US3034194A

US3034194A - Method for producing a tufted fabric having a deep fleecelike surface and the resulting product

Info

Publication number: US3034194A
Authority: US
Inventors: Jr Amos U Priester; William B Mcwhorter
Original assignee: Callaway Mills Co
Current assignee: Callaway Mills Co
Priority date: 1957-11-04
Filing date: 1957-11-04
Publication date: 1962-05-15
Anticipated expiration: 1979-05-15

Description

y 1952 A. u. PRIESTER, JR., ET AL 3,034,194

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A TUFTED FABRIC HAVING A DEEP FLEECELIKE SURFACE AND THE RESULTING PRODUCT 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed NOV. 4, 1957 INV EN TORS Amos 0: Przkster, Jr. a WbZZz'amB.M-"W1wner ATTORNEYJ May 15, 1962 A. U. PRIESTER, JR., ET AL METHOD FOR PRODUCING A TUFTED FABRIC HAVING A DEEP FLEECELIKE SURFACE AND THE Filed Nov. 4, 1957 RESULTING PRODUCT 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 3,034,194 METHOD FOR PRGDUCING A TUFTED FABRIC HAVING A DEEP FLEECELIKE SURFACE AND THE RESULTING PRODUCT Amos U. Priester, Jr., and William B. McWhorter, La Grange, Ga., assignors to Callaway Mills Company, La Grange, Ga., a corporation of Georgia Filed Nov. 4, 1957, Ser. No. 694,316 13 Claims. (Cl. 28-78) The present invention relates to a method for producing a fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on one or both faces thereof and to the products resulting from such method. More particularly, the invention relates to a method for treating particular types of tufted fabrics to produce fabrics having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface or surfaces which bear a resemblance to animal furs, both in appearance and in heat-insulating properties.

It has heretofore been known to produce fabrics having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface by a knitting process. This knitting process requires expensive and complex equipment which has a very low production rate, with the result that the fabrics so produced are quite expensive. The present invention contemplates the production of such fabrics on readily available and inexpensive equip ment having a high rate of production, thereby enabling the fabrics to be produced at low cost.

The method of the invention can be briefly described as including the steps of tufting loop pile in a backing fabric to produce pile loops on one face of the backing fabric and then pulling individual fibers or components from the yarns or strands forming the pile loops. The yarns or strands used to form the pile loops may be spun yarns in which the fibers have staple lengths several times the height of the pile loops or may 'be tow of continuous filaments. In either event, the individual fibers or filaments of the yarns or strands must be free to move relative to each other and relative to the backing fabric to permit the pulling action to be carried out. action is carried out on the loop pile face of the fabric, the pile loops will disappear and be replaced bp a fieecelike surface of individual twist-free fibers of random lengths several times the original height of the pile loops. When the pulling action is carried out on the opposite face of the tufted fabric, the portions of the pile yarns or strands between the loops are not destroyed but are concealed by a fleecelike surface of individual fibers. The pulling action may be carried out on both surfaces of the tufted fabric, thereby producing a fabric having a fleecelike surface on both faces.

A primary object of the invention is to provide a method for rapidly and economically producing a fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on one or both faces thereof. Another object of the invention is to provide a fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on one or both faces thereof which can be sold at low cost. Still another object of the invention is to produce a fabric If the pulling having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on one face thereof and a loop pile surface on the other face thereof. Other objects and advantages of the invention are pointed out in the following detailed description which has reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIGURE 1 is a digrammatic, enlarged, longitudinal i Patented May 15, 1962 and after the subsequent addition of a coating of binder material to the opposite face of the fabric;

FIGURE 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of the fabric illustrated in FIGURE 1 after fibers or components of the pile yarns or strands have been pulled from the face of the fabric opposite the pile loop face thereof;

FIGURE 5 is a longitudinal sectional view of the fabric shown in FIGURE 1 after fibers or components have been pulled from the pile yarns or strands on both faces of the tufted fabric;

FIGURES 6, 7, 8 and 9 are enlarged, diagrammatic, longitudinal sectional views illustrating the manner in which typical fibers or components can be pulled from a tufted fabric.

