US2933643A - Travelling wave magnetrons - Google Patents

Travelling wave magnetrons Download PDF

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Publication number
US2933643A
US2933643A US496549A US49654955A US2933643A US 2933643 A US2933643 A US 2933643A US 496549 A US496549 A US 496549A US 49654955 A US49654955 A US 49654955A US 2933643 A US2933643 A US 2933643A
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Prior art keywords
anode
magnetron
space
resonators
plate
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US496549A
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English (en)
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Robertshaw Robert Gibson
Willshaw William Ernest
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MO Valve Co Ltd
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MO Valve Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/50—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field
    • H01J25/52—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field with an electron space having a shape that does not prevent any electron from moving completely around the cathode or guide electrode
    • H01J25/58—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field with an electron space having a shape that does not prevent any electron from moving completely around the cathode or guide electrode having a number of resonators; having a composite resonator, e.g. a helix
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/50—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field
    • H01J25/52—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field with an electron space having a shape that does not prevent any electron from moving completely around the cathode or guide electrode
    • H01J25/58—Magnetrons, i.e. tubes with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field with an electron space having a shape that does not prevent any electron from moving completely around the cathode or guide electrode having a number of resonators; having a composite resonator, e.g. a helix
    • H01J25/587—Multi-cavity magnetrons

Definitions

  • This invention relates to travelling wave magnetron oscillator devices of the kind having an anode structure deining an even plurality of cavity resonatorsspaced round, and opening on to, a cylindrical electron orbit space within which is located the cathode of the magnetron.
  • Such devices are arranged to co-operate with means for producing a magnetic eld directed parallel to the axis of the electron orbit space, which iield, in conjunction with a radial electrostatic eld applied between the cathode and the anode, causes the electrons emitted from the cathode to ow round the cathode and excite the cavity resonators; the oscillating electric elds set up between the cavity resonators in the electron orbit space cause the electrons to become focussed or hunched into spoke-like regions which travel round the cathode in synchronism with a component of the electric eld set up by the resonators, so that there is a continual transfer of energy from the electrons to the electric iield.
  • Such devices have the advantage that they can be designed to produce oscillations of short wavelengths, for example l centimetres, at relatively high power and with relatively high eeiencies as compared with the conventional grid-controlled thermionic valve oscillators, and can also be designed to operate with reasonable eiliciency at much shorter wavelengths, for example 3 centimetres or less, which are outside the range of operation of the conventional thermionic valve oscillators.
  • the travelling wave magnetron devices also compare favourably with other forms of electronic oscillators, for example velocity modulated klystrons, in respect of eciency at these very short wavelengths, but for continuous wave operation at low powers, with low anode/cathode voltages and magnetic elds as used, for example, in radio receivers or portable transmitters, the mechanical difficulties of making the devices for operation at wavelengths of much less than 3 cms. increase rapidly with decreasing wavelength since the dimensions of the device, and in particular of the anode structure, become very small and the permissible tolerances in manufacture also decrease.
  • Magnetrons of the type specified are capable of operating in diierent modes of oscillation of the anode system which are characterised by dilerent values of the instantaneous phase difference between the electric fields in adjacent resonators.
  • the phase difference between adjacent resonators may assume any one of the values 21m/N radians, Where n is one of the integers 0, l, 2 N/2.
  • a value of n equal to N/2 corresponds to oscillation of the anode system in the so-called 1r-mode, the phase difference benents, which particular ones will hereinafter.
