US2969308A - Method of producing energetic plasma for neutron production - Google Patents

Method of producing energetic plasma for neutron production Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US2969308A
US2969308A US753846A US75384658A US2969308A US 2969308 A US2969308 A US 2969308A US 753846 A US753846 A US 753846A US 75384658 A US75384658 A US 75384658A US 2969308 A US2969308 A US 2969308A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
plasma
volume
sub
mirror
ions
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US753846A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Persa R Bell
Jr Robert J Mackin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE581270D priority Critical patent/BE581270A/xx
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US753846A priority patent/US2969308A/en
Priority to GB20163/59A priority patent/GB880124A/en
Priority to FR801399A priority patent/FR1234901A/fr
Priority to CH7655859A priority patent/CH370493A/fr
Priority to DEU6416A priority patent/DE1165776B/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2969308A publication Critical patent/US2969308A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/02—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma
    • H05H1/22—Arrangements for confining plasma by electric or magnetic fields; Arrangements for heating plasma for injection heating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a novel device for producing energetic neutrons and for heating a plasma and method of operation thereof.
  • the apparatus set forth in the application of Albert Simon, aforementioned is useful and capable of producing an energetic plasma, but the size of the plasma produced is limited due to the relative small size of the apparatus.
  • iii a very large device, it is impractical to achieve burnout of the residual neutral particles, which is a prime necessitybefore a plasma can grow and thus reach a size where it produces a substantial energization of the plasma. Burnout is impractical in a larger device because suiciently large molecular ion beam currents are not readily obtainable.
  • Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a controlled plasma and neutron producing device.
  • Fig. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a controlled plasma and neutron producing device
  • the primary object of the invention is provision of a I method for producing an energetic plasma and for pro- Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a method for converting heat from the reactions in the device of Fig. 1 into electrical power.
  • mirror coils which provide a temporary magnetically confined subvolume region, said coils at startup having, for example, about one-fifth their normal operating values, initiating a plasma within this region by, for example, injecting high-energy molecular ions in an amount in excess of the critical input current for burnout (see the Simon application, supra, Fig. 2) into the temporary region into the path of an energetic arc such as disclosed in the aforementioned Luce applications, where a portion of the injected molecular ions are l dissociated into atomic ions, which are trapped by the temporary mirrors will be increased, say by a factor of.
  • the arc is shut olf, high-energy injection is discontinued and injection of cold fuel at an angle greater than the critical angle for containment and through the mirror region, for example, is begun.
  • Cold fuel as used herein is fuel of a temperature below that for optimum reaction rates, as fully discussed below.
  • the addition of suicient cold fuel causes the temperature of the plasma to fall.
  • the injection preferably continues until the temperature falls to that corresponding to the maximum reaction ratel for a given machine.
  • the cold feed is adjusted to maintain the optimum reaction temperature.
  • the subvolume is filled with a hot plasma, the reacting volume is gradually increased by proper manipulation of current in the magnetic coils surrounding the device and the fuel feed controlled until the entire working volume of the device is filled with an energetic plasma.
  • the plasma temperature is reduced to an operating value corresponding to the injection of fresh fuel as rapidly as fuel is lost and burned.
  • Deuterium gas is fed to the inside f .at least @ne Qf. .Sadhollow electrodes @inthe base thereofV at a controlled rate such that nearly coinplete spaceicharge neutralination occurs within thehollow cathodeandhc documentss 4the arc dischargeAto terminate froml within the hollow cathode.
  • an. ⁇ R.F. voltage source is used to help initiate the discharge and is then disconnected. .Avatiable.
  • thermonuclear device such asw disclosed ⁇ in ⁇ the" Luce application,y Serial No. 728,754, aforementioned.
  • the residual neutral atoms or panticles in the device have to be destroyed and new neutral particles have to beidestroyed as fast as ⁇ they flood into the system.
  • the apparatus at startup will have, large numbers of neutral 'particles in it and these neutral particles'cwill remove hot ions from the system because of the charge exchange process.
  • the cross sectionffor charge exchange - is a steeply decreasing'vfunction of the atomic ion velocity above about 30 kev.
