US2924733A - Wall-stabilized electric high-pressure gaseous discharge lamp - Google Patents

Wall-stabilized electric high-pressure gaseous discharge lamp Download PDF

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Publication number
US2924733A
US2924733A US760404A US76040458A US2924733A US 2924733 A US2924733 A US 2924733A US 760404 A US760404 A US 760404A US 76040458 A US76040458 A US 76040458A US 2924733 A US2924733 A US 2924733A
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United States
Prior art keywords
envelope
pressure
lamps
discharge
lamp
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Expired - Lifetime
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US760404A
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English (en)
Inventor
Schirmer Herbert
Grabner Horst
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Osram GmbH
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Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/12—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature
    • H01J61/18—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature having a metallic vapour as the principal constituent
    • H01J61/20—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature having a metallic vapour as the principal constituent mercury vapour
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/12—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature
    • H01J61/16—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature having helium, argon, neon, krypton, or xenon as the principle constituent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/30—Vessels; Containers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/82—Lamps with high-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure > 400 Torr

Definitions

  • This invention relates to high-pressure gaseous dischar e-l'amps fer continuous operation; as distinguished from" pulsed operation: It relates more particularly to Xenon discharge lamps, wherein the discharge are is stabilized' by the influence of the wall'of the discharge envelope and" the electrode distance amounts to a multiple of the envelope diameter.
  • An arc discharge may be" designated as wall stabilized if noconvection eifectsappear.
  • the arc fills the whole cross section of the discharge envelope up to" an edge zone determined by decrease of temperature ofthe plasma towards the't'ube wall;
  • the data relative to the arc may thenb'e'" calculated by integration of'the Elenbass-Heller differential e uation and with the aid of the theory ofelectricalconductivity, heat conductivity and radiation".
  • lamps more particularly xenon lamps, for continuous op'eratior'ithere have beenused'up to now, for the purpose of obt'aining a sufiiciently-' high gas temperature for 'high luminus efiiciency, very high high input concentrations in plasma and wall loading.
  • These have been-so high that only by means of artificial cooling, e.g., water cooling, could melting of the" quartz glass used as the envelope material be prevented;
  • Such xenon high-pressure gaseous discharge lamps are designatedcommercially as type XBF lamps; they show an efficiency of 35 lm./wl- (lu'mens per watt) and burn silently. They'may be built alsoas lamps'of high wattage; The required wat'er cooling, however, increases the cost of such lamps and restricts their utilization;
  • High-pressure gaseous discharge lamps according to the present invention the electrode distance of which amounts at least to double the inside tube diameter are wall-stabilized. This has been established theoretically and confirmed experimentally. Artificial cooling of the discharge tube being omitted, the lamps have an industrialrge input concentration in the discharge which lies between about 5 and 200 w./cm. (watts per cubic centimeter) only if quartz glass is used as the bulb'material and have a filling pressure-of the gas or gases reduced to a lamp without dead space between S and 350 mm. Hg.
  • the power concentration is lower by at least one order of magnitude (factor'of 10) than with known artificially cooled lamps. This fact results from the lower heat radiationi bythe bulb surface in consequence of omitting any artificial cooling;
  • An important feature in such lamps according to this invention consists in that with the required low input concentration, the pressure must be kept low so that the arc isnot disturbed by convectio'n eifects but is Wallstabilized. Also the low pressure r permits sufiiciently high gas temperatures to be obtained.
  • Lamps according to the present invention with low input concentration are discharge lamps having real high-pressure characteristics, as evidenced by the strong continuum. This means the gas temperature is' only a little less than the electron temperature. Even if lowest pressures are used, only a small difference (about 150) exists between electron and gas temperature; as measurements have shown.
  • the electron temperature is higher than the temperature of the gas by a factor of 10 at least.
  • the average gas temperature in a wall-stabilized continuous burning xenon high-pressure discharge amounts to about 6500 to 9000 K. whereas the electron temperature is about higher.
  • the difference in a low-pressure discharge would be 1000 to 10,000".
  • lamps made according to the present invention represent a type of high-pressure discharge lamps which was unknown hitherto.