  • V(b) involves reducing the dimensions of the anode system, ⁇ which gives rise to thejdithculties aforesaid,.o:r increasing the cathode diameter, whichV is undesirable, and it would appear that these diiculties might be avoided by means of (c).
  • An ternative method is by increasing the Vvalue of p, Ythat is to say, causing the magnetron to operate on one of the space harmonicsY of the'anode potential wave, but this' method does not Y appear to have been successfully adopted hitherto.
  • the main objectf of the present invention is to provide a form Yof magnetron of the type specified which is more suitable for continuous wave op- It will, however, be appreciated that valves in accordance with the invention can also be used for pulse operation Vand may in some cases be designed specifically for'such use.
  • Y'Ihe operation of an N-segment magnetron on'a space harmonic corresponds, as regards the number of effective antinodes in the instantaneous anode potential wave, with Ythe fundamental r-mode operation ofv an anode system having 2k resonators, where the value of k is related to N and depends on the particular harmonic considered, as aforesaid.
  • N resonators the circumference of the electron orbit space divided by 2k equally spaced points.
  • the resonators may be centredon the lst, 4th, 9th, 12th, 17th, and 20th points, starting at any one of theV points.
  • the possible positions of the resonators Vcorresponding to thisY more general arrangement together with thesymmetrical arrangement Will hereinafter be referred to as the harmonic positions.
  • a travelling wave magne ⁇ tron oscillator of the type specified has an anode substantially in the form of a -metal plate pierced perpendicular to lits major faces by an raperture
  • Whose perimeter provides a cylindrical inner hole which forms the electron orbit space, theY diameter of this space being not greater than )t/ 4 and the axial length of the space being not greater than Sit/l0
  • the perimeter of said aperture also providesV an even plurality N, not exceeding six, of spaces which form similar cavity resonators extending radially from the electron orbit space and spaced round its axis in harmonic positions as hereinbefore dened
  • Va cylindrical cathode is mounted within Vthe electron orbit space so as to lie accurately coaxial there- ⁇ with
  • the anode and cathode structures are mounted within a sealed evacuated envelope'which is such that oscillatory energy from the anode.
  • system can be radiated directly through the envelope; leads to Ithe anode and cathode are sealed through the envelope; andthe arrangement is such that inl conjunction with a suitable is not greater than M10 and the axial length Vof the space is also not greater than M 10.
  • the ratio Vof cathode diameter to electron orbit space - is not verylcriticalV in a valve in accordance with the invention, but with a valve designed specifically for continuous wave operation the value of the ratio is preferably arranged to be less than that normally used hitherto in comparable known valves,
  • these resonator points will includey between each other the same number of other points'.
  • the ratio may be about the same as that normallyY used'hitherto, that is to say Vabout 0.6.
  • the ⁇ angular circumferential width of the gaps where the resonators open on to the electron orbit space is not less than fr/Zk radians. It may be noted that the theoretically maximum possible gap width obtainable in the Zk-resonator magnetron, assuming iniinitely thin anode segments, is 1r/k radians; the gap width lin a magnetron in accordance with the invention may, however, be appreciably greater than that for the Zk-resonator magnetron, which has the advantageof enabling theV amplitude of the desired space harmonic of the diameter of the.
  • the anode potentialjwave to be increased relativelyto interfering components, thereby facilitating excitation of this space harmonic.
  • the amplitude of a space harmonic may be zero; thus the amplitude of the space harmonic k is zero for values of equal to 360/k, where 0 is the angle subtended by the gap at the axis of the electron orbit space, and these identical values must be avoided as far as the wanted space harmonic is concerned.
  • use may in some cases be made of this property by arranging the gap width to correspond to the critical value of ran unwanted space harmonic, and thereby preventing excitation of that harmonrc.
  • the sides of a resonator slot may be inclined away from the perpendicular to the chordal plane at which the slot intersects the electron orbit space, so as effectively to sharpen the edges of the gap formed by the intersection, this angle of inclination preferably lying between zero and (9D-p), where is angle between the chordal plane and the tangent plane at the edge of the gap.
