US3038076A - Radioactivity well logging calibrating system - Google Patents

Radioactivity well logging calibrating system Download PDF

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US3038076A
US3038076A US694588A US69458857A US3038076A US 3038076 A US3038076 A US 3038076A US 694588 A US694588 A US 694588A US 69458857 A US69458857 A US 69458857A US 3038076 A US3038076 A US 3038076A
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neutron
unit
detector
well logging
gamma ray
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US694588A
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Serge A Scherbatskoy
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Pgac Dev Co
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Pgac Dev Co
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
    • G01V5/04—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V5/06—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging for detecting naturally radioactive minerals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
    • G01T3/00—Measuring neutron radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
    • G01V5/02—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for surface logging, e.g. from aircraft
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
    • G01V5/04—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V5/08—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays
    • G01V5/10—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using neutron sources
    • G01V5/101—Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using neutron sources and detecting the secondary Y-rays produced in the surrounding layers of the bore hole

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a radioactivity well logging system, more particularly, to a radioactivity well logging system wherein a neutron log of the formation traversed by the borehole is obtained, and the invention has for an object the provision of new and improved methods and apparatus for standardizing and calibrating a group of well logging instruments of the above described type so that field measurements made with these instruments may be interpreted, compared and correlated.
  • the present invention is a division of my copending application, Serial Number 410,285, filed February 15, 1954, now issued as US. Letters Patent No. 2,816,235, which is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
  • radioactivity well logging instruments of the type which are adapted to provide a so-called neutron log
  • an arrangement is conventionally employed wherein a source of neutrons, a shield and a neutron detector are positioned within a subsurface unit which is moved up and down within the borehole.
  • the response of the neutron detector is usually amplified and is transmitted over the supporting cable to the earths surface at which point a permanent record or log of the response of the neutron detector is made.
  • the response of the well logging instrument depends primarily upon the following parameters.
  • the relatively large number of gamma rays emitted by the neutron source do not affect the operation of the instruments since these gamma rays are attenuated in the drilling mud which surrounds the subsurface instrument, and in the surrounding formations, so that the natural gamma ray portion of the simultaneous well logging instrument is not responsive to the gamma rays emitted by the neutron source.
  • the neutron section of a simultaneous well logging instrument is calibrated outside of the borehole, the gamma rays emitted by the neutron source cause an undesired response in the gamma ray portion of the instrument with the result that interaction between the gamma ray and neutron portions of the instrument is produced and the calibration of the neutron portion of the instrument is affected.
  • Another object of the present invention resides in the provision of new and improved methods and apparatus for calibrating the neutron portion of a simultaneous neutron and gamma ray well logging system wherein the gamma ray portion of the apparatus is prevented from interfering with neutron calibration while permitting the position of the subsurface unit within the borehole to be reversed so that either the neutron or the gamma ray portion of the subsurface unit may be positioned at the bottom of the borehole.
  • a further object of the present invention resides in the provision of a new and improved switching arrangement for a radioactivity well logging instrument whereby at least a portion of the apparatus may be deenergized when the instrument is horizontal irrespective of the angular position of the instrument.
  • FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates a simultaneous neutron and gamma ray logging apparatus characterized by the features of the present invention
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B schematically illustrate the subsurface equipment of the logging apparatus of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a graph of a typical family of calibration curves obtained in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows a series of artificial well sections which may be used in the calibration system of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of an alternative arrangement for deenergizing the gamma ray portion of the subsurface unit
  • FIG. 6 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of a further arrangement for deenergizing the gamma ray portion of the subsurface unit
  • FIG. 7 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of a still further arrangement for deenergizing the gamma ray portion of the subsurface unit
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional side elevational view of the mercury switch employed in the system of the present assent/6 invention and shown in a position corresponding to a horizontal position of the subsurface unit;
  • FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the switch shown in PEG. 8 taken along the lines 9-9 thereof;
  • FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the switch shown in FIG. 8 with the switch in a position corresponding to a vertical position of the subsurface unit;
  • FIG. 11 is a sectional, side elevational view of the calibrating device employed to calibrate the neutron portion of the system of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 12 is a sectional View on a somewhat larger scale of the calibrating device of FIG. 11 and taken along the lines 12-12 thereof;
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the surface equipment shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 1 the neutron calibration methods and apparatus of the present invention are particularly designed for use in conjunction with and will be described in detail in connection with a simultaneous radioactivity well logging system of the type shown in P16. 1 wherein a subsurface unit indicated generally at 2% and a surface unit indicated generally at 21 are interconnected by means of a single conductor coaxial cable 22.
  • a simultaneous radioactivity well logging system of the type shown in FIG. 1, is shown and described in my application Serial No. 205,616, filed January 12, 1951, which matured into Patent No. 2,740,053, issued March 27, 1956.
  • the subsurface unit 2% comprises a gamma ray detector 23, a pair of collar finder coils 2d, a collar finder circuit 25, power and signal translating circuits 26, a neutron detector 27, a boron shield 28, a parafiin spacer 29 and a mass of lead 30 within which there is positioned a suitable neutron source 31.
  • the component units 23 to 31, inclusive, are all housed within a sealed housing having the requisite physical strength to withstand the fiuid pressures encountered and are preferably located in the housing in the particular order illustrated.
  • the gamma ray detector 23 is positioned at the top of the instrument and the neutron detector 27 is positioned relatively close to the bottom of the instrument, it being understood that the boron shield 28, the paraffin spacer 2% and the lead mass 30 are actually of relatively small dimensions lengthwise of the unit.
  • the sub-surface unit is provided with suitable means for connecting the cable 22 to either end of the instrument so that either the gamma ray detector 23 or the neutron detector 27 may be positioned adjacent the bottom of the borehole.
  • an alternating current generator 32 forming a part of the surface equipment 21 is coupled to the cable 22 through the condenser 33 and is utilized to supply power over the cable 22 to the subsurface unit 20, a suitable choke coil 34 being connected in series with the condenser 33 to isolate the generator 32 from the cable 22, as will be readily understood by those skilled in the art.
  • the cable 22 is carried on a suitable power operated drum 35 and conventional. drive facilities are provided so that the cable may be fed into or reeled out of the borehole so as to move the subsurface cquipment 2t longitudinally of the borehole.
  • the surface equipment 21 further comprises a gamma ray pulse detector circuit 36, a neutron pulse detector circuit 37, a collar finder detector circuit 33 and a recorder which operates to produce on the record strip 4th a continuous graph of both the neutron and gamma ray signals developed by the circuits 3d and 37 as well as indications on the strip 40 which identify the positions of easing collars in accordance with the output signals developed by the circuit 38.
  • the neutron source 31 is preferably a low cost source such as radium beryllium which is a powerful emitter of neutrons and also emits a large number of gamma rays.
  • the neutrons which are emitted by the source 31 irradiate the surrounding formation with the result that neutrons are intercepted by the neutron detector 27 and cause a response therein.
  • the neutron detector 27 comprises a proportional counter which produces pulses the amplitudes of which are proportional to the energy of the motivating particles so that relatively large pulses are produced in response to neutrons and relatively small pulses are produced in response to gamma rays.
  • the boron shield 28 and paraffin spacer 23 function to prevent the direct transmission of neutrons from the source 31 to the neutron detector 27.
  • the gamma ray detector 23 is positioned at one end of the unit 20 and is adapted to respond to gamma rays which are naturally emitted from the formation.
  • the absorption of the lead shield 30 which surrounds the neutron source 31 and the mud which surrounds the sub surface unit 20 when this unit is within the borehole attenuates the gamma rays produced by the source 31 sufficiently so that the gamma ray detector 23 does not respond thereto.
  • the detector 23 is also preferably of the pulse producing type and the pulses from the neutron detector 27 and the gamma ray detector 23 are impressed upon the cable 22 and are transmitted to the surface equipment 21.
  • the gamma ray pulses are separated from the other signals present on the cable 22 and are supplied to the gamma ray pulse detector circuit 36. Also, the neutron pulses are separated from the other signals of the system and are supplied to the neutron pulse detector circuit 37.