Referring first to FIGURE 1, the tufted fabric includes a backing fabric 10 which may be a woven or non-woven fabric. We prefer to use for the backing fabric 10 a tightly woven fabric such as sateen. The construction of the yarns or strands 11 used in the tufting operation is important to the success of the invention and will be described in greater detail hereinafter. Although only one tufting yarn or strand 11 is illustrated in the drawings, it will be understood that a large number of such yarns or strands are used to tuft a plurality of parallel rows of pile loops longitudinally of the backing fabric 10. Any conventional multiple-needle tufting machine con be used for this purpose. As seen in FIGURE 1, the tufting operation places longitudinally spaced portions 12 of the yarns or strands on one face (which may be termed the opposite face) of the backing fabric 10. Intermediate portions 13 of the tufting yarns or strands form pile loops 14 on the other face of the backing fabric 10.

Theyarns or strands 11 may be spun yarns or may be tow. of continuous filaments collected in loose rope-like "form with or without definite twist. The use of yarns spun from staple fibers of synthetic material is preferred. Plied yarns or multiple ends of single yarns may be used. It is essential that the staple fibers of the spun yarns have a staple length of at least three and preferably at least seven or eight times the height of the pile loops 14. In other words, it is essential that the staple fibers be of sufficientlength to extend from one loop through at least one portion 12 into at least one and preferably into two or more adjacent loops. It is also essential to the success of the invention that the staple fibers of the spun yarns be capable of individual movement relative to each other and relative to the backing fabric 10 when the individual fibers are pulled. This latter result is achieved by using the minimum twist in the spun yarns consistent with proper handling of the yarns in the tufting operation. A twist multiplier of not more than about five and preferably less is preferred. In the event tow is used as the tufting strands 11, it is important that the tow be ofhigh denier and be composed of a large number of filaments. It is important that the denier of the tow be at least about 1,300. Good results have been obtained by the use of tow of 4,000 to 5,000 denier and composed of 200 or more filaments. The individual filaments of the tow are movable relative to each other and relative to the backing fabric 10. Y

FIGURE 2 illustrates the tufted fabric of FIGURE 1 during an intermediate stage in the practice of the method of the invention. In that figure the tufting strands 11 maybe considered to be spun yarns. A substantial number of fibers of the spun yarns are shown as having been pulled to random lengths from the pile loops 14. These pulled fibers are indicated by the reference numeral 15. It will be seen that at least some of the pulled fi-bers 15 extend from the pile loops 14 a distance greater than the height of those pile loops.- This length of the pulled fibers 15 derives from the fact thatthe pulledfibers have been pulled longitudinally of the yarns, not only from thepile loops from which they extend, but also through a portion 12 from at least one adjacent loop. In other words when a particular fiber is pulled from any one loop, a portion of the length of the pulled fiber is robbed from at least one adjacent pile loop;

extending and peripherally spaced strips of bent-knee napper wire or clothing. The fabric to be capped engages the surface of the large cylinder of the box napper with the fabric moving in the same direction that the cylinder is rotating. The cylinder has a surface speed of several times the rate of travelof the fabric. Box nappers have heretofore been used primarily to put a wave or ripple in the nap on a fabric which had previously been napped on a planetary napper. Either type of planetary napper or the box napper can be used alone.

7 Alternatively, it is possible to use first one type of napper and then another. In any event, in practicing the present l invention the tufted fabric is usually passed through the 'napper or nappers'a plurality of times. For example, the

tufted fabric can be run from one to four times through a planetary napper and then run from one to four times through a box napper. In other instances a single run of the fabric through either type of napper will be found sufficient to produce the desired effect.

FIGURE 3 illustrates the tufted fabric of FIGURE l after the fiber pulling action on the loop pile face of the backing fabric has been completed. It will be seen that the loops 14 have entirely disappeared and have been replaced by the fibers 15 of random lengths which 'form a deep, soft, fleecelike surface.- The opposite face of the backing fabric and the portions 12 of the pile yarns are shown in FIGURE 3 as having been covered with a coating 16 f a binder material such as'latex. The

use of the binder material is optional, but when used it serves to bond the portions 12 of the pile yarns to the backing fabric 10. It is essential, however, that the pulling of the fibers as described above be accomplished before thecoating 16 is applied. If the coating 16 were applied before the pulling of the fibers, the fibers would not be free to move individually relative to each other and relative to the backing fabric and the desired pulling action could not be accomplished.

I ments until enough tension is applied to cause breakage."

