US2904411A - Suspension of liquid material - Google Patents

Suspension of liquid material Download PDF

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Publication number
US2904411A
US2904411A US516221A US51622155A US2904411A US 2904411 A US2904411 A US 2904411A US 516221 A US516221 A US 516221A US 51622155 A US51622155 A US 51622155A US 2904411 A US2904411 A US 2904411A
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Prior art keywords
zone
molten
current
solid
suspension
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William G Pfann
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AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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Priority to NL112777D priority Critical patent/NL112777C/xx
Priority to DENDAT1051013D priority patent/DE1051013B/de
Priority to NL206424D priority patent/NL206424A/xx
Application filed by Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc filed Critical Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Priority to US516221A priority patent/US2904411A/en
Priority to FR1148975D priority patent/FR1148975A/fr
Priority to CH345162D priority patent/CH345162A/de
Priority to GB18591/56A priority patent/GB810448A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B13/00—Single-crystal growth by zone-melting; Refining by zone-melting
    • C30B13/16—Heating of the molten zone
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B4/00—Electrothermal treatment of ores or metallurgical products for obtaining metals or alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B13/00—Single-crystal growth by zone-melting; Refining by zone-melting
    • C30B13/005—Continuous growth
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S117/00—Single-crystal, oriented-crystal, and epitaxy growth processes; non-coating apparatus therefor
    • Y10S117/901—Levitation, reduced gravity, microgravity, space

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods of material treatment whereby liquid portions of such material are electromagnetically suspended during treatment.
  • the processes of this invention are particularly applicable to the zone-melting processes as described in Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, volume 194, pages 747 through 753, 1952, and are valuable in the treatment of semiconductive materials such as germanium and silicon; reactive metals such as titanium, zirconium, iron, tantalum and beryllium, fused salts; and electrolytes having appreciable conductivity such as sodium chloride or potassium hydroxide aqueous solutions.
  • the processes of this invention are based on the reactive force which results when a magnetic field component is maintained across a body of material under treatment at an angle of 90 degrees to a current flow component through the body.
  • a current flow is maintained through a portion of molten material which is maintained in intimate contact with and which wets a solid portion generally of the same or related material.
  • a magnetic field across the molten material having a component at right angles to the current flow produces a reactive force approximately equal and of opposite direction to any unbalanced force such as gravity acting on the material under treatment, whether liquid or liquid and solid, within the magnetic field.
  • Stabilizing forces which compensate for small variations in reactive force due to variations in current flow and/ or magnetic field strength and for deviations from the correct values of these parameters include surface tension in the liquid phase and adherence between the liquid and solid phases. Gther such influences are normally present and will be discussed.
  • zone-melting in which there is at all times a liquid phase in contact with a solid phase of material undergoing treatment.
  • the suspension apparatus of this invention is ordinarily mechanically connected with the heating apparatus so that the moving molten zone is at all times within the influence of the magnetic field.
  • current flow is generally produced through substantially the entire body undergoing treatment by establishing a potential difference across the ends of the body.
  • the processes here described are of obvious value in the zone-melting field, especially as applied to semiconductive materials, these processes are useful in the processing of materials other than semiconductors and as applied to processes other than zone-melting.
  • the suspension processes are useful in the forma- States Patent 0 tion of a homogeneous solid ingot from a body of sintered f material where the sintered mass is progressively fed into 1 a heating means.
  • the suspension methods are also useful. in powder metallurgy where a molten body of material may be suspended while fresh powdered material is added as feed.
  • the molten material may be withdrawn from the heating means and allowed to' crystallize as it passes out of the influence of the electromagnetic suspension apparatus all at a rate approximately equal to the rate at which new feed material is added to the molten portion or the current flow and/or. field intensity may be gradually increased so as to I compensate for the additional weight of the feed material.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the vector forces responsible for the suspension of material in accordanc with the teaching of this invention
  • Figs. 2A and 2B are schematic front and end views of a zone-melting apparatus in which the molten zone is prevented from contacting the container wall by virtue of the suspension method of this invention;
  • Figs. 3A, 3B and 3C are plan views of magnet faces shaped in such manner as to improve the uniformity of the magnetic field suitable for the practice of this invention
  • Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C are diagrammatic views of magnet faces, the use of which results in non-uniform magnetic fields of decreasing horizontal component of fieldintensity in an upward direction which, when used in the practice of this invention, has a further stabilizing effect on the vertical component of the suspending reactive force;
  • Figs. 5A and 5B are schematic front and end eleva Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic plan view depicting a particu-' larly stable species of suspension treatment whereby a bulging body of liquid material is suspended within a mom uniform magnetic field.