  • the collar finder circuit 25 in the subsurface unit 29 functions to develop unidirectional fluctuations of voltage which are transmitted over the cable 22 to the collar finder circuit 38 so that correlated logs of neutron and gamma ray activity within the borehole are provided in conjunction with collar location.
  • calibrating methods and apparatus are provided so that a number of well logging systems of the type shown in FIG. 1 may be calibrated to a standard instrument so that logs which are made with different instruments and in different locations may be compared and correlated directly.
  • the response of a group of Well logging instruments is first standardized and then rendered uniform by means of a number of field calibrator units, which have themselves been adjusted to provide uniform responses, so that a given response in counts per second from any one of a group of well logging instruments represent a standard set of conditions.
  • a calibrator device such as that indicated generally at 60 in FIGS. 11 and 12 is employed, which may be slipped around a sub-surface well logging unit, such as the unit of the system shown in FIG. 1 While the unit 20 is at the earths surface.
  • the unit 20 is calibrated while power is supplied thereto over the cable 22, the cable 22 being positioned on the reel of the truck, so that the calibrating operation is performed under actual operating conditions.
  • the calibrator device 60 comprises a tubular body of neutron absorbing material 62 which is maintained concentric with the logging instrument 20 by means of stainless steel end pieces 63 and 64 which are secured to the ends of the tubular body 62, it being understood that the end pieces 63 and 64 are provided with suitable clearance holes 65 and 66 so that the unit 20 may be inserted into the calibrator device 6% in the manner shown in FIG. 11.
  • the tubular body 62 preferably comprises a paper base phenolic resin and it has been found that a grade XXX laminated paper base phenolic resin manufactured by the Synthane Corporation is satisfactory. in the alternative the tubular body 62 may comprise a parafiin filled metallic cylinder. However, this latter arrangement has the disadvantage that it is difficult to keep the container completely full due to thermal expansion of the paraffin.
  • the calibrator device 60 is arranged to provide a certain amount of attenuation for the neutrons emitted by the neutron source 31 within the instrument 20 and the amount of attenuation provided by the device 60 is preferably a fixed multiple of a known and reproducible standard.
  • the calibrator device 60 may be arranged to provide an attenuation which is a fixed multiple of the attenuation produced when the instrument 24 is immersed in a body of distilled water. Such an arrangement is desirable since a primary standard consisting of a body of distilled water may be duplicated without difficulty in the event that it is desired to recalibrate the calibrator devices to the primary standard.
  • the calibrator device 60 may be adjusted to provide a response which is 2.7 times the response of the unit 20 when positioned in distilled water.
  • a body of water which is approximately inches in diameter is sufficient to give substantially the same effect as an infinite body of pure water insofar as the response of the unit 2% is concerned.
  • a strip of cadmium 67 which is mounted within the tubular body 62 by means of the adjustable screws 68 and 69 which are threaded through the side wall of the body 62 and may be adjusted so as to vary the distance of the strip 67 from the unit 20. Accordingly, with a given logging instrument 20, all of the calibrator devices 69 are adjusted so as to give identical responses when positioned around the same well logging instrument by adjustment of the cadmium strips 67 therein.
  • any other suitable means may be employed to render the calibrator devices 66) identical.
  • the tubular body 62 of each device may be made somewhat oversized and the bodies 62 may then be turned down on a lathe by the desired amount so that they all give identical responses with a particular logging unit 20.
  • the calibrator devices 60 After the calibrator devices 60 have all been adjusted to provide uniform responses, they are then employed to calibrate a number of well logging units 20 so that all of the well logging units provide identical responses.
  • an adjustable control is provided, preferably in the surface equipment of the well logging system, which may be varied while the sub-surface unit 20 is positioned within a calibrator device 60 so that the response of the well logging system can be calibrated to one of the standard calibrator devices 60.
  • the system at the output end thereof i.e., in the surface equipment, compensation is provided for all of the variable parameters of the system including the strength of the neutron source, the distance thereof from the neutron detector, the efiiciency of the neutron detector and the efficiency of the amplifiers in both the subsurface and surface units.
  • a variable control is provided in the neutron pulse detector circuit 37 to provide for neutron calibration.
  • the neutron pulses which are transmitted over the cable 22 to the earths surface from the subsurface unit 20 are coupled through the high pass filter indicated generally at and through the coupling transformer 81 to an amp1i bomb and A.V.C. circuit 82 wherein they are amplified and separated from the gamma ray pulses which are of the opposite phase from the neutron pulses.
  • the neutron pulses from the circuit 82 are then employed to trigger a univibrator 83 so as to produce neutron pulses of uniform amplitude and duration which are then amplified in the amplifier 84 and are impressed upon the converter 85.
  • the univibrator pulses are impressed across a series circuit consisting of the condenser 86 and the resistor 87 and a shunt rectifier circuit including the rectifier tube 88, the potentiometer 89 and the resistors 90 and 91 is connected across the resistor 8'7, a rectifier load condenser 92 being connected from the cathode of the tube 83 to ground.
  • the rectifier output voltage developed at the arm of the potentiometer 89 is then connected through a multisection, multistep low pass filter indicated generally at 95 to the control grid of a cathode follower output tube 96 in the cathode of which there is provided a meter 97 which indicates the average value of the unidirectional potential which is de veloped in the circuit 37 in accordance with the rate of occurrence of the neutron pulses.
  • the voltage developed across the potentiometer 98 in the cathode circuit of the tube 96 is also impressed by way of the terminals 99 and 100 on the recorder 39 so as to provide a permanent record of the neutron response.
  • the shaft of the potentiometer 89 is brought out to the front panel of the surface equipment unit so that this potentiometer may be adjusted in the field to Vary the response of the well logging unit in accordance with the above described neutron calibration technique.
  • the potentiometer 89 is adjusted so that the meter 97 has a standard reading.
  • This standard reading may be any arbitrary value, but is preferably the average of the readings obtained with a large number of units so as to represent the approximate mid-point in the range of responses which are obtained with a large group of units.
  • the well logging unit may be kept in calibration from day to day by positioning the subsurface unit 20 Within one of the calibrator devices 60 and checking the meter 97 to see whether or not a standard reading is obtained. Preferably, such calibration procedure is followed before each survey of a borehole is made.
  • the neutron source 31 becomes somewhat more intense during the first few months of its life and thereafter decays at a much slower rate. Accordingly, the sensitivity of the well logging unit may vary considerably as the neutron source 31 ages. Also, the neutron detector 27 as well as the other system components may vary in sensitivity with age and operating conditions so that it may be necessary to adjust the potentiometer 89 from day to day to maintain the instrument uniform.
  • the subsurface unit 20 may then be lowered into the borehole and by comparing and correlating the neutron and gamma ray logs obtained during the traverse from the bottom to the top of the borehole the location of limestone layers may be accurately determined in conjunction with the depth measurernent obtained by the collar finder log. However, it is also desirable to determine the percent porosity of the limestone layer once it has been located so that an indication of the fluid bearing nature of the limestone layer is obtained.
  • a series of tests may first be run on a group of artificial well sections with a well logging system which has been calibrated in the manner described above, and a family of curves of percent porosity versus counts per second may be plotted so that the neutron log which is obtained in the borehole may then be compared to the correspond ing porosity curve to determine the percent porosity of the located limestone layer by reference to the response in counts per second obtained within this layer.
  • a series of artificial well sections 114 111 and 112 may be employed which are of limestone and are provided with suitable bores 113, 114 and 115, respectively adapted to receive the subsurface unit 20 so that the unit 20 is substantially completely enclosed within the well section.
  • the well sections 110, 111 and 112 are of different porosities, the well section 110 being indicated as having 1% porosity, the well section 111 having porosity and the well section 112 having porosity.
  • the bores 113, 114 and 115 of the well sections are all of the same diameter and are of a diameter corresponding to the borehole which is to be logged. Since the diameter of the borehole may vary considerably, several groups of artificial well sections, with different bore diameters are provided so that a family of curves of porosity versus counts per second can be obtained. More particularly, assuming that the bores 113,
  • the subsurface unit i 20 is positioned within the bore 113 of the section 110 and the counts per second obtained with a calibrated well logging system is recorded.
  • the unit 20 is then positioned within the well section 111 and the counts per second noted after which the unit 20 is positioned Within the well section 112 and the response is again noted.
