US3010083A - Nonreciprocal microwave devices - Google Patents

Nonreciprocal microwave devices Download PDF

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Publication number
US3010083A
US3010083A US831416A US83141659A US3010083A US 3010083 A US3010083 A US 3010083A US 831416 A US831416 A US 831416A US 83141659 A US83141659 A US 83141659A US 3010083 A US3010083 A US 3010083A
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wave
guide
polarization
section
tetrahedral
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US831416A
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Jerald A Weiss
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AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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Priority to US831416A priority patent/US3010083A/en
Priority to BE593070A priority patent/BE593070A/fr
Priority to GB26300/60A priority patent/GB950199A/en
Priority to DEW28289A priority patent/DE1157276B/de
Priority to FR834933A priority patent/FR1266753A/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/32—Non-reciprocal transmission devices

Definitions

  • the device comprises a tapered pencil of gyrom gnetic material axially located in a conductively-bounded guide whose cross-sectional dimensions vary from cross section to cross section along the longitudinal axis of the guide.
  • the device therein described is of particular interest in applied at either end emerges at the mid-point of the structure as a circularly polarized wave.
  • the device operates with relatively low biasing fields and is inherently broad-band.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the tetrahedral tapered waveguide
  • FIGS. 1A to 1C show cross-sections of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 2 shows, by way of illustration, the change in polarization of a linearly polarized wave produced by the gyromagnetic material
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the butt joint section, a modified form of the tetrahedral tapered section
  • FIG. 4 shows, by way of illustration, the nature of the wave energy in various regions of the butt'joint section of FIG. 3;
  • FIGS. 4A to 4E show, by way of illustration, the polarization of the wave energy in the various regions of the butt joint section shown in FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view of van isolator using the tetrahedral tapered section
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the tetrahedral section connection as a t-hree'port circulator
  • FIG; 7 is a perspective view of two tetrahedral sections connected and utilized as a four port circulator
  • FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a tetrahedral section connected as a four port circulator
  • FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a butt joint junction using coaxial cables.
  • FIG. 10 shows, by way of illustration, the field configuration at the butt joint junction of FIG. 9.
  • Waveguide 11 tapers smoothly and gradually along its length from a rectangular transverse cross section at guide 12, having its wide dimension extending horizontally, to the rectangular cross section of guide 13, which has its wide dimension extendingvertically.
  • the name tetrahedral derives from the fact that by connecting the sides of the two crossed guides 12 and 13, in the-manner shown, the resulting tapered section 11 is in the form of a doubly truncated tetrahedron.
  • Guides 12 and 13 are proportioned to have a .wide in-. tern-al dimension of just less than one wavelength of the wave energy to be supported therein, and a narrow dimension substantially one-half of the wide dimension. So
  • these guides are supportive of the dominant ing magnetic field component.
  • guides 11, 12 and 13 are colinearly aligned along a common longitudinal axis, with guide 13 rotated about said axis ninety guide 11, section A-A, tangular cross section with its wide dimension horizontal, which tapers into the symmetrical cross section B-B, shown in FIG. 1B.
  • the cross section of section BB is square.
  • guide 11 tapers to the rectangular cross section CC shown in FIG. 1C, which has its wide dimensions directed vertically.
  • gyromagnetic material Extending along the axis in the region of the tapered section 11 is a cylindrical rod of gyromagnetic material 14, suitably supported at the ends by means of the dielectric supports 15 and 16.
  • the term gyromagnetic material is employed here in its accepted sense as designating the class of magnetic polarizable materials having unpaired spin systems involving portions of the atoms thereof that are capable of being aligned by an external magnetic polarizing field and which exhibit a significant precessional motion at a frequency within the rangecontemplated by the invention under the combined influence of said polarizing field and an orthogonally directed vary- This precessional motion is characterized as having an angular momentum and a degrees with respect to guide 12. Taking sectional views of the tetrahedral waveshown in FIG.
  • Typical 'of such materials are ionized gases, paramagnetic materials and ferromagnetic material-s, the latter including the spinels such as magnesium aluminum ferrite, aluminum zinc ferrite and the garnetlike materials such as yttrium iron garnet.
  • Rod 14 is biased by a steady polarizing magnetic field of a strength to be described. As illustrated in FIG. 1, this field is applied longitudinally, i.e., in the direction of propagation of wave energy in guide 11, and may be externally supplied in any of the usual ways well known in the art or rod 14 may be permanently magnetized if desired.
