US3043977A - Device and method for producing negative ions - Google Patents

Device and method for producing negative ions Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3043977A
US3043977A US18571A US1857160A US3043977A US 3043977 A US3043977 A US 3043977A US 18571 A US18571 A US 18571A US 1857160 A US1857160 A US 1857160A US 3043977 A US3043977 A US 3043977A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
layer
negative ions
tube
photoelectrons
producing negative
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US18571A
Inventor
Harold J Morowitz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
PURITRON Corp
Original Assignee
PURITRON CORP
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by PURITRON CORP filed Critical PURITRON CORP
Priority to US18571A priority Critical patent/US3043977A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3043977A publication Critical patent/US3043977A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T23/00—Apparatus for generating ions to be introduced into non-enclosed gases, e.g. into the atmosphere
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F8/00—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying
    • F24F8/10—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying by separation, e.g. by filtering
    • F24F8/192—Treatment, e.g. purification, of air supplied to human living or working spaces otherwise than by heating, cooling, humidifying or drying by separation, e.g. by filtering by electrical means, e.g. by applying electrostatic fields or high voltages
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S422/00—Chemical apparatus and process disinfecting, deodorizing, preserving, or sterilizing
    • Y10S422/906—Plasma or ion generation means

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the production of negative ions and the utilization thereof, and more in particular to improved methods and means for producing negative ions and for delivering them in an efiicient and dependable' manner to the zones of use.
  • An object of this invention is to provide improved methods and means for producing negative ions.
  • a further object is to provide improved apparatus for producing negative ions in high concentration.
  • a further object is to provide improved methods and apparatus for air purification.
  • a further object is to provide improved therapeutic methods and apparatus.
  • a further object is to provide for the above with apparatus which is ethcient and dependable in use, compact, sturdy in construction and relatively inexpensive to manufacture, operate and maintain.
  • FIGURE is a somewhat schematic representation of one embodiment of the invention, with some parts broken away, and in section.
  • the photoelectrons are ejected from the side of the layer which is opposite the side on which the photons are absorbed.
  • the photoelectrons are picked up by the atoms or molecules of gas surrounding the envelope.
  • this body of gas is a stream of air, and the air flow carries the negative ions to the zone of utilization.
  • a tube 2 has an internal emitter at its base 4 which produces ultraviolet photons.v
  • Tube 2 has a bulb or envelope 6 of quartz or vicor which is 95% quartz and 5% glass. Upon the external surface of bulb or envelope 6 there is a thin metallic coating or layer 8 of gold. Layer 8 is grounded by a wire 10 which is held thereon by a clamp 11, so that it is maintained at ground potential. Tube 2 is enclosed in a casing 12 which has a louvered inlet opening 14, and an outlet opening 16 from which the air is discharged by a fan 20 driven by an electric motor. The photons pass freely through envelope 6 onto the inner surface of layer 8. This causes layer 8 to emit electrons which pass into the zone 22 of the body of air surrounding the envelope. Particles of dust in this air may receive some of the photoelectrons.
  • the other photoelectrons are received by atoms or molecules of the air constituents, such as the oxygen, thereby causing the air to be a source of concentrated negative ions.
  • the fan blows the air from this zone 22 to the zone or zones of use. Hence, the air acts as means to carry negative ions from zone 22 at tube 2.
  • the thin layer 8 of metal is deposited on the tube en- 3,043,977 Patented July 10, 1962 velope 6 by vacuum evaporation, and this permits ac curate control of the thickness of the metallic layer, and it also insures uniform thickness of the layer throughout the envelope surface.
  • the metallic layer is gold of the thickness of the order of to 400 Angstrom units, and certain tests have indicated that the preferable thickness is near the lower limit of this range.
  • Layer 8 is thick enough to permit the absorption of the photons, and thin enough to permit the escape of photoelectrons.
  • tube 2 is a low-pressure mercury discharge bulb which emits of its energy at the line of 2537 Angstrom units.
  • the tube is rated at 3.5 watts, with an ultraviolet photon output of .1 watt.
  • the gold layer 8 was deposited by vacuum evaporation and, during the depositing of this layer, the tube was rotated constantly between two gold vapor sources.
  • the ground wire 10 is mechanically clamped to layer 3.
  • the invention contemplates that other metals and other photon sources may be used in place of those of the illustrative embodiment.
  • Photoelectrons will not be emitted from the layer unless the photons are of sufliciently high energy. In general, only photons below a certain wave length Will produce photoelectrons for a given metallic coating. The maximum wave length for a particular metallic coating may be calculated from the photoelectric function of the metal by the relationship he A max.
  • W is the work function in electron volts
  • h Plancks constant
  • c is the velocity of light
  • a max. is the maximum wave length photon which will produce a photoelectron.
  • Condition (1) can be obtained by selecting a suitable source of emission spectra for the bulb, and a suitable metallic coating.
  • the alloys frequently have lower work functions than the pure metal. Normal tungsten bulbs emit light down to 3000 A. Mercury arc tubes emit light down to 1849 A.
  • Condition (2) can be obtained by having a sufficiently thin metallic film.
  • two factors must be balanced-the probability of absorbing a photon increases with the thickness of the film, while the probability that the photoelectron will escape decreases with the thickness of the film.
  • the optimal thickness cannot be predicted theoretically, but should be determined experimentally. This is because we do not have accurate range energy curves for electrons of very low energy.
  • Condition (3) is overcome by providing a grounding wire in contact with the metallic film.
  • a single tube has been shown, and the metallic coating is substantialy spherical.
  • the invention contemplates that more than one tube may be used operated in a parallel or series electrical circuit, and that tubes of other types and shapes may be used. While the drawing and the description are somewhat schematic it is understood that the tube is provided with auxiliary components, including a switch, ballast and wire for connection to a suitable source of electricity.
  • a device for producing negative ions the combination of, a source of photon radiation, a non-metallic envelope for said source having an envelope wall which is adapted to permit photons to pass therethrough, a thin metallic layer coated upon the side of said wall opposite said source, said layer being of a thickness which is great enough to stop a substantial portion of photons which have passed through said wall but being thin enough to permit the escape of photoelectrons from the side of said layer opposite said wall.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)

