totalled about 0.006 inch. The losses during the process by the grinding away of cracked edge portions of the rolled ingot between passes through the rolls were negligible. Test results on the final rolled product are shown in Table I.
TABLE I Results of Tests on 0.06 in. Thick Specimens of Clad T itanium-2.5 Carbon Alloy Rolled Sheet Heat Treatment Tensile 0.1% Modulus of Test Cooling Strength, Proof Elonga- Elasticity Piece Medium, tons per Stress, tion, E l0-,
Tempera- Time in w.q.: water sq. in. Tons per percent; lb. sq. in.
ture, 0 mins. quenched; sq. in.
f.c.: furnace cooled Commercially produced rolled titanium base alloy materials such as for example rolled sheets of titanium alloys consisting of a majority of titanium and about 8% manganese, or about 6% aluminum and about 4% vanadium, having one outstanding disadvantage compared with alternative sheet materials of similar specific strength such as stainless steels and nickel base alloys, namely their relatively low specific elastic modulus which may be expressed as the ratio of Youngs modulus (E) or the shear modulus '(G) to the specific gravity of the material.
One proposed method for improving the low specific elastic modulus of titanium base alloys is the addition of alloying elements such as carbon and/or boron or other similar elements which form stiff second phases in the alloys.
However when the carbon or boron content rises to even the low figure of 1.5% and 1% respectively, at which figure no advantageous increase in specific elastic modulus of the rolled material is achieved, successful rolling is quite impracticable except on the most limited experimental scale.
The present invention provides a new technique for rolling titanium base alloys containing an element such as carbon and/or boron which form a stiff second phase in the alloy and consists in cladding a workpiece of the alloy with relatively thin sheets or plates of ductile titanium or titanium alloy which will combine with the base alloy and hot rolling the workpiece with the cladding presented to the rolls. For most purposes it is highly desirable that the cladding should be initially welded to the workpiece at the edges, preferably by an arc welding process under an inert gas such as argon.
The temperature of rolling varies with the nature of the base alloy and in general isabove 800 C.
The presence of the cladding prevents the formation of surface cracks which in the absence of the cladding would not heal because they become oxidised.
Several examples according to the invention will now be described.
In a first example according to the invention a 2.5 inch diameter, 0.675 inch thick 300 gm. ingot of titanium base In a second example a gm. 1% inch diameter ingot of titanium base alloy containing 2% boron was clad as in Example I, and then reduced without difficulty by hot rolling at 900 C. with the cladding adjacent the rolls to 0.06 inch thick. Test results on the final product are shown in Table II.
TABLE II Results of Tests on 0.06 in. Thick Specimens of Clad Titanium-2% Boron Alloy Rolled Sheet In a third example, an ingot as in the first example, 0.675 inch thick, was clad with pure titanium sheets which were welded to the ingot at the rim, the sheets totalling about 6% of the thickness of the clad ingot. The ingot was then hot rolled at 900 C. and the overall thickness reduced to 0.5 inch, the cladding then totalling about 4% of the thickness. Rolling proceeded without difficulty and the light trimming or grinding of the rolled ingot between passes through the rolls resulted in negligible losses.
Ina fourth example a workpiece of titanium base alloy material containing aluminum, molybdenum and 1% boron, was clad with pure titanium sheets 0.017 inch thick welded to the workpiece at the edge under argon as in the case of the first example, and hot rolled at a temperature of 1000" C. in to sheet material. The rolling reduced the initial thickness of 0.65 inch to 0.065 inch in about 20 passes through the rolls and slightly raised the Vickers diamond hardness figure from an average value of about 312 to about 3.25. Several strip specimens were prepared from the rolled sheet and, for the purpose of comparing the bend ductility of the clad and unclad material, the cladding on some of the specimens was dissolved entirely away by pickling in a dilute hydrofluoric and nitric acid solution. The clad and unclad specimens were then subjected to bend tests at room temperature around formers of various radii of curvature. In the case of the clad strip specimen the strip bent readily round a former having a radius of curvature of 3 /2 times the thickness of the strip whereas the unclad strip failed in all attempts to bend it round a former having a radius of curvature as large as 8 times the thickness of the strip.
It will therefore be seen that the invention provides the means of rolling titanium base alloys containing 1.5% of carbon or 1% of boron or more of these or like stiff second phase forming elements as is necessary to give a high specific elastic modulus to the alloy, as Well as the means of maintaining at a high level bend ductility which would otherwise be adversely affected by these elements.
It is to be noted that the abovementioned ductile cladding alloy may be of titanium base alloy such as one containing 5% aluminum, also that the initial cladding of the workpiece may be performed by depositing layers of titanium on the surfaces by a shielded arc welding process.