The pulling action described above removes any twisting of'the fiberslS about themselves and those fibers extend to random lengths from the face of the backing fabric in a manner to resemble the hairs of animal fur. Theaverage length of the fibers 15 of the fabric of FIG- URE 3 is substantially greater than and often as much as three to'ten or more times the original height of the pipe loops 14. As shown in FIGURE 3, the fabric includes twist-free, i.e. no longer twisted instrand form, condition to random'lengths from each end of the discrete lengths 12. FIGURE 4 illustrates the tufted fabric of FIGURE l after' fibers have been pulled from the longitudinally spaced portions 12 of the pile yarns on the opposite face of-the-backing fabric. This pulling action can be performed by subjecting the opposite face of the fabric to the action of nappers as described above. Since the individual fibers are free to move relative to each other and relative to the backing fabric 10, the fibers can be pulled longitudinally of the yarns through the longitudinally spaced portions 12 and through the loops 14 to form the twist-free fibers 17 which extendat random lengths from the opposite face of the backing fabric 10. This procedure results in a fabric having a pile loop surface on a first face thereof and a deep, soft, fieecelike surface on the opposite face thereof. The portions 12 of the yarns 11 are notcom'pletely destroyed but are concealed by the fibers 17 which have an average length greater than the'height of the loops 14. I

It is possible to pull fibers from both faces of the tufted fabric of FIGURE 1. Such a fabric is illustrated in FIGURE 5. It is preferable to first pull fibers from the portions 12 of the pile yarns on the opposite face of the backing fabric 10 to provide the random length fibers 17 and to then pull'fibers from the pile loops 14 on the other face of the backing fabric to provide the random length fibers 15. This procedure results in a fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on both faces.

FIGURE 6 diagramamtically illustrates one counter pile roller 18 of a double-action napper and its relationship to the tufted fabric. The roller 18 is provided with napper Wire or clothing consisting of a large number of bent-knee napper wires 19, only one being shown in the eration to not only pull the filaments from the pile loops but also to break the filaments into random lengths. The breaking of the filaments results from pulling the fila- -Referring again to FIGURE 6, there is shown in dotdash lines the outline of loops which have been formed in the backing fabric 10 by the use of tow. Those loops are designated by the reference numeral 22 and the longitudinally spaced portions of the tow on the opposite face of the backing fabric are designated by the reference numeral 23. A single filament of the tow is shown in full lines in FIGURE 6 and is designated by the reference numeral 24. Referring now to FIGURE 7, it will be seen that in pulling the filament 24 that filament has been broken at the

points

25 and 26 and that individual

random lengths

27, 28 and 29 of the filament have been pulled from loops 22. The positions which the

random lengths

27, 28 and 29 originally occupied in the loops 22 are indicated by dotted lines in FIGURE 7. The foregoing is a typical action which occurs when producing the fabric of FIGURE 3 from a tufted fabric which has been tufted with tow. r

A somewhat similar action occurs in, producing the fabric of FIGURE 4 from a tufted fabric which has been tufted with tow. Referring to FIGURE 8, a filament 30 has beenbroken. at the points 31 and 32 and the

random lengths

33, 34, 35 and 36 of the filament 30 have been pulled'from the tow. 'The positions which the

random lengths

33, 34, 35 and 36 originally occupied in the tow are indicated by dotted lines. p

FIGURE'9 illustrates an example of what happens to one filament when producing the fabric of FIGURE 5 from a tufted fabric which-has been tufted with tow. A filament 37 has been broken at the

points

38 and 39. A random length 40 of the filament 37 has been pulled from one face of the fabric and a random length 41 has been pulled from the other face of the fabric. It will be seen that the

random lengths

40 and 41 are integral. The

of as much as two inches or more.

positions which those lengths originally occupied in the tow are indicated by dotted lines.

The use of spun yarns for tufting the backing fabric is preferred. The spun yarns must be composed of fibers at least three times and preferably at least seven or eight times the height of the pile loops. We prefer to use yarns spun from fibers of staple length at least one and onehalf inches and preferably from two and one-half inches to three inches. The height of the pile loops 14 may range from one-quarter inch or less to about threequarters of an inch. Generally speaking, the very coarse spun yarns will give the best results. Excellent results have been obtained by the use of .75/1 yarns having a twist multipler of 3.66. Excellent results have also been obtained by the use of 1.15/1 spun yarns having a twist multipler of 4.08. When using the latter yarns it has been found preferable to feed two yarn ends to each needle of the tufting machine.