  • the unit 20 is then positioned within a similar group of well sections of larger diameter and the responses noted so that a family of curves such as shown in FIG. 3 may then be plotted in percent porosity against counts per second.
  • a larger number of well sections of different porosities may be employed if it is desired to determine the porosity curves shown in FIG. 3 with greater accuracy. However, three or four points on the curve is sutficient to determine the curve satisfactorily.
  • the subsurface unit 20 is then lowered into the borehole and neutron and gamma ray logs are obtained in the manner described above.
  • the neutron response obtained within this layer in counts per second may then be employed to determine the porosity of this layer by employing the porosity curves of FIG. 3.
  • a count of Q counts per second is obtained within the layer with a five inch diameter borehole, by referring to the porosity curve 120 of FIG. 3 it may be determined that the limestone layer has a percent porosity of P. It will be noted that as the response .3 in counts per second increases the porosity decreases, since the less porous limestone contains less hydrogenous liquid.
  • the above described artificial well sections are not required since the same information may be obtained by running an actual log Within the well.
  • the calibrated subsurface unit 26 is lowered within a previously cored borehole, and the neutron curve is obtained, the neutron response in counts per sec ond as a function of porosity may be determined directly by comparing the neutron log with the porosity of the core at the same depth. With this information other wells in the same area and having the same general type of limestone may then be interpreted using the information obtained from the cored well.
  • While the foregoing neutron calibration method and apparatus is suitable for calibrating well logging instru ments which relate solely to neutron logs, in a simultaneous system such as that shown in FIG. 1, wherein a natural gamma my log is simultaneously obtained with the neutron log and both the gamma ray pulses and neutron pulses are transmitted over the same single conductor cable to the earths surface, the gamma ray portion of the equipment may interfere with calibration of the neutron logging apparatus.
  • the neutron source 31 also emits a large number of gamma rays and when the subsurface unit is calibrated at the earths surface the gamma rays emitted by the neutron source 31 are not attenuated by the drilling mud so that a large number of gamma rays are impressed upon the natural gamma ray detector 23 of the subsurface unit 20. Accordingly, overloading of the gamma ray portion of the instrument may occur with the result that interference or crossfeed into the neutron channel is produced which interferes with calibration of the neutron portion of the equipment.
  • the subsurface unit 20 Since the subsurface unit 20 is conventionally eight or nine feet in length it is usually calibrated while lying horizontally and, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A and 213 a gravity operated switch arrangement is provided so that when the subsurface unit 20 is positioned horizontally for neutron calibration the gamma ray detector 23 is deenergized and the neutron portion of the instrument may be calibrated without inteference from the gamma ray channel.
  • the gamma ray detector 23 is coupled to a univibrator which produces pulses of uniform amplitude and duration in response to each discharge pulse of the detector 23 and the univibrator pulses are coupled through a cathode follower-amplifier 131 to the output transformer 132.
  • the neutron detector 27 is coupled through the preamplifier 133 to the univibrator 134 which responds only to the larger pulses due to neutrons and is relatively insensitive to the small pulses produced by gamma rays, the univibrator 134 developing pulses of uniform amplitude and duration for each neutron discharge pulse developed by the detector 27.
  • the univibrator pulses from the univibrator 134 are coupled through the cathode follower-amplifier v135 to the output transformer 132.
  • the secondary winding 136 of the output transformer 132 is connected to the center conductor 137 of the cable 22 and is isolated from ground by means of the condenser 138.
  • the 400 cycle power from the generator 32 is supplied over the cable 22 to the power supply circuit 140 through the choke coil 141, the power transformer 142 of the circuit 140 being isolated from ground by means of the condenser 143.
  • the power supply circuit 140 develops suitable B+ voltages on the conductors 144 and 145 to energize the vacuum tube circuits of the subsurface unit 20 and a half wave rectifier 146 is provided to develop relatively high voltages on the conductors 147 and 148 for the gamma ray and neutron detectors 23 and 27, respectively.
  • a gravity operated mercury switch indicated generally at 150 is connected in series with the load resistor 151 of the gamma ray detector 23 to the high voltage conductor 147.
  • the gravity operated switch 150 is shown in more detail in FIGS. 8 to 10, inclusive, and, referring to these figures, it will be seen that the switch comprises an evacuated cylindrical envelope 151a, of suitable insulating material such as glass, which is provided with a central, outwardly extending flange portion 152 of annular configuration.
  • a pair of rod-like conductors 153 and 154 are suitably anchored in the end walls of the envelope 151a and a small body of mercury 155 is positioned within the envelope 151a.
  • the mercury switch 150 occupies the position shown in FIG. 10 in which position the mercury falls to one end of the envelope 151a sothat the conductors 153 and 154 are connected together. It will also be noted that when the subsurface unit 120 is reversed so that the other end thereof is positioned toward the bottom of the borehole, the mercury 155 falls to the other end of the envelope 151a so that the conductors 153 and 154 are again connected together. However, when the subsurface unit 20 is laid on its side, the mercury switch 150 occupies the position shown in FIGS.
  • the switch 150 may be employed to deenergize the gamma ray detector 23 by means of any desired switching arrangement, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the gamma ray detector 23 may also be deenergized during periods when the neutron channel is to 'be calibrated by means of the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. wherein the elements which correspond to those shown in the subsurface unit of FIGS. 2A and 2B have been given corresponding reference numerals.
  • a DC. relay indicated generally at 160, which is preferably of the polarized type, is employed to control the application of high voltage from the conductor 147 to the gamma ray detector 23. More particularly, the coil 161 of the relay 160 is connected to the center conductor 137 of the cable 22 through the current limiting resistor 162,
  • a suitable unidirectional potential source such as the illustrated battery 163, may be connected to the center conductor of the cable 22 by closing the switch 164 so that the relay 161 is energized and the normally closed contacts 165 thereof are opened.
  • the contacts 165 are opened high voltage is removed from the detector 23. Since the DC. relay is relatively insensitive to alternating current this relay will not be energized by the 400 cycle power supply signal which is transmitted over the cable 22 to energize the power supply circuit 140. Accordingly, the relay contacts remain closed and high voltage is supplied to the detector 23 through the load resistor 151 except during periods when the switch 164 is closed for neutron calibration purposes.
  • the gamma ray detector 23 may also be deenergized by the alternative circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 6, wherein corresponding elements have been given the same reference numerals.
  • an AC. relay indicated generally at is provided, the coil 171 of which is connected through the low pass filter 172 to the center conductor 137 of the cable 22.
  • an alternating current generator 173 is adapted to be connected to the center conductor of the cable 22 through the switch 174.
  • the generator 173 is of a different frequency from the generator 32, the generator 173 preferably being a 60 cycle alternating current source.
  • the switch 174 When the switch 174 is closed the 60 cycle wave impressed upon the cable 22 is transmitted through the low pass filter 172 to the coil 171 of the relay 170 so that the normally closed contacts 175 thereof are opened with the result that the gamma ray detector 23 is deenergized. However, when the switch 174 is open, the 400 cycle power supplied to the transformer 142 does not pass through the low pass filter 172 so that the relay 170 is deenergized and the contacts 175 thereof remain closed so that the gamma ray detector 23 is fully operative to respond to gamma rays in the manner described above.
  • the gamma ray detector 23 is deenergized by raising the cathode potential thereof so that insuflicient voltage is impressed across the detector to support ionization. More particularly, the cathode of the gamma ray detector 23 is connected through the resistor 181 to the center conductor 137 of the cable 22, a condenser 182 being connected from the cathode 180 to ground. At the earths surface, a unidirectional potential source, such as the illustrated battery 183, is adapted to be connected to the center conductor of the cable 22 through the switch 184.