  • the coupling produced by element 14 can be explained by the recognition that the gyromagnetic material of element 14 contains unpaired atomic spins which tend to line up with the appliedfield H These spins have an associated magneticmoment which can be made to precess about the line of the biasing magnetic field, keeping an essentially constant moment in the direction of the applied biasing field and at the same time providing a moment component which may rotate in a plane normal to the field direction.
  • a reciprocating high-frequency magnetic field of electromagnetic wave energy is impressed upon the moment, the moment will commence to precess in the preferred angular sense.
  • the effect of this precession is to produce a reciprocating field at right angles in space to the applied field and displaced in time from the applied field.
  • tetrahedral taper and the various forms thereof, may be characterized, in general, as comprising:
  • the gyromagnetic medium (such as ferrite, magnetic garnet, parametric, or plasma) is magnetized by a steady magnetic field in the z direction (direction of propagation)
  • ferrite or garnet it is usually convenient to have the material in the form of a rod symmetrically located along the path axis, but this is only one of many possible embodiments.
  • the medium may completely fill the tapered guide.
  • a special or degenerate form of the tetrahedral waveguide is considered. As shown in FIG; 3, this comprises two abutting rectangular waveguides 31 and 32 coaxially aligned along a common longitudinal axis and rotated ninety degrees with respect to each other so as to be cross-polarized.
  • the dimensions of the guides are proportioned to operate in the dominant mode in which the electric lines of force extend in a direction perpendicular to the wide guide walls.
  • An element of gyromagnet-ic material 33 is symmetrically disposed at the junction of the two guides and, extends into each of them so as to interact with the radiation fields in both.
  • the configuration shown in FIG. 3 is a special form of the tetrahedral structure of FIG. 1 in which the longitudinal dimension of the tapered section 11 is reduced to zero.
  • the input and output guides are represented by uniform anisotropic media
  • the radiation is in the form of plane waves
  • E is the magnetic induction
  • E is the electric displacement
  • e is, in general, not equal to e
  • e for guide 31 is positive whereas e is negative.
  • e for guide 32 is negative and is positive.
  • the effective values of 6 and e themselves may be frequency-dependent, depending upon the type of Waveguide used.
  • the effective values of ,u. and :c involve the shape and size of the ferrite or other gyromagnetic element as well as its intrinsic properties.
  • Equation 3 Substituting for e and 5 Equation 3 may be rewritten where realizable, however, only those waves that are will be considered in the discussion that fellows:
  • the butt joint configuration of FIG. 3 is schematically represented in FIG. 4.
  • the wave path is divided into four discrete regions, I, II, III and IV, each of which has distinctly different propagating characteristics.
  • Region I of guide 31 for example, is a simple rectangular Waveguide, whose permeability and permittivity are real and constant.
  • Region II in guide 3 1 and Region III in guide 32 are regions of uniform cross section wherein the permeability and permittivity are functions of the gyromagnetic material as well as of the waveguides.
  • Region IV in guide 32 is comparable to region I, except that the direction of polarization of the wave energy supportable therein is rotated ninety degrees.
  • the incident Wave P is scattered into four waves: P a propagating reflected wave; N a decaying, nonpropagating wave in guide 31; N a decaying nonpropagating wave in guide 32; and P a propagating wave in guide 32.
  • the reflected wave P is of the same polarization and wavelength as the incident wave, the latter being given by the positive square root of 'y From Equation 5,
  • This wave propagates in the minus z direction, and, as shown in FIG. 4B, is elliptically polarized with its major axis in the x direction.
  • Similar evaluations of 'y in guide 32 may be made, with the condition that e is less than zero, and 6 is greater than zero, and in guide 3-2 equals e in guide 31, and e in guide 32 equals e in guide 31.
  • Such evaluations yield two waves of consequence.
  • One is a decaying wave N ⁇ of elliptical polarization whose major axis, as shown in FIG. 4D, is in the x, or cut-oif direction
  • the second is a propagating wave P3 of elliptical polarization whose major axis is along the y direction, as shown in FIG. 4B.
  • the output wave is represented, in region IV, by E of amplitude E and phase 90 +6.
  • the 90 degrees represents a time phase shift occurring at the junction :0, whereas 0 is the time phase shift over the regions II and III.
  • P ⁇ wave a propagating transmitted wave in guide 32 and the N wave, an evanescent wave in guide 32.
  • the scattering coetlicients are seen to possess qualitatively the same properties as are observed in the physical embodiments of the device, namely:
  • gyromagnetic medium is unma'gnetized junction.
  • condition 4 When the applied field is such that condition 4 occurs at some frequency, condition 5 will be found to occur at a lower frequency and condition 2 at a still lower frequency.
  • the upper limit of the frequency range at which condition 4 occurs will be at the point at which the input guide becomes capable of supporting more than a single mode and the properties of the junction become drastically difierent (for example, the Faraday rotation effect makes its appearance and the evanescent waves disappear);