  • this angle of inclination preferably lying between zero and (9D-p), where is angle between the chordal plane and the tangent plane at the edge of the gap.
  • the output of the magnetron to be radiated directly through the envelope avoids the necessity for an output coupling loop within one of the cavity resonators and prevents disturbances arising from that cause; however, in connection with this last mentioned point it may be possible and advantageous in some cases to provide a short probe projecting perpendicular to the anode plate from one of the anode segments for increasing the coupling of the anode system to a waveguide in one direction; usually, however, such a probe will not be necessary and isrthen preferably not used in order to minimise the disturbances introduced into the anode system.
  • at least one of the cavity resonators extends so close to. an edge of the plate that said edge part of the plate constitutes in effect an output loop the electromagnetic eld linked with which in operation of the device extends to the exterior of the envelope.
  • anode and cathode structures are arranged within a closely tting cylindrical glass envelope dimensioned to t snugly withina waveguide adapted to transmit oscillations of the output frequency of the magnetron,- and for blocking the passage of high frequency energy in the reverse direction along the waveguide, the
  • anode plate is mounted at one end on a cylindrical metal:
  • the permissible values of k for space harmonic operation are 9, l5, 21, etc., and preferably the magnetron is arranged to operate on the rst space harmonic, corresponding to
  • a particular advantage obtainable With a magnetron in accordance with the invention is that its simple anode structure renders it readily tunable over an appreciable frequency range by means of adjustable reactive loads without introducing such interfering components in the anode potential wave as to give rise to mode change troubles or appreciable loss of eciency of operation on the desired space harmonic.
  • the magnetron comprises a cylindrical glass envelope 1 closed by a pressed glass base 2 which carries seven rigid terminal pins 3 on its outer side and through which are sealed electrical supply leads terminating in seven lead-in and electrode support wires 4 within the envelope.
  • the electrode system is mounted on these support wires and includes an anode in the plate 5 screwed to the outer side of the base of a cylindrical copper choke cup 6 with an edge of the plate extending along a diameter of the base; the screws 7 which attach the anode in the cross-bar of a T-shaped nickel support member 8, the down stem of which lies along the axis of the cup and is welded on each side to two of the support wires 4 so that the cup and anode are supported thereby substantially co-axially within the cylindrical envelope 1.
  • the anode plate S is pierced perpendicularly from the form of a rectangular copper ⁇ 5 to the cup 6 pass also through holesA centre of one major face to the centre of the other by an aperture
  • Whose periphery provides a circular space 9 and four spaces 10 each in the form of a sector of a circle, the spaces 19 being symmetrically arranged around the space 9 so as to dene between them four substantially rectangular anode segments 11 projecting along two lmutually perpendicular diameters of a circular hole coaxial with the space 9, said diameters being each inclined at an angle of 45 to the axis of the choke cup 6.
  • the electrode system also includes an indirectly heated cathode ⁇ - 12 supported accurately coaxial with and within the elecfv ⁇ tron orbit space 9 between two inica cathode support faces of the anode plate 5.V
  • Each vmica sheet is provided near one edge with two holes,y into each ⁇ of which is' lixed a nickel eyelet 14," and each mica sheet is attached to the anode plate by two copper-nickel pins which pass through the nickel eye-4 lets and through corresponding holes pierced through the anode plate adjacent to the choke cup 6, the mica plates being clamped to the plate by nickel retaining sleeves 16 fitted overA the ends of the pins 15 and spot-welded to them; the mica sheets are spaced from the surfaces of the anode plate 5 by the heads 17 of the nickel eyelets 14.
  • each mica sheet 13 is pierced by four holes into which iit tags of a small, approximately rectangular, nickel cathode end shield 1S, the latter each lying on the side of the mica nearer the anode plate and being held in position by the bending over of the tags on the other side of the mica.
  • the end shields 18 are coated with a material, such as titanium dioxide furnaced ⁇ in dry hydrogen to a tine black deposit', for increasing their thermal emissivity.