  • v ercual to the ⁇ mirror ratio that isgthe ratio, ofhtlie in magnetic iield strength inl the mirror region, (o the axis:insideftheV rnirr'cils) tor the in 1- i i
  • the coulomb cross-section values may be computed from the formula where e is the charge on the electron, and E, is the average energy of anion in the plasma.
  • the rst term on the right represents the constant source input; the second term takes into account mirror losses; and the third term represents loss by charge exchange.
  • the first term on the right represents the streaming of lneutrals into the plasma; the second term represents the outstreaming from the plasma; and the third term shows the eects of neutral burnout by ionization and charge exchange.
  • burnout occurs at the critical point at which the neutrals are being ionized at a rate equal to the rate of their entry into the system.
  • the average number of neutrals ionized by a fast ion before the ion itself is lost can be expressed as Therefore, the critical value of input current to obtain this critical point may be expressed approximately as:
  • I is the total current of neutrals streaming into the plasma as defined by the formula:
  • the input current Ic used is the value of atomic ion current produced as a result of dissociation and/ or ionization of the molecular ion beam. Since the neutral instreaming varies linearly with pressure, the value of critical current also varies linearly with pressure.
  • Burnout is not a suddenly occuring phenomenon as the current is increased, but rather a smooth transition over a relatively narrow range of current. It has been shown that for currents well above the critical value, the steady-state neutral density, no, can be expressed as:
  • a cathode 8 ⁇ is mounted in member 33 and an anode 9 is mounted in a breeding blanket 1. It may be desirable to place the anode at the extreme right end of the reactor, outside the permanent mirror and thus to run the arc over the entire length of the machine.
  • Gas fnom ya source 34 is fed through a tube 35 to the inside of cathode '8.
  • An arc-initiating-assisting means such as a R.F.
  • arc operating potential such as a variable direct current source 43 is connected at one side to the cathode 8 by leads 44 and 38, and is connected at its other side to anode 9 by lead 45, switch 46, lead 47, and lead 42.
  • An energetic arc discharge 10 which passes through opening 28 in end plate 14, opening 29 in breeding blanket 1,v and follows the magnetic field lines as set up by the magnetic mirror coils as shown, may be initiated and sustained by apparatus such as disclosed in either of the aforementioned Luce applications.
  • the reaction chamber 26 is defined by the breeding blanket 1 which is surrounded by magnetic mirror coils 6 2 and 3 and by a plurality of solenoid coils 17 disposed in end-to-end relation between the mirror coils 2 and 3,l Iand a pair of end plates 14 and 15 which are mounted by electrica-l insulators 31 and 32, respectively, to the outside chamber wall 21.
  • the end plates areA thus insulated so that they may become charged by ions and repel further'ions back 4into the reaction volume, and so that a current may be drained therefrom to obtain electrical power directly.
  • the solenoid coils 17 are also used to provide the temporary mirror regions.
  • the reaction chamber 26 is evacuated by vacuum pumps, not shown, through tubular members 24 and 25.
  • An outer vacuum chamber 30 which encloses the reaction vacuum chamber 26, is evacuated'by vacuum pumps not shown through tubular members 22 and 23.
  • High energy molecular ions for exampleD2+ of 600 kev. energy, are injected from a source 4, through an accelerator tube 5, through tube 48, yand through an opening 16 in one of the solenoid coils 17 and the blanket 1, and then into the path of the energetic arc discharge 10, where a portion of them are dissociated to form a magnetically trapped circulating ring 7 of atomic ions in a manner set forth in the aforementioned Luce application, Serial No. 728,754.
  • Fig. 3 shows a schematic system forl converting this heat into electrical energy.
  • the accelerator tube 5, referred to above, may be energized by a conventional high voltage generator.
  • a suitablehigh current source of molecular ions from source 4 may be provided by apparatus such as set forth on pake 18 of if it is desired to impart energy to the fuel, and through entrance conduit 49 into the plasma region.
  • apparatus such as set forth on pake 18 of if it is desired to impart energy to the fuel, and through entrance conduit 49 into the plasma region.