  • a radioactivity well logging system of the type acsaose comprising a cylindrical subsurface unit adapted to be lowered into a borehole and including a source of voltage adapted to energize at least a portion of the apparatus within said subsurface unit, a gravity operated switch arrangement for disconnecting said voltage source from at least a portion of the energized apparatus within said subsurface unit when said unit is positioned with the longitudinal axis thereof horizontal, said switch arrangement including a cylindrical envelope of insulating material positioned within said subsurface unit with the longitudinal axis thereof parallel to the longitudinal axis of said subsurface unit and having an outwardly extending annular trough in the side wall thereof, a pair of rod-like electrodes in said envelope secured to the end walls of said envelope and extending generally parallel to the axis of said cylindrical envelope for connecting said voltage source to said energized apparatus, and a body of fluid electrically conductive material in said envelope for connecting said electrodes together when said unit is positioned vertically with either end thereof in the downward direction, said body of conductive
  • the method of determining formation porosity while employing a nuclear well logging system of the type which comprises a subsurface unit provided with a source of neutrons and a detector of radiations due to neutron bombardment and which includes facilities for logging the radiation response of said detector which comprises the steps of positioning a subsurface unit of said type in a formation of known porosity, recording the response of the detector of said unit when said unit is positioned in said formation of known porosity, positioning a subsurface unit of said type in a portable calibrator device which provides a predetermined interaction with the neutrons emitted by the neutron source thereof, recording the response of the detector of said last named unit when said unit is positioned in said calibrator device, positioning said last named unit in a formation of unknown porosity, recording the response of the detector of said last named unit when said unit is positioned in said formation of unknown porosity, and correlating said recordings to obtain the porosity of said unknown formation.
  • the method of determining formation porosity while employing a nuclear well logging system of the type which comprises a subsurface unit provided with a source of neutrons and a detector of radiations due to neutron bombardment and which includes facilities for logging the radiation response of said detector which comprises the steps of positioning a subsurface unit of said type within a plurality of openings of different diameter in formations of known porosity, recording the responses of the detector of said unit when said unit is positioned in said plurality of openings, positioning a subsurface unit of said type in a portable calibrator device which provides a predetermined interaction with the neutrons emitted by the neutron source thereof, recording the response of the detector of said last named unit when said unit is positioned in said calibrator device, positioning said last named unit in an opening of known diameter in a formation of unknown porosity, recording the response of the detector of said last named unit when said unit is positioned in said forma tion of unknown porosity, and correlating said recordings to obtain the porosity of said unknown formation.
  • a nuclear well logging system of the type which comprises a subsurface unit provided with a source of neutrons and a detector of radiations due to neutron bombardment and which includes facilities for logging the radiation response of said detector which comprises the steps of positioning a first subsurface unit in a formation of known porosity, recording the detector response of said first unit when positioned in said formation of known porosity, positioning said first unit in a portable calibrator device which provides a predetermined interaction with the neutrons emitted by the neutron source of said first unit, recording the detector response of said first unit when positioned in said calibrator device, positioning a second subsurface unit in said calibrator device, recording the detector response of said second unit when positioned in said calibrator device, positioning said second unit in a formation of unknown porosity, recording the detector response of said second unit when positioned in said formation of unknown porosity, and correlating the recordings of said first and second units to obtain the porosity of said unknown formation.

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Description

June 5, 1962 S. A. SCHERBATS KOY RADIOACTIVITY WELL LOGGING CALIBRATING SYSTEM Original Filed Feb. 15, 1954 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 36 GAMMA c RAY PULSE DETECTOR genome e COLL/9R FINDER 057567012 C/Acu/r GAMMA R0) 06766 70k COLLAR FINDER CO/LS COMAR FINDER C/Rcu/r POWER 85/6Wfll TRANSLAT/A/G C/kCU/TS "NEUTRON D'TECTOR 8020A! SHIELD FARR/FIN INVENTOR. LEAD Serge fvjclzewafsko sou/ace 5; 7/
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s. A. SCHERBATSKOY 3,038,076
RADIOACTIVITY WELL LOGGING CALIBRATING SYSTEM June 5, 1962 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 Original Filed Feb. 15, 1954 i I ll G 0 V NNIWQBS Y m |..|..l..|||l H H n m A L WNLSB P 5 QmQzQ QQiQU MJ .w p mix A? "a g H H m H k H k" 12 i A G h h v A 4 o m m A T a N b u A wmmm n. i- 3J1.. .J||. F J- h m H. M I 1&3 A
June 1962 s. A. SCHERBATSKOY 3,038,076
RADIOACTIVITY WELL LOGGING CALIBRATING SYSTEM 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 Original Filed Feb. 15, 1954 INVENTOR.
GAMMA RAY 0:15am? Serge/15c BY,
herbatskoy 6 W flzi'or'n ys United States Patent Ofiice 3,038,076 Patented June 5, 1962 3,038,076 RADIOACTIVITY WELL LOGGING CALIBRATING SYSTEM Serge A. Scherbatskoy, Tulsa, Okla, assignor, by mesne assignments, to PGAC Development Company, a corporation of Texas Original application Feb. 15, 1954, Ser. No. 410,285, now Patent No. 2,816,235, dated Dec. 10, 1357. Divided and this application Nov. 5, 1957, Ser. No. 694,588 4 Claims. (Ci. 25083.3)
The present invention relates to a radioactivity well logging system, more particularly, to a radioactivity well logging system wherein a neutron log of the formation traversed by the borehole is obtained, and the invention has for an object the provision of new and improved methods and apparatus for standardizing and calibrating a group of well logging instruments of the above described type so that field measurements made with these instruments may be interpreted, compared and correlated. Specifically, the present invention is a division of my copending application, Serial Number 410,285, filed February 15, 1954, now issued as US. Letters Patent No. 2,816,235, which is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
In radioactivity well logging instruments of the type which are adapted to provide a so-called neutron log, an arrangement is conventionally employed wherein a source of neutrons, a shield and a neutron detector are positioned within a subsurface unit which is moved up and down within the borehole. The response of the neutron detector is usually amplified and is transmitted over the supporting cable to the earths surface at which point a permanent record or log of the response of the neutron detector is made. In -a given formation, the response of the well logging instrument depends primarily upon the following parameters.
(1) The intensity and the energy spectrum of the neutrons emitted by the neutron source within the subsurface instrument.
(2) The distance between the neutron source and the neutron detector and the nature of the shield positioned between these elements.
(3) The sensitivity of the neutron detector.
Since all three of the above described parameters are subject to variations within certain tolerances and since it is extremely difiicult to provide neutron detectors which provide uniform responses, it is impractical to maintain the tolerances close enough so that all well logging instruments will have identical responses at all times.
In certain types of radioactivity well logging systems, arrangements are provided for obtaining two radioactivity logs simultaneously and during one pass of the subsurface instrument through the borehole. For example, in my application Serial No. 205,616, filed January 12, 1951, which matured into Patent No. 2,740,053, issued March 27, 1956, there is disclosed a simultaneous radioactivity well logging system wherein a neutron log and a natural gamma ray log are simultaneously obtained while employing a single subsurface unit within the borehole. In simultaneous radioactivity well logging systems of the type shown in my patent referred to above, it is customary to employ a neutron source which also emits a large number of gamma rays. When the subsurface instrument is positioned within the borehole the relatively large number of gamma rays emitted by the neutron source do not affect the operation of the instruments since these gamma rays are attenuated in the drilling mud which surrounds the subsurface instrument, and in the surrounding formations, so that the natural gamma ray portion of the simultaneous well logging instrument is not responsive to the gamma rays emitted by the neutron source. However, when the neutron section of a simultaneous well logging instrument is calibrated outside of the borehole, the gamma rays emitted by the neutron source cause an undesired response in the gamma ray portion of the instrument with the result that interaction between the gamma ray and neutron portions of the instrument is produced and the calibration of the neutron portion of the instrument is affected.
Accordingly, it is another object of the present invention to provide new and improved methods and apparatus for calibrating a group of neutron well logging units so that the same response is obtained for a given standard well condition.
It is another object of the present invention to provide new and improved methods and apparatus for calibrating a neutron well logging instrument in the presence of relatively strong background radiation.
It is a further object of the present invention to pro-- vide new and improved methods and apparatus for calibrating a simultaneous well logging system of the type adapted to provide a neutron log and a gamma ray log wherein means are provided for preventing the gamma ray portion of the instrument from affecting the calibration of the neutron portion of the instrument.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a new and improved calibrating device which may be employed to calibrate a group of neutron well logging instruments to a standard well condition.