  • the state of polarization at the plane 2:0 is elliptical. It may, under given conditions, be circ'ular. Of particular importance, however, is the situation wherein the polarization is linear and at an angle of 45 to the principal axis of the anisotropic medium. Either circular and linear polarization can be made to occur together with condition 4, i.e., with full transmission.
  • the dilferences are essentially difierences in detail and degree, which dilferences would determine which of the structures might be used in some particular application. This can best be illustrated by considering two applications in which one or the other of the two devices are used to best advantage.
  • the butt joint structure of FIG. 3 has been used essentially as a mathematical model for the purpose of analysis, it makes an excellent magnetically controlled reactive switch.
  • a switch As a switch, it possesses a very high insertion loss in the reflecting (nonmagnetized) state, low loss in the transmitting (magnetized) state (which is, in principle, lower than that attainable in any of the currently known ferrite-waveguide devices), high switching speed, broad bandwidth, and little sensitivity to variations in applied field and magnetic density of the gyromagnetic medium.
  • it may be used as a reversible gyrator, whose direction of phase shift is a function of the direction of polarization of the gyromagnetic element.
  • the non-transmitting state is that state in which the coupling effect of the gyromagnetic material is nullified by demagnetizing it.
  • this non-cupling state the extent to which spurious transmission is suppressed is determined entirely by the degree of mechanical perfection of the junction.
  • the simplest and most precise structure for this purpose is the butt joint in which all surfaces are either mutually parallel or perpendicular. It should also be noted that for this application the state of polarization at the joint is of little importance in its performance as a switch.
  • a resistance vane isolator of the type to be described in greater detail hereinafter, the state of polarization of the wave energy is of great importance since it determines the forward-to-reverse attenuation ratio.
  • the tapered section of FIG. 1 would be more suitable for use as an isolator, and, in general, for all ap plications in which a particular state of polarization is to be maintained over an interval.
  • both the x and y polarizations are momentarily cut off at the junction. It has been similarly found that in the tapered section .11, there may be a finite longitudinal interval wherein both polarizations are cut off. If this region is made too long, however, there Will be substantially no transmission through the section.
  • the overall length of the taper, and particularly the length of the taper wherein both orthogonally polarized waves can propagate should not be greater than half a wavelength for the highest frequency to be transmitted therethrough.
  • the gyromagnetic material should extend over an interval coextensive with that occupied by the evanescent waves NJ and N
  • the gyromagnetic substance contribute to the effective tapering of the transmission line characteristics. This effect is especially important in those cases where the rod diameter is so large as to cause appreciable distortion of the distribution of radio frequency electromagnetic energy over the cross section of the wave path (dielectric waveguide effect).
  • Equations 10 and 15 may require that the gyromagnetic element and biasing field be tapered as well as the waveguide.
  • changes in the dimensions of the wav guide over the critical region may be second order and can be neglected.
  • particular attention must be given to the contribution to the effective tapering by the gyromagnetic material. In the latter class of devices it will be necessary to appropriately proportion the distribution of gyromagnetic material over the critical region.
  • FIG. 5 there is shown a perspective View of the tetrahedral tapered section of the present invention connected and utilized to produce nonreciprocal transmission effects.
  • the device of FIG. 5, in particular, is an attenuator utilizing the ninety degree difference in the direction of polarization occurring in the tetrahedral section to produce nonreciprocal operation.
  • the isolator in accordance with the invention, comprises the two coaxially aligned dominant mode rectangular waveguides 51 and 52 separated by the tetrahedral section 53.
  • Waveguide 52 is rotated ninety degrees about the common axis with respect to guide 51 so that the directions of wave polarization in the two paths are mutually orthogonal.
  • Rod 54 Extending along the axis over an interval of the tapered section 53 is .a cylindrical rod of gyromagnetic material 54.
  • Rod 54 is longitudinally biased by the steady biasing field H.
  • Field H may be externally supplied in any of the usual ways well known in the art, or rod 54 may be permanently magnetized.
  • the resistive vanes 55 and 56 Longitudinally disposed along rod 54 are the resistive vanes 55 and 56 which extend substantially equal distances from the center of guide 53 toward guides 51 and 52.
  • the vanes are located in a plane inclined at an angle of fomtydive degrees to the directions of polarization in guides 51 and 52, so as to absorb and dissipate waves having their plane of polarization parallel to the plane of vanes 55 and 56, but to pass substantially unaitected waves having their plane of polarization perpendicular to the plane of the vanes.
  • the operation of the isolator of FIG. may be explained by first considering a wave traveling from a to b.
  • This wave is horizontally polarized in guide 52.
