US2928150A - Temperature control during metal casting - Google Patents

Temperature control during metal casting Download PDF

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Publication number
US2928150A
US2928150A US642530A US64253057A US2928150A US 2928150 A US2928150 A US 2928150A US 642530 A US642530 A US 642530A US 64253057 A US64253057 A US 64253057A US 2928150 A US2928150 A US 2928150A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
tundish
metal
oxygen
casting
mold
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US642530A
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English (en)
Inventor
Lawrence E Kraay
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Inland Steel Co
Original Assignee
Inland Steel Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Inland Steel Co filed Critical Inland Steel Co
Priority to US642530A priority Critical patent/US2928150A/en
Priority to GB3749/58A priority patent/GB849534A/en
Priority to LU35820A priority patent/LU35820A1/fr
Priority to BE565146A priority patent/BE565146A/fr
Priority to NL225304A priority patent/NL111164C/nl
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2928150A publication Critical patent/US2928150A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D2/00—Arrangement of indicating or measuring devices, e.g. for temperature or viscosity of the fused mass
    • B22D2/006—Arrangement of indicating or measuring devices, e.g. for temperature or viscosity of the fused mass for the temperature of the molten metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
    • B22D11/11—Treating the molten metal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R27/00—Arrangements for measuring resistance, reactance, impedance, or electric characteristics derived therefrom
    • G01R27/02—Measuring real or complex resistance, reactance, impedance, or other two-pole characteristics derived therefrom, e.g. time constant
    • G01R27/08—Measuring resistance by measuring both voltage and current
    • G01R27/10—Measuring resistance by measuring both voltage and current using two-coil or crossed-coil instruments forming quotient
    • G01R27/12—Measuring resistance by measuring both voltage and current using two-coil or crossed-coil instruments forming quotient using hand generators, e.g. meggers