Another object of the present invention resides in the provision of new and improved methods and apparatus for calibrating the neutron portion of a simultaneous neutron and gamma ray well logging system wherein the gamma ray portion of the apparatus is prevented from interfering with neutron calibration while permitting the position of the subsurface unit within the borehole to be reversed so that either the neutron or the gamma ray portion of the subsurface unit may be positioned at the bottom of the borehole.
A further object of the present invention resides in the provision of a new and improved switching arrangement for a radioactivity well logging instrument whereby at least a portion of the apparatus may be deenergized when the instrument is horizontal irrespective of the angular position of the instrument.
The invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following specitication taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates a simultaneous neutron and gamma ray logging apparatus characterized by the features of the present invention;
FIGS. 2A and 2B schematically illustrate the subsurface equipment of the logging apparatus of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a graph of a typical family of calibration curves obtained in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 shows a series of artificial well sections which may be used in the calibration system of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of an alternative arrangement for deenergizing the gamma ray portion of the subsurface unit;
FIG. 6 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of a further arrangement for deenergizing the gamma ray portion of the subsurface unit;
FIG. 7 is a somewhat diagrammatic illustration of a still further arrangement for deenergizing the gamma ray portion of the subsurface unit;
FIG. 8 is a sectional side elevational view of the mercury switch employed in the system of the present assent/6 invention and shown in a position corresponding to a horizontal position of the subsurface unit;
FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the switch shown in PEG. 8 taken along the lines 9-9 thereof;
FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the switch shown in FIG. 8 with the switch in a position corresponding to a vertical position of the subsurface unit;
FIG. 11 is a sectional, side elevational view of the calibrating device employed to calibrate the neutron portion of the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 12 is a sectional View on a somewhat larger scale of the calibrating device of FIG. 11 and taken along the lines 12-12 thereof; and
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the surface equipment shown in FIG. 1.
Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, the neutron calibration methods and apparatus of the present invention are particularly designed for use in conjunction with and will be described in detail in connection with a simultaneous radioactivity well logging system of the type shown in P16. 1 wherein a subsurface unit indicated generally at 2% and a surface unit indicated generally at 21 are interconnected by means of a single conductor coaxial cable 22. A simultaneous radioactivity well logging system of the type shown in FIG. 1, is shown and described in my application Serial No. 205,616, filed January 12, 1951, which matured into Patent No. 2,740,053, issued March 27, 1956. While reference may be had to the above identitied patent for a complete and detailed description of the radioactivity well logging system, per se, it is believed that a general description of this system will facilitate an understanding of the present invention. However, it will be understood that the present invention may be employed in conjunction with other types of neutron Well logging instruments, the system shown in FIG. 1 being illustrated merely for purposes of description of the present invention.
In general, the subsurface unit 2% comprises a gamma ray detector 23, a pair of collar finder coils 2d, a collar finder circuit 25, power and signal translating circuits 26, a neutron detector 27, a boron shield 28, a parafiin spacer 29 and a mass of lead 30 within which there is positioned a suitable neutron source 31. The component units 23 to 31, inclusive, are all housed within a sealed housing having the requisite physical strength to withstand the fiuid pressures encountered and are preferably located in the housing in the particular order illustrated. In this connection it will be noted that the gamma ray detector 23 is positioned at the top of the instrument and the neutron detector 27 is positioned relatively close to the bottom of the instrument, it being understood that the boron shield 28, the paraffin spacer 2% and the lead mass 30 are actually of relatively small dimensions lengthwise of the unit. Preferably, the sub-surface unit is provided with suitable means for connecting the cable 22 to either end of the instrument so that either the gamma ray detector 23 or the neutron detector 27 may be positioned adjacent the bottom of the borehole. In this connection it will be further understood that in some instances it is desirable to obtain both a gamma ray log and a neutron log of formations at the bottom of the borehole and since the unit 20 is several feet in length, it is impossible to obtain both of these logs unless facilities are provided for reversing the instrument.
In the system shown in FIG. 1, an alternating current generator 32, forming a part of the surface equipment 21 is coupled to the cable 22 through the condenser 33 and is utilized to supply power over the cable 22 to the subsurface unit 20, a suitable choke coil 34 being connected in series with the condenser 33 to isolate the generator 32 from the cable 22, as will be readily understood by those skilled in the art. The cable 22 is carried on a suitable power operated drum 35 and conventional. drive facilities are provided so that the cable may be fed into or reeled out of the borehole so as to move the subsurface cquipment 2t longitudinally of the borehole. The surface equipment 21 further comprises a gamma ray pulse detector circuit 36, a neutron pulse detector circuit 37, a collar finder detector circuit 33 and a recorder which operates to produce on the record strip 4th a continuous graph of both the neutron and gamma ray signals developed by the circuits 3d and 37 as well as indications on the strip 40 which identify the positions of easing collars in accordance with the output signals developed by the circuit 38.
The neutron source 31 is preferably a low cost source such as radium beryllium which is a powerful emitter of neutrons and also emits a large number of gamma rays. The neutrons which are emitted by the source 31 irradiate the surrounding formation with the result that neutrons are intercepted by the neutron detector 27 and cause a response therein. Preferably, the neutron detector 27 comprises a proportional counter which produces pulses the amplitudes of which are proportional to the energy of the motivating particles so that relatively large pulses are produced in response to neutrons and relatively small pulses are produced in response to gamma rays. The boron shield 28 and paraffin spacer 23 function to prevent the direct transmission of neutrons from the source 31 to the neutron detector 27.
The gamma ray detector 23 is positioned at one end of the unit 20 and is adapted to respond to gamma rays which are naturally emitted from the formation. The absorption of the lead shield 30 which surrounds the neutron source 31 and the mud which surrounds the sub surface unit 20 when this unit is within the borehole attenuates the gamma rays produced by the source 31 sufficiently so that the gamma ray detector 23 does not respond thereto. The detector 23 is also preferably of the pulse producing type and the pulses from the neutron detector 27 and the gamma ray detector 23 are impressed upon the cable 22 and are transmitted to the surface equipment 21. At the surface the gamma ray pulses are separated from the other signals present on the cable 22 and are supplied to the gamma ray pulse detector circuit 36. Also, the neutron pulses are separated from the other signals of the system and are supplied to the neutron pulse detector circuit 37. The collar finder circuit 25 in the subsurface unit 29 functions to develop unidirectional fluctuations of voltage which are transmitted over the cable 22 to the collar finder circuit 38 so that correlated logs of neutron and gamma ray activity within the borehole are provided in conjunction with collar location.
In the neutron portion of the system shown in FIG. 1 it will be evident that the response of a given well logging apparatus will depend upon certain parameters the most important of which are (l) the intensity and the energy spectrum of the neutrons emitted by the neutron source 3'1, (2) the distance between the source 31 and the neutron detector 27, (3) the characteristics of the boron shield 28 and the parafiin spacer 2.9, and (4) the sensitivity of the neutron detector 27. It will be evident that the foregoing parameters are all subject to certain variations from system to system so that certain tolerances are produced which render the systems non-uniform. Furthermore, since it is very difficult to construct neutron detectors which have highly uniform responses, it is impractical to attempt to maintain the tolerances close enough so that all instruments will have identical responses at all times. However, in accordance with the present invention, calibrating methods and apparatus are provided so that a number of well logging systems of the type shown in FIG. 1 may be calibrated to a standard instrument so that logs which are made with different instruments and in different locations may be compared and correlated directly.
In the calibration system of the present invention the response of a group of Well logging instruments is first standardized and then rendered uniform by means of a number of field calibrator units, which have themselves been adjusted to provide uniform responses, so that a given response in counts per second from any one of a group of well logging instruments represent a standard set of conditions. More particularly, a calibrator device such as that indicated generally at 60 in FIGS. 11 and 12 is employed, which may be slipped around a sub-surface well logging unit, such as the unit of the system shown in FIG. 1 While the unit 20 is at the earths surface. Preferably, the unit 20 is calibrated while power is supplied thereto over the cable 22, the cable 22 being positioned on the reel of the truck, so that the calibrating operation is performed under actual operating conditions. The calibrator device 60 comprises a tubular body of neutron absorbing material 62 which is maintained concentric with the logging instrument 20 by means of stainless steel end pieces 63 and 64 which are secured to the ends of the tubular body 62, it being understood that the end pieces 63 and 64 are provided with suitable clearance holes 65 and 66 so that the unit 20 may be inserted into the calibrator device 6% in the manner shown in FIG. 11. The tubular body 62 preferably comprises a paper base phenolic resin and it has been found that a grade XXX laminated paper base phenolic resin manufactured by the Synthane Corporation is satisfactory. in the alternative the tubular body 62 may comprise a parafiin filled metallic cylinder. However, this latter arrangement has the disadvantage that it is difficult to keep the container completely full due to thermal expansion of the paraffin.