  • the wave With the tetrahedral section adjusted to satisfy the conditions specified by Equations and 15, the wave will be linearly polarized in the region of the resistive vanes but at an angle of forty-five degrees relative to its initial direction of polarization, and at an angle of ninety degrees with respect to the plane of the resistive vanes. So oriented, the wave will pass through the tapered section unafi'ected and leave by way of guide 51.
  • FIG. 6 there is shown a three port circulator comprising the waveguides 61, 62, the tapered section 63 and the biased gyromagnetic element 64, arranged in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 5.
  • a'probe 69 extending into the tapered guide.
  • Probe 69 is centrally located along the tapered section (in the region wherein the wave polarization is substantially linear), and is oriented to be parallel to said polarization for waves propagating through the taper for one direction of propagation, but to be normal to the direction of polarization for waves propagating in the reverse direction.
  • the plane of polarization of wave energy entering section 63 from guide 62 is rotated into coincidence with the probe 69. Energy so polarized is thereby coupled to guide 65 and hence out through port b, with none reaching guide 61.
  • Wave energy introduced into guide 65 is coupled into section 63 by way of probe 69 and propagates in the direction of guide 61, with none reaching guide 62..
  • energy introduced from guide 61 reaches the coupling region polarized normal to the preferred direction of coupling to probe 69. Consequently, substantially none of the energy is coupled to guide 65, and all is propagated through to guide 62.
  • the sequence of propagation is a b, b c, and c n.
  • FIG. 7 shows a four port circulator using two tetrahedral tapers 71 and 72, coupled by means of the coaxial connection 73 and the associated electrostatic probes 74 and 75.
  • the probes are inclined at an angle of forty-five degrees to correspond to the direction of polarization of Wave energy propagating in one direction through the respective tapered sections and to be normal to the direction of polarization for propagation in the reverse direction. So arranged, transmission takes place from a 11, b a, ca, and da in typical circulator fashion.
  • FIG. 8 alternately shows a four-port circulator using a single tetrahedral tapered section 81.
  • the two branch guides 82 and 83 are directly coupled to the tetrahedral by means of the apertures 84 and 85, respectively.
  • the apertures are situated in adjacent corners of the tapered section 81 in the region of linear polarization. For one direction of propagation, energy is coupled through aperture 84 to guide 82, whereas for propagation through the taper in the reverse direction, energy is coupled through aperture 85 to guide 83.
  • the shift in coupling is due to the ninety degree change in the direction of polarization of the wave energy resulting from the change in the direction of propagation through the tapered section.
  • tapered sections shown in the several illustrative embodiments of the invention comprise sections of conduct-ively bounded waveguide
  • the taper may be composed of finline or other types of waveguiding structures without in any way detracting from the effectiveness of .its operation.
  • the taper need not be linear but may vary in any prescribed manner in accordance withthe requirements of the particular application.
  • the use of coaxial connections between the several components comprising the three and four-port circulators of FIGS. 6 and 7 was merely illustrative. Other types of suitable coupling means, well known in the art, may be used in their place equally as well.
  • FIG. 9 An illustration of the use of other types of waveguiding structures to practice the invention is given in FIG. 9 where the equivalent of the butt joint structure of FIG. 3 is shown using coaxial cable,
  • the coaxial cable 90 comprises the inner cylindrical conductor 92 separated from a coaxially disposed outer cylindrical conductor 93 by a suitable dielectric material 94.
  • cable 91 comprises an inner cylindrical conductor 95 and an outer coaxial cylindrical conductor 96 separated by the dielectrio material 97.
  • each of these elements is longitudinally biased by means of a steady magnetic field of amplitude H with the direction of the biasing field in element 98 reversed with respect to the direction of the biasing field in element 99.
  • FIG. 10 shows in greater detail the arrangement of the two cables and, in particular, the magnetic field distribution in the common regions A and B bounded by the inner conductors 92 and 95 and the outer conductors 93 and 96.
  • the radio frequency magnetic fields (which, in general, consist of closed loops of magnetic fiux surrounding the inner conductor of each coaxial cable) intersect.
  • Illustrative of these intersecting fields are the intersecting magnetic field components, i and E and i and 1 shown in the two common regions, A and B, respectively.
  • the intersecting radio frequency fields can be made to be orthogonal over the regions A and B, thereby precluding any coupling of wave energy between the two abutting sections of cable.
  • the junction of coaxial lines is in every essential respect equivalent to the waveguide version described above and shown in FIG. 3 and as such is suitable for use as a switch or gyrator. It should be noted that its ability to function as a switch or gyrator does not depend upon the establishment of a unique mode of polarization of the wave energy at the 13 junction. In addition, this structure has the advantage that by operating in the TEM mode it possesses no cutoff and can therefore serve as a practical embodiment of the butt joint switch and gyrator at frequencies below those conveniently utilized in waveguide structures.
  • a first region of said path supportive of wave energy polarized in a first direction
