US2925351A - Porcelain enamels for light metals - Google Patents
Porcelain enamels for light metals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2925351A US2925351A US677231A US67723157A US2925351A US 2925351 A US2925351 A US 2925351A US 677231 A US677231 A US 677231A US 67723157 A US67723157 A US 67723157A US 2925351 A US2925351 A US 2925351A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- porcelain
- free
- aluminum
- oxides
- weight percent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 title claims description 12
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 title 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000037 vitreous enamel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000410 antimony oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012550 audit Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006060 molten glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004901 spalling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NSBGJRFJIJFMGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium;stiborate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-][Sb]([O-])([O-])=O NSBGJRFJIJFMGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/02—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form
- C03C8/08—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form containing phosphorus
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2207/00—Compositions specially applicable for the manufacture of vitreous enamels
- C03C2207/08—Compositions specially applicable for the manufacture of vitreous enamels for light metals
Definitions
- the Li O should be about 918% of the total alkali oxide content, the N320 about 30-50% of the total alkali oxide content and the K20 about 32-56% of the total alkali oxide content.
- the molten glass is then fritted with air or water by any of the well known methods.
- the frit is then wet ground or dry ground, with suitable mill addition agents infla ballmill or other mill to a predetermined fineness.
- suitable mill addition agents infla ballmill or other mill to a predetermined fineness.
- the compositions of our invention produce substantially white semi-opaque porcelain enamels. If an opaque or colored porcelain enamel is desired it is convenient, during the, grinding operation to add the desired opacifying agents (such as TiO orcoloring pigments in addition to the normally used suspending agents, bonding agents, etc.
- the milled frit which has been suspended in a suitable vehicle may be applied to the aluminum work piece by any of the well known procedures of spraying, dipping, slushing, brushing,.etc.
- the powdered frit After application of the powdered frit to the aluminum work piece it is firedfor several minutes in a suitable furnace in order to fuse the frit onto the surface ofthe work piece.
- the firing temperatures are not critical since the compositions of my invention mature at from 900 F. to 1050" F.
- the temperature used in melting or fusing the frit onto the work piece depends to some extent on the particular aluminum alloy being coated and on the particular porcelain enamel composition selected.
- a lead-free, alumina-free poreclain enamel having a firing temperature range of between 900 F. and 1050* F. which consists essentially of the following constituents calculated as weight percentages:
- R 0 represents the oxides Na, K and Li
- R 0 represents the oxide of B
- R 0 represents the oxides of P and Sb
- R0 represents the oxides of Si and Ti
- a lead-free, alumina-free porcelain enamel having a firing temperature range of between 900 F. and '1050 F.
- R 0 21-35 R 0 2- 5 R 0 11-21 R0 44-50 where R 0 represents the oxides Na, K and Li; R 0 represents the oxide of B; R 0 represents the oxides of P and Sb; and R0 represents the oxides of Si' and Ti,
- the Na O is about 30-50% of the total R 0 content and the K 0 is about 32-56% of the totalR O content
- a lead-free, alumina-free porcelain enamel having a firing temperature range of between 900 F. and 1050" F. which consists essentially of the following constituents calculated as weight percentages:
- a lead-free, alumina-free porcelain enamel having a r firing temperature range of between 900 F. and 1050 F.
- R 0 represents the oxides Na, K and Li
- R 0 represents the oxide of B
- R 0 represents the oxides of P and Sb
- R0 represents the oxides of Si and .Ti
- the ratio of the weight percent-of SiO to the; weight percent of TiO is between 0.8 and 1.3, the summa-: tion of the weight percentages of R 0, R 0 R 0 and Percent 2 3 2.0- 5.0 Na O 9.5-16.0 K 0 10.0-18.0 i20 2.0- 6.0 1 18 20.0-27.0 2 s 1.0- 3.0 Sb205 10.0-18.0 sio 17.0 29,.0
- the weight percent of 'Sb O tothe weight percent of B 0 is between 1.2 and 8.5 and the Li O is about 9-18% of the total alkali oxide (Li O+Na O+K O) content, the':
- said total alkali oxide (Li O+Na O+K O) content being from 21-35% of the total composition.