The calibrator device 60 is arranged to provide a certain amount of attenuation for the neutrons emitted by the neutron source 31 within the instrument 20 and the amount of attenuation provided by the device 60 is preferably a fixed multiple of a known and reproducible standard. For example, the calibrator device 60 may be arranged to provide an attenuation which is a fixed multiple of the attenuation produced when the instrument 24 is immersed in a body of distilled water. Such an arrangement is desirable since a primary standard consisting of a body of distilled water may be duplicated without difficulty in the event that it is desired to recalibrate the calibrator devices to the primary standard. Thus, for example, the calibrator device 60 may be adjusted to provide a response which is 2.7 times the response of the unit 20 when positioned in distilled water. In this connection it will be understood that an infinite body of distilled water is not required, and it has been found that a body of water which is approximately inches in diameter is sufficient to give substantially the same effect as an infinite body of pure water insofar as the response of the unit 2% is concerned.
In order to make all of the calibrator devices 6%) uniform so that each device produces a response which is the same fixed multiple of the primary standard response when used with a particular well logging instrument, there is provided a strip of cadmium 67, which is mounted within the tubular body 62 by means of the adjustable screws 68 and 69 which are threaded through the side wall of the body 62 and may be adjusted so as to vary the distance of the strip 67 from the unit 20. Accordingly, with a given logging instrument 20, all of the calibrator devices 69 are adjusted so as to give identical responses when positioned around the same well logging instrument by adjustment of the cadmium strips 67 therein. In this connection it will be understood that any other suitable means may be employed to render the calibrator devices 66) identical. Thus, for example, the tubular body 62 of each device may be made somewhat oversized and the bodies 62 may then be turned down on a lathe by the desired amount so that they all give identical responses with a particular logging unit 20.
After the calibrator devices 60 have all been adjusted to provide uniform responses, they are then employed to calibrate a number of well logging units 20 so that all of the well logging units provide identical responses. To accomplish this, an adjustable control is provided, preferably in the surface equipment of the well logging system, which may be varied while the sub-surface unit 20 is positioned within a calibrator device 60 so that the response of the well logging system can be calibrated to one of the standard calibrator devices 60. By calibrating the system at the output end thereof, i.e., in the surface equipment, compensation is provided for all of the variable parameters of the system including the strength of the neutron source, the distance thereof from the neutron detector, the efiiciency of the neutron detector and the efficiency of the amplifiers in both the subsurface and surface units.
More particularly, in the simultaneous well logging system shown in FIG. 1, a variable control is provided in the neutron pulse detector circuit 37 to provide for neutron calibration. Thus, referring to FIG. 13, the neutron pulses which are transmitted over the cable 22 to the earths surface from the subsurface unit 20 are coupled through the high pass filter indicated generally at and through the coupling transformer 81 to an amp1i fier and A.V.C. circuit 82 wherein they are amplified and separated from the gamma ray pulses which are of the opposite phase from the neutron pulses. The neutron pulses from the circuit 82 are then employed to trigger a univibrator 83 so as to produce neutron pulses of uniform amplitude and duration which are then amplified in the amplifier 84 and are impressed upon the converter 85. In the converter 85 the univibrator pulses are impressed across a series circuit consisting of the condenser 86 and the resistor 87 and a shunt rectifier circuit including the rectifier tube 88, the potentiometer 89 and the resistors 90 and 91 is connected across the resistor 8'7, a rectifier load condenser 92 being connected from the cathode of the tube 83 to ground. The rectifier output voltage developed at the arm of the potentiometer 89 is then connected through a multisection, multistep low pass filter indicated generally at 95 to the control grid of a cathode follower output tube 96 in the cathode of which there is provided a meter 97 which indicates the average value of the unidirectional potential which is de veloped in the circuit 37 in accordance with the rate of occurrence of the neutron pulses. The voltage developed across the potentiometer 98 in the cathode circuit of the tube 96 is also impressed by way of the terminals 99 and 100 on the recorder 39 so as to provide a permanent record of the neutron response. In this connection it will be understood that reference may be had to my application Serial No. 205,616, referred to above for a detailed description of the circuit elements 82, 83, 84, 85, 9S and 96.
The shaft of the potentiometer 89 is brought out to the front panel of the surface equipment unit so that this potentiometer may be adjusted in the field to Vary the response of the well logging unit in accordance with the above described neutron calibration technique. Thus,
with one of the calibrator devices 60 positioned around the subsurface unit 20, the potentiometer 89 is adjusted so that the meter 97 has a standard reading. This standard reading may be any arbitrary value, but is preferably the average of the readings obtained with a large number of units so as to represent the approximate mid-point in the range of responses which are obtained with a large group of units. Furthermore, the well logging unit may be kept in calibration from day to day by positioning the subsurface unit 20 Within one of the calibrator devices 60 and checking the meter 97 to see whether or not a standard reading is obtained. Preferably, such calibration procedure is followed before each survey of a borehole is made. In this connection it will be understood that the neutron source 31 becomes somewhat more intense during the first few months of its life and thereafter decays at a much slower rate. Accordingly, the sensitivity of the well logging unit may vary considerably as the neutron source 31 ages. Also, the neutron detector 27 as well as the other system components may vary in sensitivity with age and operating conditions so that it may be necessary to adjust the potentiometer 89 from day to day to maintain the instrument uniform.
When the well logging system has been calibrated in the manner described above, the subsurface unit 20 may then be lowered into the borehole and by comparing and correlating the neutron and gamma ray logs obtained during the traverse from the bottom to the top of the borehole the location of limestone layers may be accurately determined in conjunction with the depth measurernent obtained by the collar finder log. However, it is also desirable to determine the percent porosity of the limestone layer once it has been located so that an indication of the fluid bearing nature of the limestone layer is obtained. In order to interpret the neutron log to determine the percent porosity of the limestone, a series of tests may first be run on a group of artificial well sections with a well logging system which has been calibrated in the manner described above, and a family of curves of percent porosity versus counts per second may be plotted so that the neutron log which is obtained in the borehole may then be compared to the correspond ing porosity curve to determine the percent porosity of the located limestone layer by reference to the response in counts per second obtained within this layer.
More particularly, a series of artificial well sections 114 111 and 112 (FIG. 4) may be employed which are of limestone and are provided with suitable bores 113, 114 and 115, respectively adapted to receive the subsurface unit 20 so that the unit 20 is substantially completely enclosed within the well section. The well sections 110, 111 and 112 are of different porosities, the well section 110 being indicated as having 1% porosity, the well section 111 having porosity and the well section 112 having porosity. Also, the bores 113, 114 and 115 of the well sections are all of the same diameter and are of a diameter corresponding to the borehole which is to be logged. Since the diameter of the borehole may vary considerably, several groups of artificial well sections, with different bore diameters are provided so that a family of curves of porosity versus counts per second can be obtained. More particularly, assuming that the bores 113,
114 and 115 are 5 inches in diameter, the subsurface unit i 20 is positioned within the bore 113 of the section 110 and the counts per second obtained with a calibrated well logging system is recorded. The unit 20 is then positioned within the well section 111 and the counts per second noted after which the unit 20 is positioned Within the well section 112 and the response is again noted. The unit 20 is then positioned within a similar group of well sections of larger diameter and the responses noted so that a family of curves such as shown in FIG. 3 may then be plotted in percent porosity against counts per second. In this connection it will be understood that a larger number of well sections of different porosities may be employed if it is desired to determine the porosity curves shown in FIG. 3 with greater accuracy. However, three or four points on the curve is sutficient to determine the curve satisfactorily.