When tow is used to tuft the backing fabric, the tow should be of at least 1,300 and preferably 4,000 to 5,000 denier or more and should preferably be composed of at least 150 filaments.

Irrespective of whether spun yarns or tow are used as the tufting strands, the unit size of the strands. should be equivalent to 4s (cotton count) or coarser and the twist.

multipler should not exceed-about five.

As many as four ends of such strands may be fed to each needle of the tufting' machine. 7

The gauge of the pile loops (distance between adjacent longitudinal rows of pile loops), the height of the pile loops and the number of loops per inch in each longitudinal row have a bearing on the quality of the product which is obtained. Good results have been obtained with gauges from one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch, and with pile heights of from five-sixteenths to three quarters of an inch and with four and one-quarter to nine loops per inch in each longitudinal row. In general, better fabrics appear to be obtained with narrower gauges and with greater numbers of loops per inch in the longitudinal rows.

Nylon (either polyamide fiber or polyamine-caprolac- 1 turn fiber), modified acrylonitrile fiber (Verel), acetate rayon and other synthetic fibers may be used, either in the form of spun yarns or as tow.

The following specific examples of typical fabrics produced in accordance with the invention will be helpful to a complete understanding thereof.

EXAMPLE I Pile yarns of size .75/1 spun from modified acrylonitrile (Verel) fibers of 16 denier, two and one-half inch staple, were tufted in a sateen backing fabric to form pile loops of a height of five-sixteenths of an inch, with the distance between longitudinal rows of loops (gauge) being one-eighth of an inch and there being six loops per inch longitudinally of each row. The fibers were pulled by subjecting the pile loop face of the fabric to the action of a box napper, the fabric making four passes through the napper. There resulted a fabric in which the pile loops had substantially completely disappeared and been replaced by individualfibers of random lengths The fabric bore a resemblance in appearance and texture to animal fur. This fabric is diagrammatically illustrated in FIGURE 3 of the drawings.

EXAMPLE H Tow of 4,000 denier (consisting of 200 filaments of 20 denier each) of acetate yarn was tufted through a sateen backing fabric to produce loops of a height of five-sixteenths of an inch. The distance (gauge) between iongitudinal rows of loops was one-eighth of an inch and there were six loops per inch in each longitudinal row.

.The individual filaments in the loops were then pulled and .the filaments broken by running the tufted fabric through a box napper as outlined in Example I. The pile loops completely disappeared andwere replaced by individual fibers of lengths up to three inches. There appeared to be considerably greater variation in the lengths of the fleece forming fibers of this fabric as compared to the fibers of the fabric of Example I. The fabric of Example II also bore a resemblance to animal fur.

The fabric illustrated in FIGURE 3 is particularly suitable for use as a rug or carpet. This fabric also can be used as imitation fur for outer-wear clothing and can be used as interlining and as lining for coats and jackets. The fabric of FIGURE 3 can also be used for mop heads, dust tool covers, bufiing covers for polishing, and

many other uses.

The fabric of FIGURE 4 can be used as a reversible rug. It is also contemplated that this fabric can be produced from low cost backing fabric and by the use of inexpensive tufting yarn to provide a carpet pad or underlay. g

The fabric illustrated in FIGURE 5 can be used for the purposes outlined above and for any other purpose in which it is desirable to have a soft, on both faces of the fabric. 7 v

The fleece of any of the fabrics can be sheared in any conventional manner to obtain uniform height of the fleecelike surface.

We have illustrated and described exemplary embodiments of our invention to enable those skilled in the art to understand and practice the same. It will be understood that various modifications may be utilized without departing from the broader scope of the invention which is defined by the following claims.

Having thus described our invention, we claim:

1. A tufted fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on a face thereof, said fabric comprising a distinguishable and self-sustaining backing fabric, a plurality of discrete lengths of spun yarns aligned in a plurality of closely spaced rows extending longitudinally of said backing fabric with adjacent lengths in each row being in contiguous relationship, each said length of spun yarn lying against one face of said backing fabric with its ends extending through openings in said backing fabric to the other face thereof, the adjacent ends of contiguous discrete lengths in each of said longitudinal rows extending through the same opening in the backing fabric to make said rows substantially continuous,.the length of the fibers of each spun yarn being at least about six times the discrete length of the spun yarn with free ends of said fibers extending individually in twist-free condition to random lengths from each end of each yarn and forming a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on said other face of said backing fabric.