Definitions

  • a tundish or pouring box is interposed between the ladle and the mold.
  • the molten metal is poured from a ladle 'into a tundish which is disposed over a vertical water-cooled mold having the desired configuration and mounted for vertical oscillation.
  • the molten metal flows at a controlled rate from the tundish into the upper end of .the mold and provision is made for continuously withdrawing the cast shape, at a controlled rate from the lower end of the mold.
  • a primary object of the present invention is to provide novel means for controlling the pouring temperature of molten metal in a casting'operation.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide novel means for avoiding excessive cooling of molten ferrous metal in the tundish or pouring box of a casting apparatus.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a novel method for imparting heat to molten ferrous metal in the tundish of a continuous casting apparatus .in order to combat heat loss and insure proper flowof the metal to the mold.
  • An additional object of the invention is to provide a novel apparatus for carrying out the foregoing objects.
  • the temperature of the metal from the ladle is ordinarily in the range of from about 2800" F. to about 3000 F.
  • the temperature of the molten metal at the outlet of the tundish, -i.e. as the metal is introduced into the inlet end of the casting mold be not less than about 2750* F. and preferably at least about 2800 F.
  • the provision of burners and an insulating cover-at the tundish assists in retarding heat loss from the tundish, but at-the relatively low or moderate casting rates presently attainable in the continuous casting of plain carbon steels in shapes of large cross sectional area, a serious heat loss problem still confronts the operator.
  • the present invention solves this problem by effecting limited oxidation of the metal in the tundish with free oxygen so as to take advantage of exothermic heat of oxidation to maintain the metal at a proper casting temperature.
  • the invention preferably employs an elongated trough-type tundish which aflfords more exposed metal surface for reaction with oxygen.
  • the tundish is disposed at a slight incline so that the molten metal can be introduced at one end from the ladle and then flows to the otherend of the tundish and is discharged through a nozzle or spout into an underlying mold.
  • acertain amount of heat is preferably supplied to the metal 'by directing burner flames on the metal surface.
  • additional heat is also supplied by introducing concentrated free oxygen gas into the space in the tundish above the metal surface and directing the gas against the metalsurface so as to effect limited oxidation of the metal, the exothermic heat of reaction being suflicient, especially in combination with the heat supplied by the burner flames, to prevent excessive temperature drop of the molten metal and thereby maintain the efliuent metal from the tundish outlet at a suitable casting temperature.
  • suflicient oxidation of the metal can be realized to obtain the desired temperature control without any detrimental departure from the desired final analysis of the metal.
  • one type of apparatus suitable for carrying out the present invention comprises an elongated open top vessel 10 which may be referred to as a trough-type tundish.
  • the open top of the tundish 10 is covered by insulating brick or tile 11.
  • an opening 12 is provided in the tile covering through which a stream of molten steel 13 maybe poured from a ladle indicated fragmentarily at 14.
  • a tiltable ladle is shown, it will frequently be more convenient to employ .a l'adle of the bottom pour type.
  • a bottom discharge open outlet nozzle 16 is provided, it being understood.
  • the tundish 10 is disposed at a slight incline downwardly from left to right as viewed in the drawing so that the molten metal introduced at 13 will flow by gravity to the outlet 16.
  • An adjustable stopper 17 disposed at the discharge opening 16 extends upwardly through'an opening 18 in the tile cover and is arranged for reciprocable up-and-down movement by means of a stopper rod 19 which is swingably connected to a control lever 20 having a pivotal mounting on an upright support 21. bviously, by manipulation of the outer end of the lever 24?, either manually or automatically, the discharge of molten metal through the outlet opening 16 can be controlled in a manner well known in the steelmalting art.
  • the upper open end of an elongated vertical continuous casting mold 22 having a mold cavity 23 of the desired cross sectional configuration.
  • each burner 2 consists of an elongated pipe or conduit 26 having a downturned tip or nozzle 27 extending into 7 the tundish at the openings 12 and 18 so that the flames are directed onto the'surface of the metal in the tundish.
  • Combustion air is fed to the burner pipe 26 through a valve controlled connecting line 29 and a suitable fuel is supplied through a valve controlled branch line 31.
  • a gaseous fuel such as coke oven gas or a commercially available hydrocarbon gas such as propane are'most suitable but under some circumstances it is also possible to utilize a normally liquid fuel.
  • the body of metal in the tundish flows in a relatively elongated stream toward the discharge outlet to or the tundish and is there discharged into the cast ing mold 22.
  • the pouring of metal from the ladle 14 into the tundish may .be carried out on a continuous or intermittent basis in accordance with avail-- from-the tundish 10 to the mold 22 be continuousand at a substantially constant-flow rate.
  • the operation is controlled so as to maintain a substantially constant fluid head of metal above the discharge opening 16 of the tundish.
  • the temperature of the efllucnt molten metal from the tundish be maintained above a certain predetennined minimum temperature which for low and medium carbon steels is at least about 2750 F. and preferably at least about 2800 F.
  • a certain predetennined minimum temperature which for low and medium carbon steels is at least about 2750 F. and preferably at least about 2800 F.
  • the burner devices 24 and the insulating cover 11 are valuable in combating heat loss in the tundish 10, nevertheless, it has been found that there are definite limits to the effectiveness of these means for avoiding heat loss. Accordingly, one or more streams of free gaseous oxygen, preferably commercial grade 98-99% purity oxygen, are directed downwardly against the surface of the flowing metal in the tundish it).
  • the required extra heat comes from the exothermic oxidation reactions which take place by reason of the contact of free oxygen with the surface of the metal in the tundish, the free oxygen being present in the tundish in excess of fuel combustion requirements in all cases.