After the porosity curves have been determined by means of the above described artificial well sections, the subsurface unit 20 is then lowered into the borehole and neutron and gamma ray logs are obtained in the manner described above. When a limestone layer is located by comparison of the neutron and gamma ray logs, the neutron response obtained within this layer in counts per second may then be employed to determine the porosity of this layer by employing the porosity curves of FIG. 3. Thus, if a count of Q counts per second is obtained within the layer with a five inch diameter borehole, by referring to the porosity curve 120 of FIG. 3 it may be determined that the limestone layer has a percent porosity of P. It will be noted that as the response .3 in counts per second increases the porosity decreases, since the less porous limestone contains less hydrogenous liquid.
In the event that the porosity as a function of depth is known, as for example when the well has been previously cored and the core has been examined to determine the porosity thereof, the above described artificial well sections are not required since the same information may be obtained by running an actual log Within the well. Thus, if the calibrated subsurface unit 26 is lowered within a previously cored borehole, and the neutron curve is obtained, the neutron response in counts per sec ond as a function of porosity may be determined directly by comparing the neutron log with the porosity of the core at the same depth. With this information other wells in the same area and having the same general type of limestone may then be interpreted using the information obtained from the cored well. Thus, if a limestone layer is located in a new well and a response of 300 counts per second is obtained, by referring to the cored Well information it can be determined that a response of 300 counts per second indicate a porosity of 19%, thereby determining that the located layer in the new well is a 10% porosity limestone layer.
While the foregoing neutron calibration method and apparatus is suitable for calibrating well logging instru ments which relate solely to neutron logs, in a simultaneous system such as that shown in FIG. 1, wherein a natural gamma my log is simultaneously obtained with the neutron log and both the gamma ray pulses and neutron pulses are transmitted over the same single conductor cable to the earths surface, the gamma ray portion of the equipment may interfere with calibration of the neutron logging apparatus. This will be readily apparent when it is realized that the neutron source 31 also emits a large number of gamma rays and when the subsurface unit is calibrated at the earths surface the gamma rays emitted by the neutron source 31 are not attenuated by the drilling mud so that a large number of gamma rays are impressed upon the natural gamma ray detector 23 of the subsurface unit 20. Accordingly, overloading of the gamma ray portion of the instrument may occur with the result that interference or crossfeed into the neutron channel is produced which interferes with calibration of the neutron portion of the equipment. In accordance with another feature of the present invention there is provided means for disabling the gamma ray detector 23 during periods when neutron calibration is performed. Since the subsurface unit 20 is conventionally eight or nine feet in length it is usually calibrated while lying horizontally and, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A and 213 a gravity operated switch arrangement is provided so that when the subsurface unit 20 is positioned horizontally for neutron calibration the gamma ray detector 23 is deenergized and the neutron portion of the instrument may be calibrated without inteference from the gamma ray channel.
More particularly, referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the gamma ray detector 23 is coupled to a univibrator which produces pulses of uniform amplitude and duration in response to each discharge pulse of the detector 23 and the univibrator pulses are coupled through a cathode follower-amplifier 131 to the output transformer 132. The neutron detector 27 is coupled through the preamplifier 133 to the univibrator 134 which responds only to the larger pulses due to neutrons and is relatively insensitive to the small pulses produced by gamma rays, the univibrator 134 developing pulses of uniform amplitude and duration for each neutron discharge pulse developed by the detector 27. The univibrator pulses from the univibrator 134 are coupled through the cathode follower-amplifier v135 to the output transformer 132. The secondary winding 136 of the output transformer 132 is connected to the center conductor 137 of the cable 22 and is isolated from ground by means of the condenser 138. The 400 cycle power from the generator 32 is supplied over the cable 22 to the power supply circuit 140 through the choke coil 141, the power transformer 142 of the circuit 140 being isolated from ground by means of the condenser 143. The power supply circuit 140 develops suitable B+ voltages on the conductors 144 and 145 to energize the vacuum tube circuits of the subsurface unit 20 and a half wave rectifier 146 is provided to develop relatively high voltages on the conductors 147 and 148 for the gamma ray and neutron detectors 23 and 27, respectively.
In order to deenergize the gamma ray detector 23 when the subsurface unit is laid on its side, a gravity operated mercury switch, indicated generally at 150 is connected in series with the load resistor 151 of the gamma ray detector 23 to the high voltage conductor 147. The gravity operated switch 150 is shown in more detail in FIGS. 8 to 10, inclusive, and, referring to these figures, it will be seen that the switch comprises an evacuated cylindrical envelope 151a, of suitable insulating material such as glass, which is provided with a central, outwardly extending flange portion 152 of annular configuration. A pair of rod- like conductors 153 and 154 are suitably anchored in the end walls of the envelope 151a and a small body of mercury 155 is positioned within the envelope 151a.
When the subsurface unit 20 is positioned vertically in the borehole the mercury switch 150 occupies the position shown in FIG. 10 in which position the mercury falls to one end of the envelope 151a sothat the conductors 153 and 154 are connected together. It will also be noted that when the subsurface unit 120 is reversed so that the other end thereof is positioned toward the bottom of the borehole, the mercury 155 falls to the other end of the envelope 151a so that the conductors 153 and 154 are again connected together. However, when the subsurface unit 20 is laid on its side, the mercury switch 150 occupies the position shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 in which position the mercury 155 falls into the annular flange portion 152 of the envelope 151a with the result that the conductors 153 and 154 are not connected together. Furthermore, it will be noted that when the unit 20 is positioned horizontally the conductors 153 and 154 are not connected together for any angular position of the unit 10 since the mercury 155 merely runs within the flange 152 as the unit 20 is rotated about a horizontal axis.
From the foregoing description of the switch 150, it will be evident that the B+ supply for the gamma ray detector 23 is disconnected whenever the subsurface unit 20 is positioned horizontally and irrespective of the angular position of the unit 20 about a horizontal axis. Accordingly, when the above described neutron calibration is carried out, the gamma ray detector 23 is incapable of producing pulses in response to the relatively strong gamma radiation to which it is subjected during neutron calibration so that crossfeed from the gamma ray channel to the neutron channel is positively avoided. In this connection it will be understood that the switch 150 may be employed to deenergize the gamma ray detector 23 by means of any desired switching arrangement, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
The gamma ray detector 23 may also be deenergized during periods when the neutron channel is to 'be calibrated by means of the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. wherein the elements which correspond to those shown in the subsurface unit of FIGS. 2A and 2B have been given corresponding reference numerals. Thus, referring to FIG. 5, in the subsurface unit 20 a DC. relay, indicated generally at 160, which is preferably of the polarized type, is employed to control the application of high voltage from the conductor 147 to the gamma ray detector 23. More particularly, the coil 161 of the relay 160 is connected to the center conductor 137 of the cable 22 through the current limiting resistor 162,
the other end of the coil 161 being connected to ground. At the earths surface a suitable unidirectional potential source, such as the illustrated battery 163, may be connected to the center conductor of the cable 22 by closing the switch 164 so that the relay 161 is energized and the normally closed contacts 165 thereof are opened. When the contacts 165 are opened high voltage is removed from the detector 23. Since the DC. relay is relatively insensitive to alternating current this relay will not be energized by the 400 cycle power supply signal which is transmitted over the cable 22 to energize the power supply circuit 140. Accordingly, the relay contacts remain closed and high voltage is supplied to the detector 23 through the load resistor 151 except during periods when the switch 164 is closed for neutron calibration purposes.
The gamma ray detector 23 may also be deenergized by the alternative circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 6, wherein corresponding elements have been given the same reference numerals. In this embodiment, an AC. relay indicated generally at is provided, the coil 171 of which is connected through the low pass filter 172 to the center conductor 137 of the cable 22. At the earths surface an alternating current generator 173 is adapted to be connected to the center conductor of the cable 22 through the switch 174. Preferably the generator 173 is of a different frequency from the generator 32, the generator 173 preferably being a 60 cycle alternating current source. When the switch 174 is closed the 60 cycle wave impressed upon the cable 22 is transmitted through the low pass filter 172 to the coil 171 of the relay 170 so that the normally closed contacts 175 thereof are opened with the result that the gamma ray detector 23 is deenergized. However, when the switch 174 is open, the 400 cycle power supplied to the transformer 142 does not pass through the low pass filter 172 so that the relay 170 is deenergized and the contacts 175 thereof remain closed so that the gamma ray detector 23 is fully operative to respond to gamma rays in the manner described above.