  • V is the volume of the total discharge envelope
  • V the volume of the nth dead space
  • the factor a takes into account the difference between the average temperature in the discharge T and the gas temperature in the specific dead space (T (all temperatures in K.).
  • the operating pressure lies between about 1/ and 4 atmospheres dependent upon the difference between space and plasma temperature as found from the temperature distribution calculated per Elenbaas-Heller.
  • the lamps are wallstabilized. In case of higher pressures, the discharge are is contracted; it no longer burns wall-stabilized but is subject to convection disturbances. Generally, the mode of operation of the lamp is, then, dependent on position.
  • the upper pressure limit depends on the bulb diameter, and increases with decreasing diameter.
  • the lower limit for wall-stabilized discharges is determined by the requirement of thermal balance in the plasma.
  • the luminous efiiciency with constant wall loading is in practice given by the arc output per centimeter of length.
  • .it ⁇ is not necessary in high-pressure gaseous discharges to: use high pressures and outer stabilization. Nearly the same luminous efiiciency may be obtained in oppositemanner, i.e., with low pressures and wall stabilizatron; in such case however, contrary to higher pressure discharge, a higher current must be used and the arc diameter must be large.
  • a low filling pressure shows the advantage that in manufacture of the lamps, gas filling and sealing-01f the exhaust tube may be made always with a pressure below atmospheric. By comparison with lamps used hitherto, consumption of expensive filling gas is much smaller. lf low pressures are used, particularly if the operating pressure in the lamp is nearly equal to atmospheric, then the danger of breaking is, practically, eliminated and the wall thickness of the discharge tube may, therefore, be kept small.
  • the gas filling there may also be used instead of xenon one of the other rare gases, e.g., krypton, argon, neon or helium or mixtures of several or of all rare gases. It is, however, known that the proportion of light radiation to heat losses is mostfavorable if xenon is used as the filling gas whereby also wall loading is the least. Also additions, e.g., of hydrogen, CO metal vapours, halogens or nitrogen maybe present in the rare gases.
  • the lamp operates especially favorably with regard to luminous efliciency at high wattages.
  • Heat conduction takes place from the are surface and is, at first, proportional to the surface area. If the arc diameter increases, heat losses increase almostproportionally to the diameter; whereas the output, under the assumption of constant current density and constant gradient, increases with the square of the diameter. Therefore as the diameter is increased, heat losses do not increase proportionally to the wattage but only with the root of the wattage, Thus the proportion of radiation percentage to heat loss is shifted with increasing discharge diameter, thereby increasing wattage in favor of the radiation whereby an upper limit for the luminous efficiency is given by the plasma temperature.
  • Tube diameters of the lamps according to the present invention are generally chosen not less than one centimeter, andin most cases greater. The cross section is determined by the current used for the discharge. Lamps according to this invention may be manufactured for any high output and there is no upper limit in rating.
  • Lamps according to the invention may be operated with AC. as well as with DC.
  • the shape and size of the lamp electrodes are determined by the current load and by the kind of operation, that is whether on DC. or A.C.
  • diaphragms for instance in the form of perforated quartz glass discs connected with the quartz glass envelope, in front of the electrodes as a protection against sputtering.
  • lamps according to this invention show the advantages of simpler handling, lessneed of attendance, and greater safety in consequence of omitting the outer envelope and the water supplywith the pipes.
  • the plasma temperature of air-cooled, wall-stabilized lamps according to the present invention is just slightly lower than that of liquid-cooled lamps.- Therefore, color temperature and color appearance differ only little from sunlight, just as is the case with liquid-cooled lamps.
  • the limit for non-artificial cooling of lamps is given by the surface load capacity of the envelope.
  • the abovementioned dataabout the maximum permissible input concentration relates to quartz glass used as the material for the discharge tube.
  • quartz glass used as the material for the discharge tube.
  • the input concentration in the discharge may be higher whereby luminous efiiciency would .be furthermore increased. 5 Input concentration could, of
  • the Fig. 1 showsa-lamp designed for A.C. operation.
  • lamps may be operated because of their positive characteristic either immediately on A.C. voltage of 220 volts or .on a higher voltage, if desired, by connecting in series a choke coil.
  • the tubular .envelope 1 made from quartz :glass and havingv an inside diameter d contains A central portion of the envelope has been broken .out to shorten the figure.
  • the cylindrical electrode bodies 2 and 3 of thoriated tungsten take about one third of the tube diameter.
  • the perforated quartz glass discs 4 and 5 serving as protective diaphragms.