  • a mirror type machine such as illustrated in Fig. 1, it is difficult to inject Icold gas into the interior of a plasma at an angle less than the critical angle for containment due to the short life of a cold atom.
  • the mean life of an atom in a plasma is: v
  • t - nav
  • n is equal to the ion density
  • v is equal to the ion velocity
  • r is equal to the ionization cross-section.
  • the cross-section (a) is about 1016 cm.2 for the device in consideration, and t is then equal to about 10- sec. It therefore follows that the mean distance a room-temperature atom can penetrate into the plasma before it becomes ionized is -a fraction of a centimeter. Since a cold ion is incapable ofrcrossing the magnetic eld, cold atoms injected rfrom the side are prevented from reaching the plasma interior.
  • a solution to this problem is to inject the cold fuel particles (neutrals and/or ions) through one of the mirrors at an angle greater than the critical angle for containment. This critical angle is obtained from the formula:
  • the water is used to moderate the neutrons rapidly, while the beryllium produces extra neutrons by (n, 2n) reactions. separately.
  • the tritium thus produced in the blanket may then be recovered by conventional methods.
  • the reaction tube radius is 60 cm.
  • the blanketthickness is 60l cm.
  • the outer diameter of the coils is 480 cm.
  • the length of the reaction chamber is 50 meters. 17 are not shown vin theirrtrue perspective with respect tothe radius of ,the reaction chamber 26 because of space' limitation on, the drawing.
  • a sub-volume o f .theentire device is isolated magnetically by suitably energizing ⁇ different sections of the coils 17.
  • An additional' temporary mirror is produced about one meter from ⁇ the mirror 2 with a mirror ratio of 3.5 to l.
  • the temporary mirror formed by the coils ⁇ 17 is shown by the dashed, bowed-in ⁇ field lines in' Figure 1.
  • the sub-volume formed bythe temporary mirror and the permanent mirror is then Substantially equal to the reaction Vchamber of the aforementioned, Simon application., The entire eld strengthy in thisregion ,isestablishedr at aA value about 1/s of its normalgoperating value; Thus, tlie field in the' midplane of: the subfvolumeisabout 6 kilogauss on the axisV and is 21- kilogauss in the coils. .
  • the next section of eld coils immediatelyfollowing thetemporary mirror is reversed in current direction. This is done in order to obtain some eld lines which run up into the wall region as shown by dashed lines on the drawing.
  • a high-energy vacuum carbon arc or hi-gh-energy deuteriumarc is now struck :between the cathode 8 and the anode9 in a manner as set forth in the aforementioned Luceapplications.
  • injection ofkmolecular D21' ⁇ or DT+ ions at energies of about 6O0Nkev, and a current of about one ampere or greater is begun by use of a cascade accelerator as discussed ahora
  • the initial pressure ini the reaction chamber 26 is maintained at atvalue of about l06 mm. Hg.
  • the injected molecular beam 6 is passedthrough the arc dischargel wheireka portion, for ⁇ example, 25%,. of the molecular ions are dissociatedand ⁇ are trapped by the magnetic field and forni ⁇ a ⁇ circulatii1g- ⁇ beam 7, of atomic ions.
  • the initial condition which must be attained is Vthat of burnout
  • the pressure is low enough and the trapped beam is large enough so that the neutral particles which are ooding into the active volume are ionized by ionizationnand ,charge exchangeas fastras they enter.
  • the iron is used to contain the lithium and water The width of the blanket 1 and of the coils.
  • the resultant ion density isdetermined by the balance between trapped currentand mirror losses, ⁇ with theV proviso thatl/z.
  • the term is defined as the ratio of plasma pressure ⁇ to magnetic field pressure.
  • the unit used for these pressures is dynes per square centimeter.
  • T is the temperature'in K.
  • k is Boltzmanns constant
  • the input current may be reduced immediately after goes to 3f0kilogauss. Simultaneously, the arc is shut off, ⁇
  • P is the probability ofV scattering into the escape cone, as discussed above, and is approximately equal to l--cos 9c, or
  • the end mirror andten'iporary mirror rise ⁇ to 105 kilogaus's while' tlie rriidplane field ⁇ of the subvolumeA high-energy injection is discontinued and injection of cold ⁇ fuel.