In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the gamma ray detector 23 is deenergized by raising the cathode potential thereof so that insuflicient voltage is impressed across the detector to support ionization. More particularly, the cathode of the gamma ray detector 23 is connected through the resistor 181 to the center conductor 137 of the cable 22, a condenser 182 being connected from the cathode 180 to ground. At the earths surface, a unidirectional potential source, such as the illustrated battery 183, is adapted to be connected to the center conductor of the cable 22 through the switch 184. When the switch 184 is closed a potential in the order of 150 volts positive is applied to the center conductor of the cable 22 and is impressed upon the cathode 180 of the detector 23 through the resistor 181. As a result, the net anode-cathode voltage across the detector 23 is reduced below the operating threshold so that the detector is prevented from ionizing in response to gamma rays. Accordingly, no gamma ray pulses are produced across the load resistor 151 of the detector and the neutron calibration operation may be carried out in the man described above without interference from the gamma ray channel. However, the alternating current signals normally present on the conductor 137 are not impressed upon the cathode 180 of the detector 23 due to the filtering action of the series resistor 181 and the large by-pass condenser 132.
While there have been described what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be understood that various modifications may be made therein which are within the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed as new and is desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. In a radioactivity well logging system of the type acsaose comprising a cylindrical subsurface unit adapted to be lowered into a borehole and including a source of voltage adapted to energize at least a portion of the apparatus within said subsurface unit, a gravity operated switch arrangement for disconnecting said voltage source from at least a portion of the energized apparatus within said subsurface unit when said unit is positioned with the longitudinal axis thereof horizontal, said switch arrangement including a cylindrical envelope of insulating material positioned within said subsurface unit with the longitudinal axis thereof parallel to the longitudinal axis of said subsurface unit and having an outwardly extending annular trough in the side wall thereof, a pair of rod-like electrodes in said envelope secured to the end walls of said envelope and extending generally parallel to the axis of said cylindrical envelope for connecting said voltage source to said energized apparatus, and a body of fluid electrically conductive material in said envelope for connecting said electrodes together when said unit is positioned vertically with either end thereof in the downward direction, said body of conductive material being contained Within said trough when said unit is positioned horizontally so that said electrodes are electrically di connected.
2. The method of determining formation porosity while employing a nuclear well logging system of the type which comprises a subsurface unit provided with a source of neutrons and a detector of radiations due to neutron bombardment and which includes facilities for logging the radiation response of said detector which comprises the steps of positioning a subsurface unit of said type in a formation of known porosity, recording the response of the detector of said unit when said unit is positioned in said formation of known porosity, positioning a subsurface unit of said type in a portable calibrator device which provides a predetermined interaction with the neutrons emitted by the neutron source thereof, recording the response of the detector of said last named unit when said unit is positioned in said calibrator device, positioning said last named unit in a formation of unknown porosity, recording the response of the detector of said last named unit when said unit is positioned in said formation of unknown porosity, and correlating said recordings to obtain the porosity of said unknown formation.
3. The method of determining formation porosity while employing a nuclear well logging system of the type which comprises a subsurface unit provided with a source of neutrons and a detector of radiations due to neutron bombardment and which includes facilities for logging the radiation response of said detector which comprises the steps of positioning a subsurface unit of said type within a plurality of openings of different diameter in formations of known porosity, recording the responses of the detector of said unit when said unit is positioned in said plurality of openings, positioning a subsurface unit of said type in a portable calibrator device which provides a predetermined interaction with the neutrons emitted by the neutron source thereof, recording the response of the detector of said last named unit when said unit is positioned in said calibrator device, positioning said last named unit in an opening of known diameter in a formation of unknown porosity, recording the response of the detector of said last named unit when said unit is positioned in said forma tion of unknown porosity, and correlating said recordings to obtain the porosity of said unknown formation.
4. The method of determining formation porosity while employing a nuclear well logging system of the type which comprises a subsurface unit provided with a source of neutrons and a detector of radiations due to neutron bombardment and which includes facilities for logging the radiation response of said detector which comprises the steps of positioning a first subsurface unit in a formation of known porosity, recording the detector response of said first unit when positioned in said formation of known porosity, positioning said first unit in a portable calibrator device which provides a predetermined interaction with the neutrons emitted by the neutron source of said first unit, recording the detector response of said first unit when positioned in said calibrator device, positioning a second subsurface unit in said calibrator device, recording the detector response of said second unit when positioned in said calibrator device, positioning said second unit in a formation of unknown porosity, recording the detector response of said second unit when positioned in said formation of unknown porosity, and correlating the recordings of said first and second units to obtain the porosity of said unknown formation.
References Cited in the fiie of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,290,869 Fingold July 28, 1942 2,355,013 Rochestie Aug. 1, 1944 2,666,142 Herzog et al Ian. 12, 1954 2,686,881 Herzog et a1 Aug. 17, 1954 2,816,235 Scherbatskoy Dec. 10, 1957 FOREIGN PATENTS 190,499 Switzerland July 1, 1937
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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3246152A (en) * 1961-09-14 1966-04-12 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Method of compensating for the iron casing effect in radioactive well logging
US3379059A (en) * 1966-05-04 1968-04-23 Phillips Petroleum Co Flow meter with gravity and liquid sensing switches
DE1274540B (en) * 1965-02-23 1968-08-08 Halliburton Co Method for ensuring the achievement of an upper boundary surface of a cement backfill of a casing in a borehole
US3529151A (en) * 1966-03-28 1970-09-15 Nat Res Dev Method of and apparatus for determining the mean size of given particles in a fluid
US3648515A (en) * 1969-10-29 1972-03-14 Dresser Ind Radioactivity logging apparatus having shielded wall contacting source and detector
US4493998A (en) * 1982-04-02 1985-01-15 Halliburton Company Method for monitoring drilling materials for gamma ray activity

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH190499A (en) * 1937-07-27 1937-04-30 Emile Dr Schaer Safety device for motor vehicles.
US2290869A (en) * 1939-04-15 1942-07-28 Fingold Reuben Inclination responsive switch
US2355013A (en) * 1943-08-23 1944-08-01 Barnett B Rochestle Marine safety light
US2666142A (en) * 1950-03-28 1954-01-12 Texas Co Method of testing borehole logging instruments
US2686881A (en) * 1951-03-23 1954-08-17 Texas Co Measuring absolute radioactivity of borehole formations
US2816235A (en) * 1954-02-15 1957-12-10 Pgac Dev Co Radioactivity well logging calibrating system

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH190499A (en) * 1937-07-27 1937-04-30 Emile Dr Schaer Safety device for motor vehicles.
US2290869A (en) * 1939-04-15 1942-07-28 Fingold Reuben Inclination responsive switch
US2355013A (en) * 1943-08-23 1944-08-01 Barnett B Rochestle Marine safety light
US2666142A (en) * 1950-03-28 1954-01-12 Texas Co Method of testing borehole logging instruments
US2686881A (en) * 1951-03-23 1954-08-17 Texas Co Measuring absolute radioactivity of borehole formations
US2816235A (en) * 1954-02-15 1957-12-10 Pgac Dev Co Radioactivity well logging calibrating system

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3246152A (en) * 1961-09-14 1966-04-12 Socony Mobil Oil Co Inc Method of compensating for the iron casing effect in radioactive well logging
DE1274540B (en) * 1965-02-23 1968-08-08 Halliburton Co Method for ensuring the achievement of an upper boundary surface of a cement backfill of a casing in a borehole
US3529151A (en) * 1966-03-28 1970-09-15 Nat Res Dev Method of and apparatus for determining the mean size of given particles in a fluid
US3379059A (en) * 1966-05-04 1968-04-23 Phillips Petroleum Co Flow meter with gravity and liquid sensing switches
US3648515A (en) * 1969-10-29 1972-03-14 Dresser Ind Radioactivity logging apparatus having shielded wall contacting source and detector
US4493998A (en) * 1982-04-02 1985-01-15 Halliburton Company Method for monitoring drilling materials for gamma ray activity

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