Description

y 1962 H. J. MOROWITZ 3,043,977
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING NEGATIVE IONS Filed March 30. 1960 9 LOW- PRESSURE MERCURY DISCHARGE TUBE INVENTOR.
Harold J. Morowitz BY 5046b /annii- *1 997961211, ATTORNEYS United States Patent 6 This invention relates to the production of negative ions and the utilization thereof, and more in particular to improved methods and means for producing negative ions and for delivering them in an efiicient and dependable' manner to the zones of use.
An object of this invention is to provide improved methods and means for producing negative ions. A further object is to provide improved apparatus for producing negative ions in high concentration. A further object is to provide improved methods and apparatus for air purification. A further object is to provide improved therapeutic methods and apparatus. A further object is to provide for the above with apparatus which is ethcient and dependable in use, compact, sturdy in construction and relatively inexpensive to manufacture, operate and maintain. These and other objects will be in part obvious and in part pointed out below.
In the drawing:
The single FIGURE is a somewhat schematic representation of one embodiment of the invention, with some parts broken away, and in section.
It has been found that. negative ions have many uses, for example, in air purification and in therapeutic work. In the past, difficulties have been encountered in attempting to provide thoroughly satisfactory negative ion sources,
v particularly when a high concentration of negative ions is desired.
In the illustrative embodiment of the present invenone of its surfaces, and ejects photoelectrons from its opposite or external surface. That is, the photoelectrons are ejected from the side of the layer which is opposite the side on which the photons are absorbed. The photoelectrons are picked up by the atoms or molecules of gas surrounding the envelope. In the illustrative embodiment, this body of gas is a stream of air, and the air flow carries the negative ions to the zone of utilization.
Referring to the drawing, a tube 2 has an internal emitter at its base 4 which produces ultraviolet photons.v
Tube 2 has a bulb or envelope 6 of quartz or vicor which is 95% quartz and 5% glass. Upon the external surface of bulb or envelope 6 there is a thin metallic coating or layer 8 of gold. Layer 8 is grounded by a wire 10 which is held thereon by a clamp 11, so that it is maintained at ground potential. Tube 2 is enclosed in a casing 12 which has a louvered inlet opening 14, and an outlet opening 16 from which the air is discharged by a fan 20 driven by an electric motor. The photons pass freely through envelope 6 onto the inner surface of layer 8. This causes layer 8 to emit electrons which pass into the zone 22 of the body of air surrounding the envelope. Particles of dust in this air may receive some of the photoelectrons. The other photoelectrons are received by atoms or molecules of the air constituents, such as the oxygen, thereby causing the air to be a source of concentrated negative ions. The fan blows the air from this zone 22 to the zone or zones of use. Hence, the air acts as means to carry negative ions from zone 22 at tube 2.
The thin layer 8 of metal is deposited on the tube en- 3,043,977 Patented July 10, 1962 velope 6 by vacuum evaporation, and this permits ac curate control of the thickness of the metallic layer, and it also insures uniform thickness of the layer throughout the envelope surface. In the illustrative embodiment, the metallic layer is gold of the thickness of the order of to 400 Angstrom units, and certain tests have indicated that the preferable thickness is near the lower limit of this range.
Layer 8 is thick enough to permit the absorption of the photons, and thin enough to permit the escape of photoelectrons.
In the illustrative embodiment, tube 2 is a low-pressure mercury discharge bulb which emits of its energy at the line of 2537 Angstrom units. The tube is rated at 3.5 watts, with an ultraviolet photon output of .1 watt. As has been indicated, the gold layer 8 was deposited by vacuum evaporation and, during the depositing of this layer, the tube was rotated constantly between two gold vapor sources. The ground wire 10 is mechanically clamped to layer 3.