  • ⁇ of a l5045() mixture of deuterium and tritium is begun from source 11 and'at an angle greater than the critical angle for containment as discussed above.
  • next step will than be the gradual motion of the tempor'ary mirror to the right (Fig. 1) by selective adjustment of curernt t'o the solenoid coils 17, by means, not shown, with a consequent filling of the entire working volume.
  • This adjustment of current to the solenoid coils compriseslincreasing thecurrent t0 a coil 17 to the right of the temporary mirror region to a value so as to provide a new temporary mirrior region having a eld strength of 105 kilogauss while at ⁇ the same time reducing the current to the coil 17 which formed the initial temporary mirror region to a value which provides a field strength of 30 kilogauss.
  • This procedure is repeated step by step until the temporary mirror eld is finally moved adjacent to the mirorr field provided by coil 3, after which the temporary mirror field is removed by reducing the current to the coil 17 adjacent to mirror coil 3 to its normal operating value so as to provide a field ⁇ strength of 30 kilogauss.
  • the hot plasma is then confined in the entire magnetic volume provided between mirror coils 2 and 3 and solenoid coils 17. As discussed below the entire device can be lled in about 45 seconds and the temporary mirrors provided by coils 17 will need no special windings, since a temporary overload of a section of winding for an interval of this duration should be of no consequence.
  • the final step is the reduction of the plasma temperature to the rst steady operating point (calculated to be about 60 kev.);
  • the rate of change of the number of particles in the plasma is:
  • ac is the coulomb cross section for 90-deg. scattering by repeated small-angle collisions
  • v is the relative collision velocity.
  • the injected particle current of ions is denoted by I
  • V is the total volume of the plasma.
  • nD deuterium ion density
  • nT tritium ion density
  • aDT nuclear cross section
  • v relative velocity
  • a@ is the Coulomb cross section for scattering through 90 deg., and the mirror escape probability per 90 deg. collision is denoted by P.
  • Thesecond term accounts for fuel lost by nuclear reactions.
  • the maximum density may be determined by specifying a value of the magnetic field. Assume that 3:30.000 gauss. Their B2 11cTg4-nil.;Tri/5'* ⁇ (18) where' is the maximum ratio of material pressure to magnetic pressure. Assume that a maximum value of @2f/ jean be achieved. Y Now if the electrons and ions are at the same temperature and have equal densities,
  • the nuclear power yield per unit length increases as the square of the radius.
  • the total magnet power required does not change as long as the ratio of outer coil radius to inner coil radius is kept fixed.
  • the magnetic field in a solenoid is given by the relation where J is the number of ampere turns per unit length. ⁇ If the'insideu andoutside radii of the coils are-denoted by ri ⁇ andr2, respectively, and s is' defined as a spaceV factor equal to the fraction ofthe gross cross section of thecoil which is occupied by solid conductor, then J 24. g (Timms where I is the current density in the conductor.
  • the energetic plasma produced in the device of Fig. l will effect the production of a quantity of neutrons and a large amount of energy.
  • energy is produced by the (n, 7) reaction in the lithium blanket.
  • this energy will be taken off in the form of heat from the blanket, tube wall, and end plates and will be put through a conventional heat cycle.
  • Fig. 3 shows such a conventional heat cycle in which electrical power is produced.
  • pressurized water ows through the coils in the blanket and those adjacent the end plates, and enters a conventional heat exchanger where it gives up its heat to generate steam.
  • the steam drives a turbogenerator to produce electric power in the conventional manner.
  • the principles set forth above may be employed in a device which is toroidal in shape. This presupposes that current theoretical ideas for making a successful toroidal container are correct.
  • a device is illustrated in Fig. 2.
  • the device of Fig. 2 may involve the use of the energetic arc for substantially the full length of the re actor although operation of a shorter arc in the manner of Fig. l is also feasible.
  • the arc is terminated after burnout followed by a magnetic field increase, and relatively low energy fuel injection is used to feed the plasma after burnout, in the same manner as set forth in the operation of Fig. l above.