  • Each end shield 18 carries a central hole which lies opposite-a hole pierced through the corresponding mica sheet, and through each of'these further holespasses one end of the cathode 12, which consists of a hollow nickel tube coated with electron emissive material over the part of its outer surface within the electron orbit space 9 and carrying a heater 19 Within the tube.
  • a lead Wire 20 which passes, through a ceramic bushing 21 in the 'base of the cup 6, to one of the lead-in wires 4, and the other end of the heater is connected through a lead wire 22, which passes through a further ceramic bushing 23 in the base of the cup 2, to a different one of the lead-in Wires 4.
  • the lead wires and 22 are each provided with a single turn loop for providing resilience and allowing for thermal expansion of the leads in use of the magnetron.
  • the envelope 1 is evacuated and sealed off at the end of the envelope opposite to the base 2, and is gettered by means of a getter element 24, which closes a wire loop carried by the remaining one of the lead-in wires 4, the loop being eddy current heated, after evacuation and sealing of the envelope, for dispersal of the getter.
  • the glass base 2 of the envelope is provided on its inside surface with a coating of magnesium oxide, applied in aqueous suspension anddried during the baking of theV envelope during the processing of the device, for increasing the mutual insulation between the terminal pins.
  • the cathode support assembly is used for ensuring the accurate centering of the cathode Yduring manufacture in the following manner:
  • the plate 5 is mounted in a jig with the pins 15 in position in the anode plate and With a locating piece fitted into the'electron orbit space 9, said locating piece having an axially.
  • the Vend plate 18 is iitted over the extension of the locating piece and the tags of the end plate turned down to hold it iirmly Yin position on the mica; the nickel eyelets 14 are then pressed down to clench them iirmly to the mica.
  • the mica sheet is then withdrawn from the pins 15, the anode plate reversed in the jig, and the procedure repeated for the other mica sheet on the opposite side of the anode plate;
  • the locating piece is then withdrawn from the electron orbit hole, and replaced by the cathode; one end of whichV is inserted through theY hole in the end plate of the mica sheet fitted to the anode plate, after which the second mica sheet is'itted to the anode plate, over the pins 15, so that the other end of the cathode passes through the Vcentral hole" in the end ⁇ plate carried by this second mica sheet.
  • the two mica sheets are'then fixed in position by spot-welding the nickel retaining Y sleeves 16 on to the projecting ends of the pins 15.
  • the anodeecathode assembly is thereafter secured to the choke cup 6 and supporting strip 8, which is in turn mounted on its support wire V4, ⁇ andthe cathode and heater connections to the leads 20 'and 22 are then completed.
  • the magnetron is arranged fory the direct radiation of high frequency energy through the walls of the enevlope.
  • the construction of the magnetron is .thesarne as that'shown in Figures 1 and 2 except that the anode plate 5 is replaced by the anode plate 25 shown in Figure 3, which represents a view of one of the major faces of the plate.
  • T he plate 25 is substantially rectangular and is pierced by an aperture whose periphery provides a central electron orbit vspace 26 and two resonator spaces each of which has Vthe shape of a segment of a circle 27 communicating with the electron orbit space 26 through a parallelsided slot 28 extending perpendicularly from the centre of the chord of the segment, said chords being parallel t0 each other'. It is important that the sides Yof the slots 28 should be dat and not lost by roundings of the corners at the ends of the slots, although for increasing the L/ C ratio in some cases the corners of the slots where they intersect the chords may be cut olf by planes extending perpendicular to the major faces of the plate, for example at an angle of 45 to the chords.
  • the anode/cathode voltage required for operation on the second space harmonic was found to be 900 volts, and with an anode/ cathode current of 6 milliamps, the output ofthe device so operated was found to be about 500 milliwatts.
  • a magnetron as just described is suitable for mag-- shaped supporting strip 8 is replaced by a hollow tube of non-magnetic material, such as a copper-nickel alloy, anged at one end where it is screwed to the inside of the base of the choke cup 6 and the anode plate 5, and secured to the four support wires 4 at its other end, which end is open or perforated to permit evacuation and degassing during the pumping of the device; in addition a mica sheet is sandwiched between the base of the cup 6 and the anode plate 5, the edges of the sheet extending into abutment with the inner surface of the glass envelope 1; the mica sheet is cut away where the anode plate 5 is screwed to the choke cup 6, and the base of the anode plate extends at these regions into abutment with the choke cup to permit good thermal and electrical contact between the anode plate and choke cup; in addition the lead wires and 22 pass through holes in the mica sheet, which serves also as an insul