  • a heating source not
  • molten region 2 adjacent and contiguous with solid portions 3 and 4. Maintaining a voltage poten-- tial across the portion of body 1 shown results in a current flow here depicted as a vector 5 along the longitudinal axis of body 1.
  • Vector 6 displaced degrees in a counter-clockwise direction from vector 5 as viewed from the top represents a magnetic field component at right angles to and on a horizontal plane with body 1.
  • the reactive force chiefly responsible for the suspension of molten region 2 is depicted as vector 7 shown displaced 90 degrees from vectors 5 and 6 and consequently manifesting itself in a vertical direction upwards.
  • 7 j The reactive force chiefly responsible for the suspension of molten region 2 is depicted as vector 7 shown displaced 90 degrees from vectors 5 and 6 and consequently manifesting itself in a vertical direction upwards.
  • Vector 6 is produced by a horizontal magnetic field resulting, for example, from the placement of two pole faces of opposite polarity, one on either side of ingot 1.
  • a molten zone 2 is formed in ingot 1 within a magnetic field of magnetic intensity H.
  • the interaction of current I, shown as vector 5, and magnetic field of intensity H, shown as vector 6, produces a reactive force F, shown as vector 7, which, in this example, is directed vertically upward.
  • the magnitude .Of force F is given by the well-known relation:
  • H magnetic intensity in units of oersteds
  • I current passing through the material within the field in units of amperes
  • l the length of the conductor within the magnetic field in units of centimeters
  • Equation 2 For a cross-section of one square centimeter Equation 2 may be further simplified:
  • silicon is a semiconductive material which possesses many characteristics desirable in' the design of semiconductive devices such as transistors and, further, since much difficulty has been had from contamination of the molten material by impurities contained in the retaining crucible.
  • the resistivity value of interest is not that at room temperature but at the operating temperature of the material undergoing treatment.
  • the resistivity drops sharply as the temperature of the material is increased. If the elec trodes are widely spaced so that they encompass a substantial amount of relatively cool material, it may be helpful to use auxiliary heaters around the solid portions of the material between electrodes.
  • the decrease in resistivity of silicon at a raised temperature is illustrative of the relationship for semi-conductive materials.
  • the electrical resistivity at room temperature may be ohmcentimeters or higher.
  • the temperature of the molten regionr is at 1400 C. or higher so that some heating of the adjacent solid portions results. If it be assumed that a mean temperature of 500 C. in the solid ingot portions is maintained, the corresponding resistivity is about 0.5 ohm-centimeter.
  • a voltage potential of volts is required to maintain a current flow of 59.0 amperes.
  • suspending force F is dependent only on the product HI and not on either H or I alone. For this reason a choice of values of H and I for a given suspension method is dictated by secondary considerations, such as economy, 1 R heating.
  • an expected range of field intensity may be of the order of from about 1,000 to about 5,000 oersteds.
  • the minimum value of usable magnetic intensity H depends on the optimum value of current I. This optimum value in turn depends upon such factors as the value of voltage available and the maximum permissible 1 R heating which latter may, in some instances, be limited by the energy required to melt the substance. It is noted here that large 1 R heat may be desirable, either for the purpose of decreasing the resistivity and hence allowing greater current flow, or for the purpose of minimizing or eliminating the required heater energy.
  • FIG. 2A and 2B A typical zone-melting suspended zone installation is shown in Figs. 2A and 2B.
  • the charge 10 for example, about one-half inch in diameter is enclosed coaxially in a quartz tube 11 of about a one inch bore which in turn is sealed to end blocks 12 and 13 by means of gaskets 14 and 15.
  • End blocks 12 and 13 are mechanically supported by vertical members 16 and 17 which, in turn, are shown attached to movable supporting member 18.
  • Gas inlet 19 and gas outlet 20 are embedded in end blocks 12 and 13 and make possible the maintenance of a desired atmosphere within quartz tube 11.
  • the gas inlet 19 and outlet 243 permit filling the quartz tube ill with a stationary or moving atmosphere of inert gas or of any other desirable gas intended to have some desired effect on the composition of the material under treatment.