  • a second region of said path supportive of wave energy polarized in a second direction orthogonal to said first direction
  • means for coupling said wave energy from said first region to said second region comprising an element of longitudinally biased gyromagnetic material, said gyromagnetic element and said first and said second transmission regions proportioned to induce a linearly polarized wave in an inter- -val of said path between said first and said second regions whose direction of polarization differs by ninety degrees for opposite longitudinal directions of propagation along said path.
  • a first wave path supportive of wave energy polarized in a first direction a second wave path supportive of wave energy polarized in a second direction orthogonal to said first direction
  • means for coupling wave energy from said first path to said second path comprising an element of gyromagnetic material magnetically biased in the direction of wave propagation, said paths and said biased gyromagnetic element proportioned to induce a linearly polarized wave in a region between said paths whose direction of polarization is inclined at an angle of fortyfive degrees with respect to the directions of polarization of said wave energy in said first and second paths.
  • a conductively bounded waveguiding structure that varies smoothly and continuously from a transverse cross section of a given shape at a first longitudinal location to a transverse cross section of a different shape at a second longitudinal location, an elongated member of magnetically polarizable material capable of exhibiting gyroT magnetic properties at the operating frequency of said system extending longitudinally within said structure between said locations, a magnetizing field applied longitudinally to said member, coupling means located between said first and said second locations for coupling to wave energy propagating through said guide in one direction to a substantially different degree than to wave energy propagating through said guide in the reverse direction, and means for varying the amplitude and direction of said magnetizing field.
  • said coupling means comprises a vane of lossy material lying and in a plane parallel to the direction of said linear polarization for waves propagating through said guide in the reverse direction.
  • said coupling means comprises an electrostatic probe extending in a direction parallel to the direction of said linear polarization for wave energy propagating in said one direction.
  • a four-port circulator comprising a pair of electromagnetically coupled tapered waveguide sections each supportive of wave energy having a first sense of polarization at one end thereof and a second sense of polarization at the other end thereof orthogonal to said first sense, means for coupling wave energy from said first sense of polarization to said second sense of polarization in each of said sections comprising a magnetically biased element of gyromagnetic material, said sections and said elements proportioned to induce linearly polarized wave energy in a region within said section between said one end and said other end inclined at an angle of forty-five degrees to said first sense of polarization and said second sense of polarization, and means for coupling between said sections located in said regions of induced lineraly polarized wave energy.
  • An electromagnetic wave transmission path adapted for propagating wave energy in respectively opposite longitudinal directions whose cross-sectional dimensions vary continuouslyfrom a first transverse cross section supportive of wave energy polarized in a first sense, to a second transverse cross section supportive of wave energy polarized in a second sense orthogonal to said first sense,
  • first and second sections of coaxial cable each comprising an inner conductor surrounded by a coaxially disposed outer conductor, said sections having the cofacing ends thereof abutting upon each other with the longitudinal axis of said first section transversely displaced with respect to the longitudinal axis of said second section defining a pair of regions common to both said cables bounded by said inner conductors and said outer conductors, at least one element of gyronragnetic material disposed Within one of said regions and means for magnetically biasing said element.
  • first and second sections of coaxial cable each comprising an inner conductor surrounded by a coaxially disposed outer conductor proportioned to support wave energy in the TEM mode, said wave energy as supported in each'of said sections having circular magnetic field components coaxially distributed over the interval between said inner and said outer conductor, said sections having the cotacing ends thereof abutting upon each other with the longitudinal axis of said first section transversely displaced with respect to the longitudinal axis of said second section defining first and second overlapping regions of magnetic 'field hav- 16 ing mutually orthogonal field components, an element of gyromagnetic material disposed within at least one of said regions and means for longitudinally biasing said element.
  • first and second sections of rectangular waveguide coaxially disposed along a common longitudinal axis,vthe cofacing ends of said waveguides abutting upon each other to form a butt joint, said second guide being rotated ninety degrees about said axis with respect to said first guide, an element of gyromagnetic material extending from said first guide through said joint into said second guide, a source of magnetic field for biasing said element in a direction parallel to said axis and means for varying the amplitude and sense of said biasing field.
  • each of said Waveguides is supportive of electromagnetic wave energy in only one sense of polarization.