  • the temperature of the metal from the tundish may be as much as 50 to 100 F. higher than can otherwise be obtained by the use of burner flames alone.
  • each oxygen stream against the surface of the metal in the tundish as a separate entity from the burner'flame, i.e. without prior commingling of the oxygen with the fuel in the burner supply pipe.
  • AL though under some circumstances by using an excess of oxygen over fuel the oxygen may be introduced directly into the burner pipe so as to provide an oxidizing flame with excess free oxygen present, it is generally preferred to introduce the oxygen 'as an independent stream because the temperature of an oxygen enriched flame may be sufficiently high to cause excessive manganese and carhon loss and excessive slag formation in the tundish.
  • a commercial grade of straight oxygen having a purity on the order of 9899% is preferred for introduction to the oxygen pipes 32, but it is also within the scope of the invention to employ a high oxygen content or oxygen-enriched gas containing, for example, oxygen or more.
  • a high oxygen content or oxygen-enriched gas containing, for example, oxygen or more.
  • the quantity of oxygen supplied to the tundish is regulated to obtain the desired degree of temperature control without excessive losses or slag formation and without interfering to any serious extent with the action of the metal in the mold. For casting rates for low and medium carbon steels ranging from about 1080 to about 1700 lbs.
  • the temperature drop from the ladle to the tundish may readily be held to a maximum of about 100 F. and in some cases even as low as 20 F. by using oxygen in the tundish.
  • the burner flames and the. introduction of oxygen must be controlled to prevent excessive slagging which tends as ets!) to clog the nozzle ordischargeoutlet 16 of the tundish.
  • Example 11 a The data in the following table illustrate the results obtained in the casting of rimmed steel on a commerf casting the steel at a rate of fro'm about i 1700 lbs. per minute.
  • the substance being added to the metal in the tundish may be difficultly or only slightly soluble in'the metal, but the increased temperature effect resulting from the use of oxygen tends to promote rapid solution of the added ingredient.
  • Example I Using an apparatus of the same type shown in the drawing, a rimmed steel having a ladle analysis of .08%
  • Example III and partly at the mold in order to obtain proper flow of l the metal through the nozzles of the ladle and tundishand to avoid' crusting of the surface of the metal in the mold. In one heat deoxidation was effected by the addition of 1.75% silicon to the ladle.
  • coke o'ven gas at 30 ounces per square inch was burned with'air at -90 lbs. per square inch. From time to time the oxygen supplied to the oxygen pipes was cut-in and out in order to evaluate the effect of oxygen on the metal temperature in the tundish, the supply pressure of the oxygen being about lbs. per square inch.
  • the invention provides novel means for combating heat loss and controlling metal temperature in a tundish while at the same time atfording an opportunity for making metallurgical additions and alterations under most favorable conditions and also for obtaining a controlled increment of oxidation and loss of metal constituents which may be advantageous and desirable in certain cases, e.g. loss of carbon in the case of low carbon steel.
  • the improvement which comprises introducing a gas containing at least about 80% oxygen into the space above the metal surface in the tundish for effecting controlled oxidation of the metal whereby the exothermic heat of oxidation supplies at least part of the heat required to maintain the efiiuent metal from the tundish at a satisfactory casting temperature not less than about 2750 F., said controlled oxidation resulting in the removal from the metal of not more than about .04% carbon, not more than about .06% manganese, and not more than about .06% silicon, and in any case said controlled oxidation resulting in no substantial interference with the action of the metal in themold.
  • the method of claim 1 further characterized in that the casting rate is from about 1000 to about 1700 lbs. of metal per minute.
  • the improvement which comprises flowing the ,metal through the tundish in an elongated path whereby to expose a substantial metal surface, and introducing a gas containing at least about 80% oxygen into the space above the metal surface in the tundish for eifecting controlled oxidation of the metal whereby the exothermic heat of oxidation supplies at least part of the heat required to maintain the effluent metal from the tundish at a satisfactory casting temperature not less than about controlled oxidation resulting in no substantial interference with the action of the metal in the mold.
  • the method of claim 4 further characterized in that the casting rate is from about 1000 to about 1700 lbs. of metal per minute.
  • the improved method of maintaining the efiluent metal from the tundish at a satisfactory casting temperature which comprises supplying'heat to the metal by means of an open flame directed against the surface of the metal in the tundish, and introducing a gas containing at least about oxygen into the space above the metal surface in the tundish for effecting controlled oxidation of the metal whereby theexothermic heat of oxidation in combination with the heat from the flame is sufiicient to maintain the efliuent metal from the tundish at a temperature of not less than about 2750" F., said controlled oxidation resulting in the removal from the metal of not more than about .04% carbon, not more than about .06% manganese, and not more than about .06% silicon, and in any case said controlled oxidation resulting in no substantial interference with the action of the metal
  • the method of claim 7 further characterized in that the casting rate is from about 1000 to about 1700 lbs. of metal per minute.
  • the improved method of maintaining the efiiuent metal from the tundish at a satisfactory casting temperature which comprises flowing the metal through the tundish in an elongated path whereby to expose a substantial metal surface, supplying heat to the metal by means of a plurality of flames directed against the surface of the metal at spaced points along said path, and directing a plurality of gas streams containing at least about 80% oxygen against the metal surface at spaced points along said path for effecting controlled oxidation of the metal whereby the exothermic heat of oxidation in combinaion'with thev heat from the flames is suiticient to maintain the eiiluent metal from the tundish at a temperature of not less than about 2750* F., said controlled oxidation resulting-in the removal from the metal of not more than about 04% carbon, not more than about