  • inlet 19 and outlet 20 may be used to permit the admission of a cooling or heating fluid. If it is desired to operate in an evacuated chamber, either inlet 19 or outlet 20 may be sealed and the vacuum pump attached to the remaining passage.
  • Suspending current I through body is introduced by means of electrodes 21 and 22 which may be attached directly to body It) as shown or which may be attached to end sections 12 and 13 providing these members are conducting.
  • the voltage applied across electrodes 21 and 22 is direct current supplied, for example, from a battery source or a rectified alternating-current source. It will be seen, however, that under certain circumstances, the voltage potential applied across electrodes 21 and 22 may be alternating as, for example, where the magnetic field is produced electromagnetically by an in-phase current. Further, stabilizing forces normally present during processing make permissible a suspending current I having an alternating-current component as may be produced by an unfiltered rectifier.
  • a mechanism such as carriage 13, makes possible the longitudinal movement of body 10 between poles 23 and 24 which ma for example, be the north and south poles of an Alnico magnet or of two Alnico bar magnets of equal strength.
  • an Alnico magnet may be in the shape of a large horseshoe of a weight of about 65 pounds.
  • magnet faces 23 and 24 may be pole faces of two separate bar magnets of dimensions of, for example, 3" x 3" x 9 mounted on a frame not shown, with their spacing adjustable so as to vary field intensity H.
  • coolant may be passed through hollow sections 25 and 26.
  • the inner walls of sections 25 and 26 may be formed by the magnet faces themselves or may be distinct. In either structure a heat sink is interposed between the heating means 28 and the pole faces 23 and 24.
  • Molten zone 27 is formed within body 10 by heat interchange from heating source 28 which may be a torch, a resistance coil, a high frequency induction coil, or any other conventional heating means.
  • heating means may include an inner ring of graphite, molybdenum or other high melting material which may assist in controlling the shape and location of either or both solid-liquid interfaces 29 and 30.
  • the heating source 28 is a high frequency induction coil, a certain amount of inductive agitation occurs within molten zone 27. This may be desirable for stirring purposes, or may be undesirable in that it may tend to unbalance the equilibrium between the forces resulting in the suspension of the zone. It has been found, however, that a frequency source of the order of 5 megacycles produces only minor agitation and is suitable, although lesser frequencies of as low as the order of 450 kilocycles are usable.
  • zone-melting processes may be used for any of the zone-melting processes known to the art. These include zone-leveling in which the chief purpose is to produce a uniform distribution of a solute or solutes along a substantial length of the ingot or for zone-refining in which the chief purpose is to concentrate a solute or solutes in some desired location of the ingot.
  • Zone-refining generally consists of repeated zone passes from near one end to near the other end of the ingot at a rate of about inch per minute to about 1 inch per minute.
  • zone-length Details on zone-length, number of passes, ingot length, travel rate, effect of the distribution coefficients of the components of the system, etc., may be found in the publication Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, volume 194, pages 747 through 753, 1952.
  • the entire tube assembly consisting of ingot 10, quartz tube Ill and end blocks 12 and 13, together with provisions for maintaining electrical current flow and a desired atmosphere within tube 11, may be rotated about its own axis to achieve improved uniformity of molten zone shape and heating. In certain instances, it may be de-' sirable to rotate either end block 12 or 13 while maintaining the other in fixed position for this purpose and also to produce some stirring within molten zone 27.
  • the PR heating eifect of the suspending current I through the ingot serves to heat the ingot to some extent. It will be shown that in some instances, this heating effect is suflicient to melt the material.
  • the metal is a good electrical conductor such as, for example, aluminum, iron, tin, nickel, platinum and titanium, the current usually is insuflicient to melt the ingot by itself. Nevertheless, the suspension current in such a situation takes some of the load off the zone heater.
  • alternating suspension current and reversing field flux if in-phase, neither having a direct or constant component, may be used in suspending a charge. If H and I are in-phase, the resultant reactive force F will be exerted in a constant direction although its value will fluctuate between zero and a maximum value at twice the frequency of the current and field. For this reason, it follows that where it is necessary or desirable to use in-phase alternating suspension currents and fields, the frequency should be sufficiently high so that the inertia of the system will prevent collapse. For this purpose, alternating-current suspension currents and reversing fields of a frequency of 60 cycles per: second have been found suitable, although higher frequencies are, in general, to be preferred.