2. A tufted fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on a face thereof, said fabric comprising a distinguishable and self-sustaining backing fabric, a plunality of discrete lengths of multiple component strands aligned in a plurality of closely spaced rows extending longitudinally of said backing fabric with adjacent lengths in each row being in contiguous relationship, each said discrete length of strand lying against one face of said backing fabric with its ends extending through openings in said backing fabric to the other face thereof, the adjacent ends of contiguous discrete lengths in each of said longitudinal rows extending through the same opening in the backing fabric to make said rows substantially continuous, the length of the components of each strand being at least about six times the discrete length of the strand with free ends of said components extending individually in twist-free condition to random lengths from each end of each discrete length of strand and forming a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on said other face of said backing fabric.

3. .A tufted fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on a face thereof, said fabric comprising a distinguishable and self-sustaining backing fabric, a plurality of discrete lengths of tow aligned in a plurality of closely spaced rows extending longitudinally of said backing fabric with fleecelike surface same opening in the backing fabric to make said rows substantially continuous,- the length of the filaments of each tow being at least :abo ut six times the discrete length of the tow with free ends of said filaments diverging and extending individually to random lengths from each end of each tow and forming a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on said other face of said backing fabric.

4. A tufted fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on a first face thereof, said fabric comprisinga distinguishable and self-sustaining backing fabric, a plurality of short lengths of spun yarns aligned in a plurality of longitudinal rows with adjacent lengths in each row being .i n contiguous relationship, each said short length of spun yarn lying against the opposite'face of said backing f'ab-' "ric with its ends extending'through openings in the back- 1 ing fabric te said first face thereof, the' adjacent ends of contiguous short lengths in each of said longitudinal rows extending through the same opening" in the backing fabric to make said rows substantially continuous, each said short length of spun yarn being composed of fibers of average length atleast about ten times the length of said short length of spun yarn and with ends of such fibers extending in twist-free condition to random lengths beyond said ends of said spun yarns to forms fleecelike surface on said first face of said fabric.

5. A fabric asdefined in claim 4 which includes a coating of a binder material on said opposite face of said backing fabric binding'said spun yarns thereto.

6 A tufted fabric having a dejerhsoft, fleecelike surface on a first face thereof, saidfabric comprising a d s tinguishable and self-sustaining backing fabric, a plurality of short lengths of spun yarnsaligned in a plurality of longitudinal rows with adjacent lengths each row being in contiguous relationship, each" saidspun yarn lying againstthe opposite face of said backing-fabric with the ends thereof extending through openings in the backing fabric to said first face thereof, the ad acent ends of contiguous short lengths in each of said longrtudrnal rows extending through the same opening in said back-' ing fabric to make said rows substantially continuous, each said short length of spun yarn having a length of not more than about one-fourth inch but being composed of fibers of average length at least about one and one half inches with ends of such fibers extending in t'wrstfree condition to random lengths from said ends of said spun yarn's'to form a fleecelike surface on said first face of said fabric.

7.' A tufted/fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on a first facelthe'reof, said fabric comprising a distinguishable and self-sustaining backing fabric, a plurality of short lengths of tow, each consisting of a large number of filaments collected in a rope-like form, said lengths of tow being arranged longitudinally in a plurality of longitudinal rows with adjacent lengths in each row being in contiguous relationship, each said length of tow lying against the opposite face of said backing fabric with a; (if binder lime-mien said osassaencs of sire backing fabric. s H g m 9. A tufted fabrichaving a deep, soft, fleecelike surface of twist-free individual fibers on one face thereof and a surface of pile loops on the other face thereof, said fabric comprising'a' distinguishable and self-sustaining backing fabric, a plurality of spun yarns aligned in a plurality of longitudinal rows, longitudinally spaced portions of each said spun yarn lying against one face of said backing fabric with adjacent portions of said yarns being in contiguous relationship to make said rows substantially continuous and with intermediate portions of said yarns extending through openings in the backing fabric and forming pile loops on the other face thereof 'With both legs of each of said pile loops extending through the same opening in said backing fabric, each said spun yarn being composed of fibers of average length at'least about three times the height of said pile loops, and the ends of some such fibers projecting in twist-free condition from said longitudinally spaced portions of said spun yarns on said one face of said backing fabric to random lengths substantially greater than the height of said loops to form a fleecelike surface on said one face of said fabric.