  • the arc electrodes are positioned in a region of widely diverging magnetic fields (a temporary condition) so that the field lines intersect the walls of the reaction tube.
  • a temporary mirror region is established, as shown in Fig. 2, near the diverging region to form a static mirror region.
  • This static mirror region is shown by the dashed bowed-in field lines adjacent to where tube 65 enters into the reaction chamber.
  • a moveable mirror region is established to the right of the static mirror region as shown by the dashed bowed-in field lines.
  • a small reacting plasma is initiated, by means described above for Fig. l, in the sub-volume between the static mirror and the moveable mirror.
  • the magnetic field is increased to the value necessary for the containment of reaction products, the arc is extinguished, cool fuel injection is substituted, and the moveable mirror is progressively moved away from the static mirror until it eventually is beside the opposite side of the diverging region. At this point, the field in the diverging region is returned to normal, and both of the mirror fields are removed. Alternately, the field in the diverging region may be returned to normal when the arc is extinguished.
  • a cathode electrode 55 is insulatingly mounted in a space in one of the solenoid coils 71, and anode electrode 56 is insulatingly mounted in one of the solenoid coils 71.
  • These electrodes are so positioned that the'arc discharge 57 which is initiated between them passes through holes 75 and 76 in the blanket 70 and reaction tube 74 and then follows the magnetic field lines as shown by the dashed linesA in the figure.
  • the reaction chamber 72 is formed by the tubular member 74 shaped in the form of a toroid as shown. This tube is surrounded by a breeding blanket 70. This blanket 70 is in turn surrounded by the solenoid coils 71.
  • Additional coils are provided to establish a system of transverse magnetic fields perpendicular to the axial confining field, to insure stability of the plasma.
  • the direction of these transverse fields rotates with axial distance around the torus.
  • a helical confining eld is Ia simple form of such transverse field, for example.
  • Heat from the reaction tube and the reactions that take place in the blanket 70 is removed by pressurized fluid which is circulated through tubes 69 mounted in the blanket 70. This heat is then converted into electrical energy in the same manner as set forth for Fig. l above.
  • the reaction tube is evacuated by vacuum pumps not shown, through tubular members 67 and 68.
  • vHigh energy mo-V lecular ions are injected into subvolume 73 from a source 58, through accelerator tube 59, and through tube 60 in the form of 4a beam 61 which beam passes through arc discharge 57 where a portion of them are dissociated to form a magnetically trapped circulating beam of atomic ions 62.
  • injection of high energy molecular ions may be stopped and injection ofcold fuel then started.
  • This cold fuel during the time that a temporary mirror region exists may be injected as a beam 66 and at an angle greater than the critical angle for containment from a source 63 through tube ⁇ 64, and then through tube 65, as shown.
  • the toroid is then filled with a plasma in a manner indicated above.
  • ⁇ dimensions -for the device of Fig. 2 are substantially the same as those for Fig. 1 above and the device of Fig. 2 operates in substantially the same manner as that set forth for Fig. l above and therefore a detailed description of the operation of Fig. 2 will not be given.
  • a hollow deuterium arc discharge such as disclosed in the application of John S. Luce, Serial No. 748,771, now Patent No. 2,927,232, issued March l, 1960, aforementioned, is used in the devices of Fig. l and Fig. 2, then the magnetic mirror fields will cause the discharge to spread out in the region between the mirrors and the plasma will then be contained within the hollow arc discharge. This condition will prevent the instreaming of cold neutrals from the vessel Walls into the plasma.