  • the electrodes are supported on conductors 6, 7 sealed through tube extensions 8, 9 and connected to base terminals 10, 11.
  • Fig. 2 shows a lamp designed for D.C. operation and which may also be operated without series resistance.
  • the cathode 12 is made smaller than the anode 13.
  • the following table I shows data on some wall-sta bilized xenon high-pressure discharge lamps without artificial cooling made according to the present invention and designated XBL 3000, XBL 16000, and XBL 50000. The data are compared with corresponding data on a well known wall-stabilized liquid cooled xenon long-arc lamp designated XBF 6001.
  • the above table shows clearly that the input concentration in w./crn. of air-cooled lamps is smaller by one order of magnitude (factor of when compared with that of liquid-cooled types.
  • the input concentration of the above-mentioned air-cooled lamps lies below 100 w./cm. but that of the liquid-cooled XBF lamp amounts to more than 1000 w./cm.
  • a preferred range of input wattage concentration for xenon filled lamps in accord ance with the invention is 10 to 80 watts per cubic centimeter.
  • the electrical gradients and current densities of the air-cooled lamps are low when compared with those of liquid-cooled lamps. Also the filling pressure and, thereby, the operating pressure is low in the XBL lamps and the inside diameter of the discharge envelope is large by comparison with corresponding values of the XBF lamps.
  • the discharge tube of the lamp according to this invention is not restricted to the straight form but it may also be bent in order to meet special optical requirements. There may be chosen beside the circular tube cross sections shown in the accompanying drawings any other cross section form. It may be advantageous to operate A.C. lamps in threephase connection.
  • An additional increase in radiation in any desired spectral ranges may be obtained by means of a combination with a known fluorescent material or mixture.
  • the intensity of light emission on one side of the discharge envelope may also be increased by providing a reflecting layer on a part of the discharge envelope.
  • Lamps as described in the present invention are quite suitable for illumination of large areas of all, kinds, asfor instance large rooms, railway yards, theaters, sport .fields and factories, forcoast lighting and landing ground illumination or the like.
  • the above described lamps proved particularly suitable for instance for fast color testing purposes as well as for aging plants. They are advantageous also for blueprinting purposes because for such purposes lamps of great length and of large diameter are desired .in order to have uniform illumination of large areas.
  • the lamps may be used also in large radiation plants, e.g., for light baths, for cultivation of plants or the like where all ranges of radiation may be utilized.
  • An electric high pressure gaseous discharge lamp for continuous operation comprising an elongated envelope of a radiation transmitting material having a temperature resistance similar to quartz, a pair of elec trodes mounted in said envelope at a distance apart amounting to at least double the inside diameter of the envelope, and a gaseous ionizable filling within said envelope of an inert gas from the group consisting of xenon, krypton, argon, neon, helium and mixtures thereof at a filling pressure equivalent to a pressure in the range of 5 to 350 millimeters of mercury in a lamp without dead space, said lamp having an input wattage material is quartz and wherein the input wattage con- I centration in the discharge is in the range of approximately 10 to watts per cubic centimeter.
  • An electric high pressure gaseous discharge lamp for continuous operation comprising an elongated tubular quartz envelope, a pair of electrodes mounted in said envelope at a distance apart amounting to at least double the inside diameter of the envelope, and a xenon filling within said envelope at a filling pressure equivalent to a pressure in the range of 20 to 200 millimeters of mercury in a lamp without dead space, said lamp having an input wattage concentration in the range of approximately 10 to 80 Watts per cubic centimeter and being so proportioned with respect to distance apart of the electrodes and inside diameter of the envelope that with the said input concentration in the absence of any artificial cooling a wall-stabilized discharge is achieved.
  • An electric high pressure gaseous discharge lamp for continuous operation comprising an elongated tubular envelope of a radiation transmitting material having a temperature resistance similar to quartz, a pair of electrodes mounted in said envelope at a distance apart amounting to at least double the inside diameter of the envelope, and a gaseous ionizable filling within said envelope of .an inert gas from the group consisting of xenon, krypton, argon, neon, helium and mixtures thereof at a filling pressure equivalent to a pressure in the range of 5 to 350 millimeters of mercury in a lamp without dead space said lamp having an input wattage concentration up to 1000 watts per cubic centimeter and being so proportioned with respect to distance apart of the electrodes and inside'diamet'er of the envelope that with the said input concentration and with the said filling pressure in the presence of artificial cooling'a wall-stabilized discharge is achieved.