The invention contemplates that other metals and other photon sources may be used in place of those of the illustrative embodiment. Photoelectrons will not be emitted from the layer unless the photons are of sufliciently high energy. In general, only photons below a certain wave length Will produce photoelectrons for a given metallic coating. The maximum wave length for a particular metallic coating may be calculated from the photoelectric function of the metal by the relationship he A max.
where W is the work function in electron volts, h is Plancks constant; c is the velocity of light; and A max. is the maximum wave length photon which will produce a photoelectron. The following are-the values of W and A max. for some metals:
If a light emitting tube is covered with a thin layer of metal, photoelectrons will be given off if all of the following conditions obtain:
(1) The wave length of some of the emitted light is below the critical maximum for the metallic coating;
(2) The photoelectrons can escape from the metallic coating; and,
(3) The metal film does not become positively charged, thus stopping the escape of further photoelectrons.
Condition (1) can be obtained by selecting a suitable source of emission spectra for the bulb, and a suitable metallic coating. In this connection, note that the alloys frequently have lower work functions than the pure metal. Normal tungsten bulbs emit light down to 3000 A. Mercury arc tubes emit light down to 1849 A.
Condition (2) can be obtained by having a sufficiently thin metallic film. In this connection, two factors must be balanced-the probability of absorbing a photon increases with the thickness of the film, while the probability that the photoelectron will escape decreases with the thickness of the film. In general, the optimal thickness cannot be predicted theoretically, but should be determined experimentally. This is because we do not have accurate range energy curves for electrons of very low energy.
Condition (3) is overcome by providing a grounding wire in contact with the metallic film.
In the illustrative embodiment, a single tube has been shown, and the metallic coating is substantialy spherical. The invention contemplates that more than one tube may be used operated in a parallel or series electrical circuit, and that tubes of other types and shapes may be used. While the drawing and the description are somewhat schematic it is understood that the tube is provided with auxiliary components, including a switch, ballast and wire for connection to a suitable source of electricity.
As many possible embodiments may be made in the above invention and as many changes might be made in the embodiments above set forth, it is to be understood that all matter hereinbefore set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in the limiting sense.
I claim:
1. In a device for producing negative ions, the combination of, a source of photon radiation, a non-metallic envelope for said source having an envelope wall which is adapted to permit photons to pass therethrough, a thin metallic layer coated upon the side of said wall opposite said source, said layer being of a thickness which is great enough to stop a substantial portion of photons which have passed through said wall but being thin enough to permit the escape of photoelectrons from the side of said layer opposite said wall.
2. A device as described in claim 1, which includes means to maintain said metallic layer at a substantially stable potential.
3. A device as described in claim 1, wherein said source of photon radiation is a low-pressure mercury discharge tube and wherein said'metallic layer is a layer of gold with a thickness of the order of 75 to 400 Angstrom units.
4. A device as described in claim 1, wherein said source of photon radiation is a low-pressure mercury discharge tube and wherein said metallic layer is a layer of gold with a thickness of the order of 75 Angstrom units.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,310,511 Summers July 22, 1919 1,788,553 Thomas Jan. 13, 1931 1,965,187 Hartman July 3, 1934 2,183,387 Anderson Dec. 12, 1939 2,576,399 Hicks Nov. 27, 1951 2,639,972 Hicks May 26, 1953 2,717,971 Sheldon Sept. 13, 1955 2,739,084 Sommer Mar. 20, 1956 2,805,344 Motelsky Sept. 3, 1957 2,855,641 Stein Oct. 14, 1958 2,890,360 Jacobs June 9, 1959
US18571A 1960-03-30 1960-03-30 Device and method for producing negative ions Expired - Lifetime US3043977A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US18571A US3043977A (en) 1960-03-30 1960-03-30 Device and method for producing negative ions