- a lead-free, alumina-free porcelain enamel havinsa Percent calculated as weight percentages and totalling 100 weight 1 the weight percent of Sb O to the weight percent of B 05 I percent:
- Li Oi is between 1.2 and 8.5 and the Li Oiis about 9-18% of Y the total alkali oxide (Li O -
- Na O is about 3050% of the total alkali' oxide (Li O+Na 0+K O) content and the K 0 is about 32- 56% of the total alkali oxide (Li O+Na O-l-.K O)' content, said total alkali oxide (Li O+Na O+K O) content being from 21-35% of the total composition, and said SiO +TiO comprising from 44%-50% of the total com position.
- An article of manufacture comprising an aluminum workpiece containing as aprotective and decorative coating thereon the procelain enamel of claim 6.
Description
V tempetaturespsed toporcelainenarn'el temperatures jso. .lowfthatthe. applicationof.theiporcelain.
United- Donald-1M; d, Clev la d-"m? it 351!!! Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio a corporation f 0 no nawa z 'Applicatioiixu giistllfill57 H v Serial No. 677,231
7 claims? ftci 103548 L Murine Ifhis .'1 nvent1on relates as indicate to porcelain enamels forglight ngetals and has particular reference to resist; ant proteptivga d d t celaifiifahilsfor alunii num-.= n ..aluminl l zlflumerous attertriiptshave beeh fiiadeinthepa'stt'o tect and/ or decorate aluminum aiid'i't's 'alloysI HoWever,
vthese P io art p rce ain n mels ar allwha amk PWH.
as leadbearing andlcontaint-he asic toxic efiects inherent in .all' lead containing, porcelain ,enarnels; Ihettempera;
tures at which porcelainenameling of aluminum audits ni and additional p not. contain alliaupxiae.
obtainl a; frit wil temperature. "S
9 obtain a fri';
alloys would be permissible, are much lower than those. a V
st r n an W 11; Thus lead has been used to produc porcelain enamels havin'g'agmaturing temperature compatible aluminum.
I havelnow. discovered certain new and irnpro alkali :containing porcelain enamel'Icongposit' h1cha e de a turi tempsra q eisdfiiptflb withihe melting temperature of aluminum and which may proved porcelain enamels. for. application to aluminum and its alloysiwhicharelead-freer a.
It is another objectx of. this. invention ,to' rproducezhigh" containing porcelain enamen .Whichare ;.lead-.fre1e and which may the; applied. to aluminum andits ,galloy's gat enamel to the metal needfnotdamage any special. metale lurgic'alpropertiesiofthe-metal; gall. 1. I
It' is'a fur-therlobjec't of this invention tozpmvide .porceg. lain enamelcompositions which aretlead-free, fluorine=free and which .cansb'eufused. to aluminum ,a'n'dsits. alloys: at r a temperature between 900 F. and l050 F. and which will furnish Ta durable smooth glossy coating.