  • matter transport may effectively be nullified in a similar manner, providing there are suflicient stabilizing factors which prevent motion of the suspended matter due to the non-vertical component of the reactive force. It may also be nullified by pulling or pushing one or both solid portions of the ingot to maintain the cross-section of the molten zone constant.
  • Figs. 3A, 3B and 3C illustrate three simple mechanical expedients for obtaining a more nearly uniform field from given pole faces. It is recognized that for fiat parallel pole faces, lying opposite one another, the field intensity is at a maximum between the centers of the faces providing the composition of the pieces is approximately constant across the faces. In each of the examples of Figs. 3A, 3B and 3C, deviation is made from parallel faces to configurations in which the air gap is decreased horizontally toward the extremities of the faces in such manner as to increase the lines of force in that direction and compensate for the effect above mentioned.
  • Fig. 3A the faces of the pole pieces 40 and 41 are ground or otherwise shaped so as to produce vertical V-grooves in faces 42 and 43.
  • Fig. 3B the faces of pole pieces 56 and 51 are shaped so as to produce the inwardly curved faces 52 and 53 thereby producing an air gap decreasing in length from the center to the horizontal extremities of the face.
  • Fig. 3C depicts pole pieces 60 and 61 cut back at surfaces 62 and 63 and leaving vertical ridges 64 and 65, thereby again resulting in a decreased air gap at the extremities of the faces and producing a more nearly uniform field intensity across the magnet faces.
  • references made to suspension current I and field intensity H are references made only to the components of these quanti ties which lie on a horizontal plane with I at a clockwise angle of degrees to H as viewed in a downward direction. There may be other components of these Values so that reactive force F opposing the gravitational force is only a component of the total reactive force. It is as sumed that components of the total reactive'force in a direction other than vertically upward are effectively negated by surface tension and other stabilizing influences.
  • the suspended matter will continue to drop until the increased field intensity increases the reactive force sufliciently to counteract the increased downward force. If, on the other hand, the unbalance is such as to produce a reactive force F which is greater than that required to counteract the effect of gravity on the suspended matter, the resultant upward component of F will cause the suspended matter to rise until the decreasing field intensity again brings the forces into equilibrium.
  • a graded field of the type described is always present to some extent in the field produced by flat parallel magnet pole faces. That is, in a field produced by such faces, the field strength is usually greatest along the line between the centers of the faces, assuming uniform magnet composition and no random lines of force, and diminishes with distance away from this line parallel to the faces. Therefore, if the suspended matter is so arranged as to be suspended above the center of the magnet faces, a dropping zone will put it under the influence of a field of increasing intensity while a rising zone will have the effect of decreasing the reactive force F.
  • the slope of the gradient may be further increased.
  • Methods of increasing this gradient include the use of fields produced by duplex magnetic structures incorporating weaker magnets or greater air gaps or both, in an upward direction, nonparallel pole faces so arranged that the air gap increases in an upward direction or magnetic shunts so as to shunt out part of the magnetic flux lines above the center of the suspended matter.
  • the magnetic field may be produced either by permanent magnets or electromagnets or by a combination of the two.
  • Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C illustrate three methods of producing non-uniform fields having a sharply decreasing horizontal magnetic field intensity in an upward direction.
  • faces 70 and 71 of magnet pole pieces 72 and 73 are ground or otherwise shaped in such manner as to produce a gradually increasing air gap and a consequent decreasing field intensity in an upward direction. This is shown schematically by the spreading of magnetic flux lines 74 upward.
  • a suspended molten zone 75 is shown in cross-section. It is noted that the field gradient 9 has the effect of horizontally elongating the cross-section of the zone.
  • a steeply graded field is produced by inclining pole pieces 80 and 81 at an angle from the horizontal so as to cause pole faces 82 and 83 to be deposed in a V shape.
  • the angle of the faces 82 and 83 is approximately 90 degrees.
  • the increasing distance upwardly between lines of force 84 indicates a decreasing field intensity in an upward direction.
  • the suspended zone is shown as an oval 86 which is the shape it acquires in a graded field.
  • Fig. 4C makes use of pole pieces 90 and 91 having flat parallel faces 92 and 93 and shows the use of a shunt 94 which may be composed of iron or of any other ferromagnetic material.
  • Shunt 94 in the form of an inverted U or semicircle, is disposed with the open ends of the U at about the level of the top of the suspended zone 95.