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US831416A 1959-08-03 1959-08-03 Nonreciprocal microwave devices Expired - Lifetime US3010083A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL254493D NL254493A (fi) 1959-08-03
US831416A US3010083A (en) 1959-08-03 1959-08-03 Nonreciprocal microwave devices
BE593070A BE593070A (fr) 1959-08-03 1960-07-15 Dispositifs non reciproques à microondes
GB26300/60A GB950199A (en) 1959-08-03 1960-07-28 Improvements in or relating to electromagnetic wave transmission systems
DEW28289A DE1157276B (de) 1959-08-03 1960-08-01 Nichtreziproke Mikrowelleneinrichtungen
FR834933A FR1266753A (fr) 1959-08-03 1960-08-03 Dispositifs non réciproques pour ondes ultra-courtes

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3145356A (en) * 1960-10-11 1964-08-18 Nat Res Dev Different sized waveguides coupled by a narrow tapered dielectric rod

Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2741744A (en) * 1951-05-08 1956-04-10 Driscoll Clare Microwave apparatus for circular polarization
US2748353A (en) * 1951-05-26 1956-05-29 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Non-recirpocal wave guide attenuator
US2892161A (en) * 1955-01-31 1959-06-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Nonreciprocal circuit element

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2802184A (en) * 1953-06-17 1957-08-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Non-reciprocal wave transmission
US2923903A (en) * 1955-04-14 1960-02-02 Nonreciprocal electromagnetic wave medium

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2741744A (en) * 1951-05-08 1956-04-10 Driscoll Clare Microwave apparatus for circular polarization
US2748353A (en) * 1951-05-26 1956-05-29 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Non-recirpocal wave guide attenuator
US2892161A (en) * 1955-01-31 1959-06-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Nonreciprocal circuit element

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3145356A (en) * 1960-10-11 1964-08-18 Nat Res Dev Different sized waveguides coupled by a narrow tapered dielectric rod

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BE593070A (fr) 1960-10-31
GB950199A (en) 1964-02-19
NL254493A (fi)

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