  • the method of initiating and sustaining an energetic plasma for the production of neutrons in an evacuated reaction chamber surrounded by a plurality of electromagnetic coils in end-to-end relation comprising the steps of selectively energizing some of said coils to establish a relatively large first value of containing magnetic field in a small portion of said chamber to form a magnetically contained sub-volume, said sub-volume being formed by two magnetic mirror regions spaced apart axially with a uniform magnetic field therebetween and having a mirror ratio of at least 3.5 to l; initiating an energetic arc discharge between two electrodes, said discharge passing through said sub-volume along the containing magnetic field lines; injecting a selected current of relatively highenergy molecular ions into the path of said discharge where a portion of said molecular ions are dissociated and/or ionized to form atomic ions which are trapped by said containing magnetic field to form an energetic plasma in which neutrons are produced within said sub-volume, said selected current being at least Igreater than that required for producing a current

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
US753846A 1958-08-07 1958-08-07 Method of producing energetic plasma for neutron production Expired - Lifetime US2969308A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE581270D BE581270A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1958-08-07
US753846A US2969308A (en) 1958-08-07 1958-08-07 Method of producing energetic plasma for neutron production
GB20163/59A GB880124A (en) 1958-08-07 1959-06-12 Thermonuclear reactor and method of initiating and sustaining a thermonuclear reaction
FR801399A FR1234901A (fr) 1958-08-07 1959-07-28 Réacteur thermo-nucléaire
CH7655859A CH370493A (fr) 1958-08-07 1959-08-04 Procédé de formation et d'entretien d'un plasma thermonucléaire
DEU6416A DE1165776B (de) 1958-08-07 1959-08-07 Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines hochtemperierten Plasmas

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US753846A US2969308A (en) 1958-08-07 1958-08-07 Method of producing energetic plasma for neutron production

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2969308A true US2969308A (en) 1961-01-24

Family

ID=25032401

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US753846A Expired - Lifetime US2969308A (en) 1958-08-07 1958-08-07 Method of producing energetic plasma for neutron production

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US2969308A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE581270A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH370493A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1165776B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1234901A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB880124A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3052617A (en) * 1959-06-23 1962-09-04 Richard F Post Stellarator injector
US3075115A (en) * 1961-03-27 1963-01-22 John W Flowers Ion source with space charge neutralization
US3085058A (en) * 1959-12-08 1963-04-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Plasma heating
US3155593A (en) * 1959-02-02 1964-11-03 Csf Apparatus for producing neutrons by collisions between ions
US3166477A (en) * 1958-12-24 1965-01-19 Csf Injection system for electric device
US3173248A (en) * 1960-11-07 1965-03-16 Litton Systems Inc Ionization and plasma acceleration apparatus
US3268758A (en) * 1964-05-13 1966-08-23 John W Flowers Hollow gas arc discharge device utilizing an off-center cathode
US4698198A (en) * 1983-04-15 1987-10-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Unified first wall-blanket structure for plasma device applications
US20030223528A1 (en) * 1995-06-16 2003-12-04 George Miley Electrostatic accelerated-recirculating-ion fusion neutron/proton source
US20140301518A1 (en) * 2013-04-03 2014-10-09 Thomas John McGuire Magnetic Field Plasma Confinement for Compact Fusion Power
US20180047463A1 (en) * 2013-04-03 2018-02-15 Lockheed Martin Corporation Heating plasma for fusion power using electromagnetic waves
US20180090232A1 (en) * 2013-04-03 2018-03-29 Lockheed Martin Corporation Heating Plasma for Fusion Power Using Neutral Beam Injection
US9934876B2 (en) 2013-04-03 2018-04-03 Lockheed Martin Corporation Magnetic field plasma confinement for compact fusion power
US9959942B2 (en) * 2013-04-03 2018-05-01 Lockheed Martin Corporation Encapsulating magnetic fields for plasma confinement
US9959941B2 (en) 2013-04-03 2018-05-01 Lockheed Martin Corporation System for supporting structures immersed in plasma