-Otheriobjects will become apparent asthe description p rdc'eeds'i M I I a a To the accomplishment. .of .the ioregoing randflrela'ted ends, said inventiom then comprises "the. features .herin-f after fully described. andpartichlarlymointed 40111. in ;th'eJ claims, .the -following. description .settingforth in. detaili certain illustrative,.emb;odiments. o-thejnvention, these; being indicative, however, 10f. huts afe.w of lthemvarigilsil ways in which the principle of the i'nyention may be em- .60 'ployedm. u
V -Broadly stated this inventi enirifirises a lead-free" porcelain enamel having afiring temperature- 'ofi he tweeri Q F. and-21050 F.'. which consists esser'itiallyg'of the following constituents? calculated as fin/eight; r percn'tages z' 65 zQr 2 3 ..f. RRQBLHII yis there an absence of j elements but thelprono eXceed;5 .0% and there is Qii hefo'the'r hand, theR O porcelain enamels the is is y 'nggoperation. The v v rhir'ci'ii t 7W. 7-" 1 porcelain .enarriel.' The j v ririportant in a controlling during firing, thereaction between the porce laiijeiiahiel and the aluminum Work piece, they also i e gfijhdit'earing' and spalling resistance propertiesto the porcelain enamel andadditionally=-contribute to the glossy si nage of the fired-piece; --TheSiO is "the glass former: and the-TiO gives'the porcelaimenamel' chemical dur ability or what is known as acid resistance. Additionally the T10 servesftogive refractoriness to the/composition;
In th e event it, isv .fQunddesir'a ble to adjust the amounts 1 of the. variouslingrdientsbf the present porcelain enamels for hest results, will;
e V found. expedient to bear the fol-' lowing factor s ininind anaem a 9f; .11; wiifi beiein at 5. w he 4 wetghtpercentof'TiO should be kept between 0.8 and;
-.--raintedfremiss-1960 i a contrast with esen p9 elam enamels do R d fine; ,p nt'w ii r mew. o B2 3;
fee "porcelain ....P Y for application to aluminum and uminuin base alloys.
(2) The ratio of the weight percent of Sb O 'to the weight percent of B should be kept between 1.2 and 8.5; and
(3) The Li O should be about 918% of the total alkali oxide content, the N320 about 30-50% of the total alkali oxide content and the K20 about 32-56% of the total alkali oxide content.
which consists essentially of the following constituents calculated as weight percentages:
The ingredients used in making up a batch composition soda ash, antimony oxide may be substituted for .sodium antimonate, etc., it being (understood, that theamounts of such altered raw materials are calculated toyield the desiredfrit composition. I I
'In' the preparation of these frits the raw materials are weighed and thoroughly mixed. The mixed batch is then smelted either in a batch type or a continuous'type smelter and smelted to a homogeneous. glass. Smelting temperatures may vary within wide limits, however, 2100 F.-
23 00 F. is a particularly suitable range. The molten glass is then fritted with air or water by any of the well known methods.
- The frit is then wet ground or dry ground, with suitable mill addition agents infla ballmill or other mill to a predetermined fineness. 'The compositions of our invention produce substantially white semi-opaque porcelain enamels. If an opaque or colored porcelain enamel is desired it is convenient, during the, grinding operation to add the desired opacifying agents (such as TiO orcoloring pigments in addition to the normally used suspending agents, bonding agents, etc.
The milled frit which has been suspended in a suitable vehicle may be applied to the aluminum work piece by any of the well known procedures of spraying, dipping, slushing, brushing,.etc.
After application of the powdered frit to the aluminum work piece it is firedfor several minutes in a suitable furnace in order to fuse the frit onto the surface ofthe work piece. The firing temperatures are not critical since the compositions of my invention mature at from 900 F. to 1050" F. The temperature used in melting or fusing the frit onto the work piece depends to some extent on the particular aluminum alloy being coated and on the particular porcelain enamel composition selected.
Other modes of applying the principle of the invention may be employed, change being made as regards thedetails described, provided the features stated in any of the following claims or the equivalent of such be employed.
1, therefore, particularly point out and distinctly claim as my invention:
1. A lead-free, alumina-free poreclain enamel having a firing temperature range of between 900 F. and 1050* F. which consists essentially of the following constituents calculated as weight percentages:
where R 0 represents the oxides Na, K and Li; R 0 represents the oxide of B; R 0 represents the oxides of P and Sb; and R0 represents the oxides of Si and Ti, the summation of the weight percentages of R 0, R 0 R 0 and R0 ingredients equalling 100%.