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US18571A US3043977A (en) 1960-03-30 1960-03-30 Device and method for producing negative ions

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3043977A true US3043977A (en) 1962-07-10

Family

ID=21788614

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US18571A Expired - Lifetime US3043977A (en) 1960-03-30 1960-03-30 Device and method for producing negative ions

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US3043977A (en)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3238367A (en) * 1963-02-20 1966-03-01 Beckman Instruments Inc Device for the analysis of a fluent material by bombarding the same with photoelectrons
US3374941A (en) * 1964-06-30 1968-03-26 American Standard Inc Air blower
DE1264722B (en) * 1962-02-09 1968-03-28 Bauknecht Gmbh G Process for the production of a beneficial and health-promoting ionic climate and device for carrying out the process
US3758029A (en) * 1972-06-30 1973-09-11 T Yoshida Method and apparatus for air-conditioning
US3930796A (en) * 1973-09-13 1976-01-06 Universal Oil Products Company Catalytic fume control device
US5112370A (en) * 1989-12-13 1992-05-12 Michele Gazzano Device for sterilizing a forced air flow by means of ultraviolet radiations
US7458374B2 (en) * 2002-05-13 2008-12-02 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Method and apparatus for vaporizing a compound
US7537009B2 (en) 2001-06-05 2009-05-26 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Method of forming an aerosol for inhalation delivery
US7540286B2 (en) 2004-06-03 2009-06-02 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Multiple dose condensation aerosol devices and methods of forming condensation aerosols
US7581540B2 (en) 2004-08-12 2009-09-01 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aerosol drug delivery device incorporating percussively activated heat packages
US7585493B2 (en) 2001-05-24 2009-09-08 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Thin-film drug delivery article and method of use
US7645442B2 (en) 2001-05-24 2010-01-12 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Rapid-heating drug delivery article and method of use
US7913688B2 (en) 2002-11-27 2011-03-29 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Inhalation device for producing a drug aerosol
US8235037B2 (en) 2001-05-24 2012-08-07 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Drug condensation aerosols and kits
US8387612B2 (en) 2003-05-21 2013-03-05 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Self-contained heating unit and drug-supply unit employing same
US11642473B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2023-05-09 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Heating unit for use in a drug delivery device
US12214118B2 (en) 2018-02-02 2025-02-04 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Electrical condensation aerosol device

Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1310511A (en) * 1919-07-22 Process fob ventilating and cooling
US1788553A (en) * 1927-06-18 1931-01-13 Adolph A Thomas Means for and method of amplifying electric impulses
US1965187A (en) * 1930-09-15 1934-07-03 Fred H Montgomery Purification of air
US2183387A (en) * 1937-07-14 1939-12-12 B F Sturtevant Co Air conditioning system
US2576399A (en) * 1949-01-11 1951-11-27 Ionics Ion controller
US2639972A (en) * 1950-06-19 1953-05-26 Ionics Ion controller
US2717971A (en) * 1949-03-30 1955-09-13 Sheldon Edward Emanuel Device for storage of images of invisible radiation
US2739084A (en) * 1951-04-28 1956-03-20 Emi Ltd Secondary electron emitting coatings and method for producing same
US2805344A (en) * 1953-12-28 1957-09-03 Gen Electric Ozonizing luminaire
US2855641A (en) * 1955-09-12 1958-10-14 Stein Joseph Electric air purifier
US2890360A (en) * 1955-06-29 1959-06-09 Gen Electric Image intensification

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1310511A (en) * 1919-07-22 Process fob ventilating and cooling
US1788553A (en) * 1927-06-18 1931-01-13 Adolph A Thomas Means for and method of amplifying electric impulses
US1965187A (en) * 1930-09-15 1934-07-03 Fred H Montgomery Purification of air
US2183387A (en) * 1937-07-14 1939-12-12 B F Sturtevant Co Air conditioning system
US2576399A (en) * 1949-01-11 1951-11-27 Ionics Ion controller
US2717971A (en) * 1949-03-30 1955-09-13 Sheldon Edward Emanuel Device for storage of images of invisible radiation
US2639972A (en) * 1950-06-19 1953-05-26 Ionics Ion controller
US2739084A (en) * 1951-04-28 1956-03-20 Emi Ltd Secondary electron emitting coatings and method for producing same
US2805344A (en) * 1953-12-28 1957-09-03 Gen Electric Ozonizing luminaire
US2890360A (en) * 1955-06-29 1959-06-09 Gen Electric Image intensification
US2855641A (en) * 1955-09-12 1958-10-14 Stein Joseph Electric air purifier