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
US642530A 1957-02-26 1957-02-26 Temperature control during metal casting Expired - Lifetime US2928150A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US642530A US2928150A (en) 1957-02-26 1957-02-26 Temperature control during metal casting
GB3749/58A GB849534A (en) 1957-02-26 1958-02-05 Method and apparatus of casting ferrous metals
LU35820A LU35820A1 (en, 2012) 1957-02-26 1958-02-24
BE565146A BE565146A (en, 2012) 1957-02-26 1958-02-25
NL225304A NL111164C (en, 2012) 1957-02-26 1958-02-26

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US642530A US2928150A (en) 1957-02-26 1957-02-26 Temperature control during metal casting

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US2928150A true US2928150A (en) 1960-03-15

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US (1) US2928150A (en, 2012)
BE (1) BE565146A (en, 2012)
GB (1) GB849534A (en, 2012)
LU (1) LU35820A1 (en, 2012)
NL (1) NL111164C (en, 2012)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3189956A (en) * 1961-05-09 1965-06-22 Concast Ag Production of effervescing steel
US8893768B2 (en) 2011-11-17 2014-11-25 Nucor Corporation Method of continuous casting thin steel strip
CN112045154A (zh) * 2020-09-08 2020-12-08 鞍钢股份有限公司 一种在线测量板坯结晶器电磁感应强度的辅助装置及方法

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5939225B2 (ja) * 1978-02-13 1984-09-21 日本鋼管株式会社 鋼の連続鋳造法
FR2506190A1 (fr) * 1981-05-25 1982-11-26 Air Liquide Procede et installation de rechauffage de metal pour la coulee continue de metaux a l'aide d'un repartiteur

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US866497A (en) * 1905-01-09 1907-09-17 Firm Of Coelnmuesener Bergwerks Aktien Ver Process for doing away with blow-holes and like flaws in castings.
US997996A (en) * 1910-01-18 1911-07-18 Alex F Hall Oyster-opener.
US1032653A (en) * 1904-11-11 1912-07-16 Herman A Brassert Method of manufacturing steel.
US1220211A (en) * 1915-09-16 1917-03-27 Electrolytic Products Company Molding-machine.
US1366398A (en) * 1918-01-10 1921-01-25 Lund Joel Process of and apparatus for making slag
US2054922A (en) * 1933-10-12 1936-09-22 American Smelting Refining Vacuum treatment of metals
US2182064A (en) * 1935-10-31 1939-12-05 Wacker Chemie Gmbh Apparatus for treating matters in hot liquid state
US2474701A (en) * 1947-12-02 1949-06-28 Air Reduction Apparatus for decarburizing steel
GB662052A (en) * 1948-02-23 1951-11-28 Det Danske Staalvalsevaerk As A method of casting ingots of rimmed steel in moulds
US2668758A (en) * 1952-07-03 1954-02-09 Monsanto Chemicals Defoliant compositions

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1032653A (en) * 1904-11-11 1912-07-16 Herman A Brassert Method of manufacturing steel.
US866497A (en) * 1905-01-09 1907-09-17 Firm Of Coelnmuesener Bergwerks Aktien Ver Process for doing away with blow-holes and like flaws in castings.
US997996A (en) * 1910-01-18 1911-07-18 Alex F Hall Oyster-opener.
US1220211A (en) * 1915-09-16 1917-03-27 Electrolytic Products Company Molding-machine.
US1366398A (en) * 1918-01-10 1921-01-25 Lund Joel Process of and apparatus for making slag
US2054922A (en) * 1933-10-12 1936-09-22 American Smelting Refining Vacuum treatment of metals
US2182064A (en) * 1935-10-31 1939-12-05 Wacker Chemie Gmbh Apparatus for treating matters in hot liquid state
US2474701A (en) * 1947-12-02 1949-06-28 Air Reduction Apparatus for decarburizing steel
GB662052A (en) * 1948-02-23 1951-11-28 Det Danske Staalvalsevaerk As A method of casting ingots of rimmed steel in moulds
US2668758A (en) * 1952-07-03 1954-02-09 Monsanto Chemicals Defoliant compositions

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3189956A (en) * 1961-05-09 1965-06-22 Concast Ag Production of effervescing steel
US8893768B2 (en) 2011-11-17 2014-11-25 Nucor Corporation Method of continuous casting thin steel strip
CN112045154A (zh) * 2020-09-08 2020-12-08 鞍钢股份有限公司 一种在线测量板坯结晶器电磁感应强度的辅助装置及方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE565146A (en, 2012) 1958-08-25
GB849534A (en) 1960-09-28
NL111164C (en, 2012) 1964-12-15
LU35820A1 (en, 2012) 1958-04-24

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