  • FIGs 4 and 5 illustrate schematically the way in which a magnetron of the form described with reference to Figure 3 may be utilised; in both gures the magnetron is represented only by the anode plate 25 and choke cup 6 within its envelope 1, the magnetron being shown fitted coaxially within a circular waveguide 30.
  • Figure 4 the face of the anode plate is shown and in Figure 5 an end of the anode plate is shown; in both gures magnetic coupling between the resonator remote from the choke cup and the waveguide is indicated by the dotted lines 31, and the transmission of energy along the waveguide is in the direction of the arrow 32.
  • the strength of the coupling of the magnetron to the waveguide may be controlled, in the design of the device,
  • Figure 6 illustrates in a similar way a modification of the-magnetron described with reference to Figure 3, arranged for the excitation of a rectangular section waveguide; the modication consists of the rotation of the anode system through and of the addition of a second choke cup 33 at the opposite side of the anode of the choke cup 6 (in other modifications the choke cup 33 may be omitted).
  • the waveguide system consists of a rectangular section waveguide intersected at right angles by a circular section waveguide 34, so as to leave on one side of the circular waveguide an open end rectangular section stub 35, the other rectangular section branch 36 providing the load coupling waveguide.
  • the magnetron 37 is inserted coaxially along the circular section waveguide so that its anode system lies at the intersection of the two waveguides; coupling takes place from each resonator of the anode system to the rectangular waveguide sections 35 and 36; in the stub 35 is iitted a tuningV plunger 38, and the output energy of the magnetron 'is arranged to be transmitted along the branch 36 in the direction of the arrow 39 to a load represented by the rectangle 40, which may, yfor example, -be a mixer unit in a radio or radar receiver.
  • FIG. 7 shows a section through the anode plate 41 mounted on a choke cup 42, the section being taken in a plane perpendicular to the major faces of the plate through the centres of the anode segments.
  • the thickness of each of the segments 43 tapers from the electron orbit space to the edge of the plate, whilst in Figure 8 the length of the anode at the electric orbit space is effectively increased by the addition 'of lips 46 at the end of the segments 45.
  • magnetrons in accordance with the invention have been described relative to their operation in the wmode, for which they are particularly designed, it will in general be possible for them to be operated in other modes, and this may sometimes-be desirable for obtaining different output frequencies.
  • a travelling wave magnetronVV oscillator designed specic'ally for continuous wave operation and wherein the ratio of cathode diameter to the ⁇ diameter ofthe electron orbit space is about 0.3.
  • a travelling wave magnetron oscillator accordingto claim l, having four cavity resonatorsdening between themselves four rectangular anodeI segments, Yeachof which segments extendsY radially from the surface of the.v
  • each of the said slots is parallel-sided near the electron orbit space and then flares outwards, with straightsides, to the segmental 'part of theresonator.
  • a travelling wave 'magnetron oscillator V according to claim 8, wherein the Vanode plate is mounted on the' ⁇ baseof'a cylindrical choke cup within acoaxially cylindrical glass envelope with the chords of the segmental parts of the cavity resonators parallel to the base of the choke cup, the sides of the choke cupL extending away ⁇ from the anode and being of axial length electrically equivalent to M4, and wherein the curved sideoftheV segmental part of the cavityresonator further from the Y 12 loop ⁇ the electromagnetic eld linked-with which extends tothev exteriorof the envelope.
  • 1,1,V A travellingwaye magnetron oscillator according to claim 8, whereinthe anode Vplate is mountedV between two, coaxiall cylindrical choke Vcups withinY a coaxiallyl cylindrical glass envelope, each choke cup Vextending -away from the" anode and being ofV axial length electrically equivalent to V4, wherein the chords of the segmental-parts of the cavity resonators extendV parallel to the axes of Vsaid choke cups and the curved side of eachsaid segmental part extends so close'tojthe edge of the anodeplate'that saidedge part ofiV the plate constitutes in eiect an output loop the electromagnetic ield linked with which extends to the'exterior of the envelope.