10. A tufted fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on both faces thereof, said fabric comprising a distinguishable and self-sustaining backing fabric, a plurality of short lengths of multiple compohent strands aligned in a plurality of longitudinal rows with adjacent lengths in each row being in contiguous relationsihp, each" said short length of strand lying against one face of said backingfabric with its ends extending through openings in the backing fabric to the other face thereof, the adjacent ends of contiguous short lengths in each of said longitudinal rows extending through the same opening in said 'backing fabric to make said rows substantially continuous, each said short length of strand being composed of components of average lengths at least about six times the length of the short length of strand, free ends of certain of such components extending in'twist-free condition to random lengths beyond said ends of said strands 'to form a fleecelike surface on said other face of said the ends thereof extending through openings in said backingi fabric to said first face thereof, .the adjacent ends of contiguous short lengths in eachof said longitudinal rows extending through the-same opening in said backing fabricto make saidrows substantially continuous, each thereof being at least about one and one-half'inches in length with said filaments ext'endingfrom said ends of said lengths of tow-to random lengths to forrn' a fleecelike surface on said first face of said fabric.

3. A fabric as defined in claim 7 which includes a coatfabric, and free ends of other of said components extending in twistfree condition to random lengths from between the ends of said strands to form a fleecelike surface on said one face of said fabric.

11. A tufted fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on both faces thereof, said fabric comprising a distinguishable and self-sustaining backing fabric, a plurality of short discrete lengths of spun yarns aligned in a plurality of longitudinal rows with adjacent lengths in each row being in contiguous relationship, each said short discrete length of spun yarn lying against one face of said backing fabric with its ends extending through openings in the'backing fabric to the other face thereof, the adjacent ends of contiguous discrete lengths in each of said longitudinal rows extending through the same opening in the backing fabric to make said rows snbtsantially continuous, each said short length .ofvspun yarn being composed of fibers of average length at least about six times the length of the short discrete length of spun yarn, free ends of certain of such fibers extending in twist-free condition to random lengths beyond said ends of said spun yarns to form a fleecelike surface on said other face of said fabric, and free ends of other of said fibers extending in twist-free condition to random lengths from between the ends of said spun yams; to form a fleecelike surface on said one face of said fabric.

12. A tufted fabric having a deep, soft, fleecelike surface on a first face thereof, said fabric comprising a distinguishable and self-sustaining backing fabric, a plurality of short lengths of multiple component strands aligned in a plurality of longitudinal rows with adjacent lengths in each row being in contiguous relationship, each said short length of strand lying against the opposite face of said backing fabric with its" ends extending through openings in the backing fabric to said first face thereof, the adjacent ends of contiguous short lengths in each of said longitudinal rows extending through the same opening in said backing fabric to make said rows substantially continuous, each said short length of strand being in composite of components of average length at least about six times the length of the short length of strand and with the ends of such components extending in twist-free condition to random lengths beyond said ends of said strands to form a fleecelike surface on said first face of said fabric.

13. A tufted fabric having a deep, soft, fieecelike surface as described in claim 12 wherein ends of substantially all of said strand components extend in twist free conditioin to random lengths from the ends of said short lengths of strands.

UNITED STATES PATENTS Cobb Aug. 20, 1935 Sudell Jan. 17, 1939 Giondomenici Mar. 9, 1954 Nelson Aug. 17, 1954 Cogovan et a1 Apr. 30, 1957 Chandler Mar. 11, 1958 Keen Oct. 28, 1958 McNally et a1. Oct. 28, 1958 Keen Dec. 30, 1958 White Mar. 3, 1959 FOREIGN PATENTS Australia Mar. 24,, 1952 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION May 15, 1962 Patent No. 3.034.194

Amos U. Priester, Jr. et al. It is hereby certified that error appears in the above numbered patent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as corrected below.

Column 1, line 63, for "digrammatic" read for "in" read a diagrammatic column 9, line 5,

Signed and sealed this 30th day of April 1 (SEAL) Attest: ERNEST w. SWIDER DAVID L. LADD Commissioner of Patents Attesting Officer