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  • Discharge Lamps And Accessories Thereof (AREA)
  • Discharge Lamp (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
US760404A 1957-09-17 1958-09-11 Wall-stabilized electric high-pressure gaseous discharge lamp Expired - Lifetime US2924733A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP0019341 1957-09-17
DEP23231A DE1089479B (de) 1957-09-17 1959-07-22 Elektrische Edelgas-Hochdruck-Entladungslampe

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US2924733A true US2924733A (en) 1960-02-09

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US760404A Expired - Lifetime US2924733A (en) 1957-09-17 1958-09-11 Wall-stabilized electric high-pressure gaseous discharge lamp
US43688A Expired - Lifetime US3065370A (en) 1957-09-17 1960-07-18 High pressure electric discharge lamp with rare-gas filling

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US (2) US2924733A (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
BE (1) BE571275A (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
CH (2) CH365448A (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
DE (2) DE1089479B (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
FR (1) FR1216289A (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
GB (2) GB880422A (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
NL (3) NL112176C (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3065370A (en) * 1957-09-17 1962-11-20 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh High pressure electric discharge lamp with rare-gas filling
US3398321A (en) * 1965-03-31 1968-08-20 Avco Corp Alternating electric power generator
US3590306A (en) * 1969-01-27 1971-06-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Convective arc stabilization by lamp rotation
US3898504A (en) * 1970-12-09 1975-08-05 Matsushita Electronics Corp High pressure metal vapor discharge lamp
DE2845890A1 (de) * 1977-12-23 1979-06-28 Ushio Electric Inc Quecksilber-edelgas-entladungslampe
US20060087241A1 (en) * 2004-10-18 2006-04-27 Heraeus Noblelight Ltd. High-power discharge lamp
DE102005017371A1 (de) * 2005-04-14 2007-01-11 Heraeus Noblelight Limited, Milton Hochleistungsentladungslampe
EP1519403A3 (en) * 2003-09-08 2007-12-19 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Metal halide lamps

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3662175A (en) * 1969-12-22 1972-05-09 Tuttle Inc Apparatus for generating ultra violet light
KR900002446B1 (ko) * 1986-05-30 1990-04-14 가부시끼 가이샤 도시바 불활성 가스 방전등 장치

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2298239A (en) * 1940-07-22 1942-10-06 Science Lab Inc Light source
US2367595A (en) * 1942-02-07 1945-01-16 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co High temperature lamp
US2654043A (en) * 1948-02-27 1953-09-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Discharge lamp, method of operating, and method of making
US2761086A (en) * 1952-08-29 1956-08-28 Gen Electric Electric discharge lamp
US2774013A (en) * 1949-04-07 1956-12-11 Gen Electric Electric discharge lamp

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2849632A (en) * 1956-08-30 1958-08-26 Gen Electric Arc tube seal and mount
BE571275A (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png) * 1957-09-17

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2298239A (en) * 1940-07-22 1942-10-06 Science Lab Inc Light source
US2367595A (en) * 1942-02-07 1945-01-16 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co High temperature lamp
US2654043A (en) * 1948-02-27 1953-09-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Discharge lamp, method of operating, and method of making
US2774013A (en) * 1949-04-07 1956-12-11 Gen Electric Electric discharge lamp
US2761086A (en) * 1952-08-29 1956-08-28 Gen Electric Electric discharge lamp

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3065370A (en) * 1957-09-17 1962-11-20 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh High pressure electric discharge lamp with rare-gas filling
US3398321A (en) * 1965-03-31 1968-08-20 Avco Corp Alternating electric power generator
US3590306A (en) * 1969-01-27 1971-06-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Convective arc stabilization by lamp rotation
US3898504A (en) * 1970-12-09 1975-08-05 Matsushita Electronics Corp High pressure metal vapor discharge lamp
DE2845890A1 (de) * 1977-12-23 1979-06-28 Ushio Electric Inc Quecksilber-edelgas-entladungslampe
EP1519403A3 (en) * 2003-09-08 2007-12-19 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Metal halide lamps
US20060087241A1 (en) * 2004-10-18 2006-04-27 Heraeus Noblelight Ltd. High-power discharge lamp
US7759849B2 (en) 2004-10-18 2010-07-20 Heraeus Noblelight Ltd. High-power discharge lamp
DE102005017371A1 (de) * 2005-04-14 2007-01-11 Heraeus Noblelight Limited, Milton Hochleistungsentladungslampe

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Publication number Publication date
CH365448A (de) 1962-11-15
CH381769A (de) 1964-09-15
BE571275A (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
NL254001A (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
DE1089479B (de) 1960-09-22
NL230426A (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
FR1216289A (fr) 1960-04-25
DE1065530B (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
NL112176C (US07122603-20061017-C00045.png)
GB880422A (en) 1961-10-18
GB957023A (en) 1964-05-06
US3065370A (en) 1962-11-20

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