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US496549A 1954-03-25 1955-03-24 Travelling wave magnetrons Expired - Lifetime US2933643A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8790/54A GB768563A (en) 1954-03-25 1954-03-25 Improvements in or relating to travelling wave magnetron oscillators

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US2933643A true US2933643A (en) 1960-04-19

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US (1) US2933643A (it)
BE (1) BE536712A (it)
FR (1) FR1126991A (it)
GB (1) GB768563A (it)
NL (1) NL195868A (it)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3104303A (en) * 1959-04-15 1963-09-17 Litton Electron Tube Corp Microwave frequency heating apparatus

Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2063342A (en) * 1934-12-08 1936-12-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2209923A (en) * 1939-06-30 1940-07-30 Rca Corp Magnetron
US2247077A (en) * 1940-07-27 1941-06-24 Gen Electric High frequency electronic apparatus
US2418469A (en) * 1944-05-04 1947-04-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Tuner for multiresonators
US2421912A (en) * 1944-02-16 1947-06-10 Rca Corp Electron discharge device of the cavity resonator type
US2465211A (en) * 1944-03-08 1949-03-22 Rca Corp Electron discharge device for high frequencies
US2477122A (en) * 1942-05-30 1949-07-26 Rca Corp Electron discharge device
US2482495A (en) * 1943-11-27 1949-09-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetron
US2616063A (en) * 1942-04-09 1952-10-28 M O Valve Co Ltd Magnetron
US2639403A (en) * 1945-02-27 1953-05-19 Us Sec War Strapped multicavity magnetron
US2666869A (en) * 1946-06-21 1954-01-19 Albert M Clogston Magnetron output coupling system
US2683238A (en) * 1949-06-17 1954-07-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave amplifier
US2775721A (en) * 1953-09-14 1956-12-25 Raytheon Mfg Co Electron discharge devices
US2858472A (en) * 1953-10-16 1958-10-28 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Slow-wave circuit for a traveling wave tube

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2063342A (en) * 1934-12-08 1936-12-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2209923A (en) * 1939-06-30 1940-07-30 Rca Corp Magnetron
US2247077A (en) * 1940-07-27 1941-06-24 Gen Electric High frequency electronic apparatus
US2616063A (en) * 1942-04-09 1952-10-28 M O Valve Co Ltd Magnetron
US2477122A (en) * 1942-05-30 1949-07-26 Rca Corp Electron discharge device
US2482495A (en) * 1943-11-27 1949-09-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetron
US2421912A (en) * 1944-02-16 1947-06-10 Rca Corp Electron discharge device of the cavity resonator type
US2465211A (en) * 1944-03-08 1949-03-22 Rca Corp Electron discharge device for high frequencies
US2418469A (en) * 1944-05-04 1947-04-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Tuner for multiresonators
US2639403A (en) * 1945-02-27 1953-05-19 Us Sec War Strapped multicavity magnetron
US2666869A (en) * 1946-06-21 1954-01-19 Albert M Clogston Magnetron output coupling system
US2683238A (en) * 1949-06-17 1954-07-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave amplifier
US2775721A (en) * 1953-09-14 1956-12-25 Raytheon Mfg Co Electron discharge devices
US2858472A (en) * 1953-10-16 1958-10-28 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Slow-wave circuit for a traveling wave tube

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3104303A (en) * 1959-04-15 1963-09-17 Litton Electron Tube Corp Microwave frequency heating apparatus

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FR1126991A (fr) 1956-12-05
GB768563A (en) 1957-02-20
BE536712A (it)
NL195868A (it)

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