We claim:
1. A method of working a titanium base alloy initially possessing good rolling properties but modified by the addition of a strengthening element selected from the group consisting of carbon and boron forming a stiff second phase in the alloy and imparting to it a high specific elastic modulus and bad rolling properties which method comprises Welding to opposed faces of a workpiece of the alloy under inert conditions a cladding of thin plates of ductile material selected from the group consisting of ductile titanium and titanium alloys and hot rolling the workpiece in air with the cladding presented to the rolls.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 comprising initially welding plates of cladding to the workpiece under an inert gas shield before rolling.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 comprising initially welding the plates to the workpiece only in the peripheral marginal region under an inert gas shield before rolling.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 comprising depositing the cladding on the workpiece by a shielded arc welding process in which an inert gas is continuously supplied to the welding zone.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,786,265 Keay Mar. 26, 1957 2,798,843 Slomin July 9, 1957 2,847,302 Long Aug. 12, 1958 2,858,600 Vigor Nov. 4, 1958 2,906,008 Boegehold Sept. 29, 1959 OTHER REFERENCES Brazing Titanium to Titanium and to Mild and Stainless Steels, by Lewis et -al., WADC Technical Report 52313, Part 2, December 1953, Wright Air Development Center, pages 1-9.
Progress Report on Cold Rolled Alloys, Report No. 16, Progress Report for June 1948, by P. R. Mallory (9 pp.) Memo No. 8000-M435.
Roll "Cladding of 'Base Metals With Titanium, WADC Report 53-502, December 1953.
Claims (1)
1. A METHOD OF WORKING A TITANIUM BASE ALLOY INITIALLY POSSESSING GOOD ROLLING PROPERTIES BUT MODIFIED BY THE ADDITION OF A STRENGTHENING ELEMENT SELECTTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF CARBON AND BORON FORMING A STIFF SECOND PHASE IN THE ALLOY AND IMPARTING TO IT A HIGH SPECIFIC ELASTIC MODULUS AND BAD ROLLING PROPERTIES WHICH METHOD COMPRISES WELDING TO OPPOSED FACES OF A WORKPIECE OF THE ALLOY UNDER INERT CONDITION A CLADDING OF THIN PLATES OF DUCTILE MATERIAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF DUCTILE TITANIUM AND TITANUM ALLOYS AND HOT ROLLING THE WORKPICE IN AIR WITH THE CLADDING PRESSENTED TO THE ROLLS.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US710424A US3070881A (en) | 1958-01-22 | 1958-01-22 | Rolling of titanium base alloys |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US710424A US3070881A (en) | 1958-01-22 | 1958-01-22 | Rolling of titanium base alloys |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3070881A true US3070881A (en) | 1963-01-01 |
Family
ID=24853964
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US710424A Expired - Lifetime US3070881A (en) | 1958-01-22 | 1958-01-22 | Rolling of titanium base alloys |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3070881A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3645803A (en) * | 1970-04-16 | 1972-02-29 | Us Navy | Method for improving the fracture toughness of metals and alloys |
| US3919761A (en) * | 1972-10-31 | 1975-11-18 | Rmi Co | Method of handling corrosive substances |
| FR2685227A1 (en) * | 1991-12-20 | 1993-06-25 | Rmi Titanium Co | IMPROVEMENT OF HOT WORK SUITABILITY BY USE OF COATING DEPOSITED BY THERMAL SPRAYING. |
| US10913242B2 (en) * | 2015-07-29 | 2021-02-09 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Titanium material for hot rolling |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2786265A (en) * | 1953-02-03 | 1957-03-26 | Lukens Steel Co | Process of producing composite metal products |
| US2798843A (en) * | 1953-10-29 | 1957-07-09 | Rohr Aircraft Corp | Plating and brazing titanium |
| US2847302A (en) * | 1953-03-04 | 1958-08-12 | Roger A Long | Alloys for bonding titanium base metals to metals |
| US2858600A (en) * | 1954-02-19 | 1958-11-04 | Gen Motors Corp | Surface hardening of titanium |
| US2906008A (en) * | 1953-05-27 | 1959-09-29 | Gen Motors Corp | Brazing of titanium members |
-
1958
- 1958-01-22 US US710424A patent/US3070881A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2786265A (en) * | 1953-02-03 | 1957-03-26 | Lukens Steel Co | Process of producing composite metal products |
| US2847302A (en) * | 1953-03-04 | 1958-08-12 | Roger A Long | Alloys for bonding titanium base metals to metals |
| US2906008A (en) * | 1953-05-27 | 1959-09-29 | Gen Motors Corp | Brazing of titanium members |
| US2798843A (en) * | 1953-10-29 | 1957-07-09 | Rohr Aircraft Corp | Plating and brazing titanium |
| US2858600A (en) * | 1954-02-19 | 1958-11-04 | Gen Motors Corp | Surface hardening of titanium |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3645803A (en) * | 1970-04-16 | 1972-02-29 | Us Navy | Method for improving the fracture toughness of metals and alloys |
| US3919761A (en) * | 1972-10-31 | 1975-11-18 | Rmi Co | Method of handling corrosive substances |
| FR2685227A1 (en) * | 1991-12-20 | 1993-06-25 | Rmi Titanium Co | IMPROVEMENT OF HOT WORK SUITABILITY BY USE OF COATING DEPOSITED BY THERMAL SPRAYING. |
| US10913242B2 (en) * | 2015-07-29 | 2021-02-09 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Titanium material for hot rolling |
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