Cited By (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1264722B (en) * 1962-02-09 1968-03-28 Bauknecht Gmbh G Process for the production of a beneficial and health-promoting ionic climate and device for carrying out the process
US3238367A (en) * 1963-02-20 1966-03-01 Beckman Instruments Inc Device for the analysis of a fluent material by bombarding the same with photoelectrons
US3374941A (en) * 1964-06-30 1968-03-26 American Standard Inc Air blower
US3758029A (en) * 1972-06-30 1973-09-11 T Yoshida Method and apparatus for air-conditioning
US3930796A (en) * 1973-09-13 1976-01-06 Universal Oil Products Company Catalytic fume control device
US5112370A (en) * 1989-12-13 1992-05-12 Michele Gazzano Device for sterilizing a forced air flow by means of ultraviolet radiations
US8235037B2 (en) 2001-05-24 2012-08-07 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Drug condensation aerosols and kits
US9211382B2 (en) 2001-05-24 2015-12-15 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Drug condensation aerosols and kits
US9440034B2 (en) 2001-05-24 2016-09-13 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Drug condensation aerosols and kits
US10350157B2 (en) 2001-05-24 2019-07-16 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Drug condensation aerosols and kits
US7585493B2 (en) 2001-05-24 2009-09-08 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Thin-film drug delivery article and method of use
US7645442B2 (en) 2001-05-24 2010-01-12 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Rapid-heating drug delivery article and method of use
US9687487B2 (en) 2001-06-05 2017-06-27 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aerosol forming device for use in inhalation therapy
US7942147B2 (en) 2001-06-05 2011-05-17 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aerosol forming device for use in inhalation therapy
US8074644B2 (en) 2001-06-05 2011-12-13 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Method of forming an aerosol for inhalation delivery
US7766013B2 (en) 2001-06-05 2010-08-03 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aerosol generating method and device
US11065400B2 (en) 2001-06-05 2021-07-20 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aerosol forming device for use in inhalation therapy
US7537009B2 (en) 2001-06-05 2009-05-26 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Method of forming an aerosol for inhalation delivery
US8955512B2 (en) 2001-06-05 2015-02-17 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Method of forming an aerosol for inhalation delivery
US9439907B2 (en) 2001-06-05 2016-09-13 Alexza Pharmaceutical, Inc. Method of forming an aerosol for inhalation delivery
US9308208B2 (en) 2001-06-05 2016-04-12 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aerosol generating method and device
US7987846B2 (en) 2002-05-13 2011-08-02 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Method and apparatus for vaporizing a compound
US7458374B2 (en) * 2002-05-13 2008-12-02 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Method and apparatus for vaporizing a compound
US7913688B2 (en) 2002-11-27 2011-03-29 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Inhalation device for producing a drug aerosol
US9370629B2 (en) 2003-05-21 2016-06-21 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Self-contained heating unit and drug-supply unit employing same
US8991387B2 (en) 2003-05-21 2015-03-31 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Self-contained heating unit and drug-supply unit employing same
US8387612B2 (en) 2003-05-21 2013-03-05 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Self-contained heating unit and drug-supply unit employing same
US8333197B2 (en) 2004-06-03 2012-12-18 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Multiple dose condensation aerosol devices and methods of forming condensation aerosols
US7540286B2 (en) 2004-06-03 2009-06-02 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Multiple dose condensation aerosol devices and methods of forming condensation aerosols
US7581540B2 (en) 2004-08-12 2009-09-01 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aerosol drug delivery device incorporating percussively activated heat packages
US11642473B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2023-05-09 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Heating unit for use in a drug delivery device
US12138383B2 (en) 2007-03-09 2024-11-12 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Heating unit for use in a drug delivery device
US12214118B2 (en) 2018-02-02 2025-02-04 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Electrical condensation aerosol device
US12214119B2 (en) 2018-02-02 2025-02-04 Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Electrical condensation aerosol device

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3043977A (en) Device and method for producing negative ions
US4427636A (en) Method and apparatus for making ozone
JP2775694B2 (en) Discharge lamp
JPH04303549A (en) High frequency lighting type discharge lamp
US2137198A (en) Electric device
US2438181A (en) Fluorescent and/or cathode glow lamp and method
US4329212A (en) Method for making ozone
US2763814A (en) Electronic fluorescent illuminating lamp
US2692347A (en) Metalized stems for low-pressure discharge tubes
US3551742A (en) Electrodeless high-frequency light source
GB2182486A (en) Magnesium vapor discharge lamp
US3657591A (en) High intensity far u.v. radiation source
US4356428A (en) Lighting system
US2476616A (en) Low-power miniature fluorescent and/or glow lamp
US3335272A (en) Ion generator having a metal plate that produces ionizing photoelectrons upon exposure to ultra-violet light
US3771007A (en) High intensity lamp apparatus and method of operation thereof
US2219890A (en) Electric lamp device
US2524227A (en) Thermionic emitting device
US2496374A (en) Tubular electric lamp
GB1052902A (en)
US3237041A (en) Cathodic glow gaseous discharge device
JP2007080705A (en) Microwave discharge lamp and microwave discharge light source device including the microwave discharge lamp
JP2001351567A (en) Ion source for ion attachment mass spectrometer
US2030420A (en) Electric arc discharge tube
JPH0772031A (en) Measuring method for degree of vacuum and ionization vacuum gage