2. A lead-free, alumina-free porcelain enamel having a firing temperature range of between 900 F. and '1050 F.
Percent R 0 21-35 R 0 2- 5 R 0 11-21 R0 44-50 where R 0 represents the oxides Na, K and Li; R 0 represents the oxide of B; R 0 represents the oxides of P and Sb; and R0 represents the oxides of Si' and Ti,
wherein the U 0 is about 918% of the total R 0 content,
the Na O is about 30-50% of the total R 0 content and the K 0 is about 32-56% of the totalR O content, the
summation of the weight percentages of R 0, R 0 R 0 and R0 ingredients equalling 3. A lead-free, alumina-free porcelain enamel having a firing temperature range of between 900 F. and 1050" F. which consists essentially of the following constituents calculated as weight percentages:
Percent R 0 21-35 R 0 2- 5 R 0 '11-21 R0 44-50 where R 0 represents the oxides Na, K and Li; R O -represents the oxide of B; R 0 represents the oxides of P and vSb; and R0 represents the oxides of Si and Ti,
' wherein the ratio of the weight percent of Sb O tothe weight percent of B 0 is between 1.2 and 8.5, the summation of the weight percentages of R 0, R 0 R 0 and R0 ingredients equalling 100%. p
4. A lead-free, alumina-free porcelain enamel having a r firing temperature range of between 900 F. and 1050 F.
which consists essentially of the following constituents calculated as weight percentages:
where R 0 represents the oxides Na, K and Li; R 0 represents the oxide of B; R 0 represents the oxides of P and Sb; and R0; represents the oxides of Si and .Ti,
wherein the ratio of the weight percent-of SiO to the; weight percent of TiO is between 0.8 and 1.3, the summa-: tion of the weight percentages of R 0, R 0 R 0 and Percent 2 3 2.0- 5.0 Na O 9.5-16.0 K 0 10.0-18.0 i20 2.0- 6.0 1 18 20.0-27.0 2 s 1.0- 3.0 Sb205 10.0-18.0 sio 17.0 29,.0
wherein the ratio of the weight percent of SiO,-; to the weight percent of TiO is between 0.8 and 1.3, the ratio. of
the weight percent of 'Sb O tothe weight percent of B 0 is between 1.2 and 8.5 and the Li O is about 9-18% of the total alkali oxide (Li O+Na O+K O) content, the':
tent, said total alkali oxide (Li O+Na O+K O) content being from 21-35% of the total composition.
- 6. A lead-free, alumina-free porcelain enamel havinsa Percent calculated as weight percentages and totalling 100 weight 1 the weight percent of Sb O to the weight percent of B 05 I percent:
Percent B 0 2.0- -,5,0 Na O 9.5-16.0 I K 0 f 10'.018.0' Li O "2.0- 6.0 TiO 20.0-27.0 P205 3.0 I Sb O 10.0-18.0 SiO 17 .0-29;0
wherein the the weight percent a sio to the V weight percent of TiO is between 0.8 and 1.3,the ratio of .15
is between 1.2 and 8.5 and the Li Oiis about 9-18% of Y the total alkali oxide (Li O -|-Na 0+K O)]content,'the
Na O is about 3050% of the total alkali' oxide (Li O+Na 0+K O) content and the K 0 is about 32- 56% of the total alkali oxide (Li O+Na O-l-.K O)' content, said total alkali oxide (Li O+Na O+K O) content being from 21-35% of the total composition, and said SiO +TiO comprising from 44%-50% of the total com position.