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3096269A (en) * 1961-05-23 1963-07-02 Halbach Klaus Counterrotating plasma device

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3166477A (en) * 1958-12-24 1965-01-19 Csf Injection system for electric device
US3155593A (en) * 1959-02-02 1964-11-03 Csf Apparatus for producing neutrons by collisions between ions
US3052617A (en) * 1959-06-23 1962-09-04 Richard F Post Stellarator injector
US3085058A (en) * 1959-12-08 1963-04-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Plasma heating
US3173248A (en) * 1960-11-07 1965-03-16 Litton Systems Inc Ionization and plasma acceleration apparatus
US3075115A (en) * 1961-03-27 1963-01-22 John W Flowers Ion source with space charge neutralization
US3268758A (en) * 1964-05-13 1966-08-23 John W Flowers Hollow gas arc discharge device utilizing an off-center cathode
US4698198A (en) * 1983-04-15 1987-10-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Unified first wall-blanket structure for plasma device applications
US20030223528A1 (en) * 1995-06-16 2003-12-04 George Miley Electrostatic accelerated-recirculating-ion fusion neutron/proton source
US20180047463A1 (en) * 2013-04-03 2018-02-15 Lockheed Martin Corporation Heating plasma for fusion power using electromagnetic waves
US20140301518A1 (en) * 2013-04-03 2014-10-09 Thomas John McGuire Magnetic Field Plasma Confinement for Compact Fusion Power
US9928927B2 (en) * 2013-04-03 2018-03-27 Lockheed Martin Corporation Heating plasma for fusion power using magnetic field oscillation
US9928926B2 (en) 2013-04-03 2018-03-27 Lockheed Martin Corporation Active cooling of structures immersed in plasma
US20180090232A1 (en) * 2013-04-03 2018-03-29 Lockheed Martin Corporation Heating Plasma for Fusion Power Using Neutral Beam Injection
US9934876B2 (en) 2013-04-03 2018-04-03 Lockheed Martin Corporation Magnetic field plasma confinement for compact fusion power
US9941024B2 (en) * 2013-04-03 2018-04-10 Lockheed Martin Corporation Heating plasma for fusion power using electromagnetic waves
US9947420B2 (en) * 2013-04-03 2018-04-17 Lockheed Martin Corporation Magnetic field plasma confinement for compact fusion power
US9959942B2 (en) * 2013-04-03 2018-05-01 Lockheed Martin Corporation Encapsulating magnetic fields for plasma confinement
US9959941B2 (en) 2013-04-03 2018-05-01 Lockheed Martin Corporation System for supporting structures immersed in plasma
US10049773B2 (en) * 2013-04-03 2018-08-14 Lockheed Martin Corporation Heating plasma for fusion power using neutral beam injection

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1165776B (de) 1964-03-19
CH370493A (fr) 1963-07-15
BE581270A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR1234901A (fr) 1960-07-01
GB880124A (en) 1961-10-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US2969308A (en) Method of producing energetic plasma for neutron production
US10923236B2 (en) System and method for small, clean, steady-state fusion reactors
Gibson et al. Plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research (summaries of the 11th IAEA international conference, kyoto, 13–20 november 1986)
Speth Neutral beam heating of fusion plasmas
US4065351A (en) Particle beam injection system
US4894199A (en) Beam fusion device and method
US4166760A (en) Plasma confinement apparatus using solenoidal and mirror coils
Hartman et al. New type of collective accelerator
US4601871A (en) Steady state compact toroidal plasma production
US3155592A (en) Fusion reactor
US3668067A (en) Polygonal astron reactor for producing controlled fusion reactions
US20150228369A1 (en) Fueling method for small, steady-state, aneutronic frc fusion reactors
US2997431A (en) Method of initiating and sustaining an energetic plasma for neutron production
US3047480A (en) Plasma device utilizing self-trapping of plasma current and magnetic field
TWI430285B (zh) 電漿電力產生系統
US3032490A (en) Destruction of neutral particles in a device for producing a high density plasma
Maglich The migma principle of controlled fusion
Furth et al. Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research (Report on the 9th IAEA International Conference, Baltimore, 1982)
Haines The high density Z-pinch as a fusion reactor
Fowler et al. Tandem-mirror technology demonstration facility
Bluhm et al. Light ion beam driven inertial confinement fusion: Requirements and achievements
Robinson Alternative approaches: concept improvements in magnetic fusion research
Post New Trends in Unconventional Approaches to Magnetic Fusion (Report on the Symposium, Stockholm, 1982)
Van Ness Report on the Geneva conference: developments in controlled fusion electronics
Forsen Injector Requirements for Open Ended Fusion Reactors