  • Shunt 94 in presenting less magnetic reluctance to lines of force 96, decreases the field intensity H within the ends of the U and above zone 95.
  • a zone which is produced from a rod of circular cross-section within such a graded field tends to assume a shape such as that of 75 of Fig. 4A or 86 of Fig. 413.
  • this may be disadvantageous where it is desired to retain a circular cross-section, it makes possible less distortion during melting and re-freezing where the ingot dimension of a horizontal plane is greater than that along the vertical axis as, for example, in the instance of a rectangular cross-section.
  • the design of the suspending apparatus may be such as to achieve the secondary purpose of distorting the cross-sectional shape of the molten zone or retaining the cross-sectional shape of the solid ingot to produce a final ingot of a desired shape.
  • Variations in magnet face position and shape producing flux variations in the suspending field for the purpose of tailoring the final cross-section of the treated material will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C in increasing the vertical stability of the suspended zone, have the generally undesirable effect of introducing a type of instability not present in a uniform field. Since the lines of magnetic flux curve downward on either side of the ingot, as viewed in cross-section, there is a horizontal instability introduced so that if the suspended zone accidentally strays off center laterally, there is a tendency for it to continue in that direction. If the downward curvature is excessive, the loss in lateral stability introduced thereby may offset the gain in vertical stability obtained by grading the field.
  • the suspension processes may be used. These processes are valuable whenever, for reasons known to those skilled in the concerned arts, it is desirable to avoid contacting the liquid material with a crucible or other retaining wall. This may be desirable to avoid poisoning or other contamination from the crucible wall material, to avoid cracking resulting from expansion or contraction produced by melting or freezing the material under treatment, or to avoid crystalline imperfectionsin a material frozen from a melt otherwise introduced 'by a crucible wall.
  • a common objective in the metals industry is the formation of a solid ingot free of pores from a highly pure metal such as titanium which may be in the form of powder, tiny globules or small crystals. Sintering is sometimes used, but frequently results in porosity or in the entrapment of surface contaminants in the pores.
  • Arc-melting in a water-cooled copper container has been used for metals like iron and titanium, but requires large power consumption and complex apparatus. Further, in arc-melting, failures in the copper containers are common.
  • One method of melting a powder and forming a solid ingot with the assistance of electromagnetic suspension may be carried out on the apparatus of Figs. 5A and 5B.
  • Figs. 5A and 5B resembles that of Fig. 2 in its general features, but differs from it in the nature of the charge.
  • the charge is a sintered compact in the form of a large rod.
  • charge 100 is contained within a tube 101 which may be constructed of quartz or other refractory material, which tube is sealed to end blocks 102 and 103 by means of gaskets 104 and 105.
  • Gaskets 104 and 105 may be constructed of silicone rubber or other common gasket material which will withstand the operating temperatures and which will take up any imperfections between the bearing surfaces of tube 101 and end blocks 102 and 103.
  • End blocks 102 and 103 are supported on vertical members 106 and 107 which in turn ride on a member such as carriage 108 which is free to move and so carry the charge progressively through a heating means.
  • heat supplied by heating means 109 results in the formation of molten zone 110.
  • Zone 109 is suspended by the reactive force resulting from the interaction of the magnetic field produced by magnetic pole pieces 111 and 112 and the suspension current I which is caused to pass through the charge by reason of an impressed voltage across electrodes 113 and 114.
  • the remaining solid material 115 represents charge material such as that in charge 100 which has passed through the molten phase and has frozen.
  • a gas inlet 116 and a gas outlet 117 are provided in the end blocks 102 and 103, respectively, so that a desirable atmospheric material, either moving or stagnant, may be maintained with in quartz tube 101 or to permit evacuation of the chamber. In the event of evacuation, either inlet 116 0r outlet 117 would ordinarily be sealed.
  • charge 100 may be passed fairly rapidly, of the order of 1-to 10 inches per minute through heating source 109 which may be an induction heating coil. Where crystalline perfection or an absence of sharp compositional deviation is dmirable the freezing rates are determined by reference to the zone-melting art.
  • material may be melted and frozen by discrete zone lengths, for example by advancing the charge after each molten portion is produced or the temperature 'within the furnace may be lowered after each melting operation. Quasicontinuous operation is achieved by connecting successive sintered lengths.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates another melting technique in which a molten material is suspended by the reactive force resulting from the interaction of a magnetic field and a current which passes through the body.