7. An article of manufacture comprising an aluminum workpiece containing as aprotective and decorative coating thereon the procelain enamel of claim 6.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATE S PATENTS 2,492,523 r 2,537,956 Baldwin"; Jan; 16,1951
2,662,020 Schofieldet a1; Dec. 8, 1953' t 2,800,414 Stradlyetal. July 23, 1 957 7 2,827,393
Claims (1)
1. A LEAD-FREE, ALUMINA-FREE PORECLAIN ENAMEL HAVING A FIRING TEMPERATURE RANGE OF BETWEEN 900*F. AND 1050*F. WHICH CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF THE FOLLOWING CONSTITUENTS CALCULATED AS WEIGHT PERCENTAGES:
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US677231A US2925351A (en) | 1957-08-09 | 1957-08-09 | Porcelain enamels for light metals |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US677231A US2925351A (en) | 1957-08-09 | 1957-08-09 | Porcelain enamels for light metals |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2925351A true US2925351A (en) | 1960-02-16 |
Family
ID=24717862
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US677231A Expired - Lifetime US2925351A (en) | 1957-08-09 | 1957-08-09 | Porcelain enamels for light metals |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2925351A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3458344A (en) * | 1964-11-20 | 1969-07-29 | Sybron Corp | Semicrystallized ground coats and enameled articles manufactured therefrom |
| US3463646A (en) * | 1964-11-20 | 1969-08-26 | Sybron Corp | Semi-crystalline ground coats having controlled p2o5/b2o3 ratio |
| US4731347A (en) * | 1986-03-21 | 1988-03-15 | Solar Turbines Incorporated | Glass frit composition |
| US4877758A (en) * | 1988-12-22 | 1989-10-31 | Chi-Vit Corporation | Lead-free frit |
| EP0729921A2 (en) | 1995-03-02 | 1996-09-04 | Bayer Ag | Self-opacifying enamel frits for enameling aluminium or aluminium alloys |
| US6165923A (en) * | 1997-02-28 | 2000-12-26 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Coating composition for carbonization chamber of coke oven and application method |
| US6475939B1 (en) | 1998-04-17 | 2002-11-05 | Ferro France - S.A.R.L. | Porcelain enamel for aluminized steel |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2492523A (en) * | 1948-01-20 | 1949-12-27 | Metal & Thermit Corp | Acid resistant enamel frit and ferrous metal coated with enamel made from same |
| US2537956A (en) * | 1946-12-31 | 1951-01-16 | Nat Lead Co | Enamel opacifier and method of using |
| US2662020A (en) * | 1950-05-26 | 1953-12-08 | United Aircraft Corp | Refractory vitreous ceramic coating material |
| US2800414A (en) * | 1954-11-26 | 1957-07-23 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Low-temperature maturing vitrifiable enameling frits |
| US2827393A (en) * | 1954-02-11 | 1958-03-18 | Gen Ceramics Corp | Method of glass enameling foil |
-
1957
- 1957-08-09 US US677231A patent/US2925351A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2537956A (en) * | 1946-12-31 | 1951-01-16 | Nat Lead Co | Enamel opacifier and method of using |
| US2492523A (en) * | 1948-01-20 | 1949-12-27 | Metal & Thermit Corp | Acid resistant enamel frit and ferrous metal coated with enamel made from same |
| US2662020A (en) * | 1950-05-26 | 1953-12-08 | United Aircraft Corp | Refractory vitreous ceramic coating material |
| US2827393A (en) * | 1954-02-11 | 1958-03-18 | Gen Ceramics Corp | Method of glass enameling foil |
| US2800414A (en) * | 1954-11-26 | 1957-07-23 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Low-temperature maturing vitrifiable enameling frits |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3458344A (en) * | 1964-11-20 | 1969-07-29 | Sybron Corp | Semicrystallized ground coats and enameled articles manufactured therefrom |
| US3463646A (en) * | 1964-11-20 | 1969-08-26 | Sybron Corp | Semi-crystalline ground coats having controlled p2o5/b2o3 ratio |
| US4731347A (en) * | 1986-03-21 | 1988-03-15 | Solar Turbines Incorporated | Glass frit composition |
| US4877758A (en) * | 1988-12-22 | 1989-10-31 | Chi-Vit Corporation | Lead-free frit |
| EP0729921A2 (en) | 1995-03-02 | 1996-09-04 | Bayer Ag | Self-opacifying enamel frits for enameling aluminium or aluminium alloys |
| US5650364A (en) * | 1995-03-02 | 1997-07-22 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Self-opacifying enamel frits for the enamelling of aluminum or aluminum alloys |
| US6165923A (en) * | 1997-02-28 | 2000-12-26 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Coating composition for carbonization chamber of coke oven and application method |
| US6475939B1 (en) | 1998-04-17 | 2002-11-05 | Ferro France - S.A.R.L. | Porcelain enamel for aluminized steel |
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