  • the apparatus depicted consists of end blocks 120 and 121, one of which, 121, is maintained in fixed position and the other of which, block 120, is attached to a movable member such as carriage 122.
  • a starting ingot 123 is clamped at its extremities in blocks 120 and 121.
  • a portion of ingot 123 is sealed within jacket 124 by fixed seal 131 and sliding seal 132 about which are disposed a heating means 125 and magnetic pole structure, not shown but resembling that of Fig. A.
  • a voltage is impressed across electrodes 126 and 127 contacting ingot 123, and molten zone 128 is formed by heat exchange with heating means 125.
  • a desired atmosphere is maintained within jacket 124 by means of gas inlet 129 and gas outlet 130.
  • carriage 122 is moved in a left-hand direction so as to draw with it the solid portion of ingot 123 clamped in block 120.
  • powdered feed 133 is fed into inlet 134 at such a rate as to maintain the mass of material in molten zone 128 approximately constant.
  • a cavity or opening may be provided beneath molten zone 128 to prevent particles which do not melt into the zone fromaccumulating.
  • Feed may also be in the form of a sintered rod or wire but in this event, precautions should be taken to maintain the suspending current constant. Adherence between the molten material of zone 128 and the solid material of the feed rod will help to stabilize the zone in position as against a variation in suspending current due to the introduction of a change in the electrical network.
  • a granulated feed is to be used in the apparatus of Fig. 6, it may be desirable to use a rectangular or oval cross-sectional zone, thereby presenting a larger surface area to the feed. Magnet configurations which produce such zone shapes were described in connection with Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C.
  • Figs. 7A and 78 may be utilized for alloying or any process involving melting in which contact between the melt and the crucible wall is to be avoided.
  • a rod 140 of a material is clamped in blocks such as 141 and 142 and a current is passed through the rod 140 by means of an impressed voltage gradient across electrodes 143 and 144 making electrical contact with clamps 141 and 142, respectively.
  • the portion of rod 140 between clamps 141 and 142 is melted by a heating means not shown, or solely by means of the R heat generated by the passage of current through the rod 140.
  • the molten region is suspended by the reactive force resulting from the interaction of the suspension current and the magnetic field produced by magnetic means not shown.
  • a constituent may be introduced via a hopper such as member 134 of Fig. 6 or may be placed in contact with rod 140. In operation, the melt is formed and is then frozen in place. cool clamps 141 and 142 to maintain the end portions of rod 140 solid.
  • clamps 141 and 142 containing means for automatically ejecting solid feed rods and means for It will usually be desirable tofeeding new ones into them automatically, a series of such alloys may be prepared on a large scale basis.
  • An example of an alloy, in the production of which a technique such as that described is useful, is high purity nickel containing a few tenths percent of magnesium or aluminum. Alloys of such materials prepared in crucibles becomecontaminated by impurities in the containing walls or by the material of which the wall is constructed at the high melting temperatures of the alloys. Such alloys are of interest in the production of emitting elements for use in vacuum tubes.
  • a suspended zone is considered to be stable if a disturbance of an expetced magnitude in the shape will be removed by the restoring action of surface tension forces.
  • Other stabilizing influences which have been discussed will tend to introduce an additional safety factor.
  • Adherence between the liquid and solid phases may result in the suspension of a molten zone, which, in accordance with these generalizations, is not stable when based on surface tension forces alone.
  • l/ d greater than this value it is possible to contain the liquid volume in two separate spherical sections one at each interface, so that the total surface area is less than that for a cylinder.
  • a molten zone which is a circular cylinder of length l and diameter d at the solid-liquid interface is stable if l/d is less than about 3.14, or pi.
  • a bulging or double convex zone corresponding approximately to a figure of revolution made by rotating an arc of a circle about the ingot axis is stable at values of Ur! considerably greater than 3.14.
  • a double concave zone in which the smallest cross-section diameter is no less than about one-half of the diameter at the liquid-solid interface is stable at values of l/ d of up to about 1.5.
  • a given suspended zone shape is more stable at lower values of l/d. That is, the effect of the restoring forces of surface tension becomes greater as l/ d becomes smaller.
  • Equation 3 l (constant) X (J?) (shape factor) (3)
  • Equation 3 is theoretically about 0.2 but in practice values of l have been obtained which correspond to a greater value for the constant.
  • FIG. 8 depicts top view of a pair of magnetic pole piece faces shaped in such manner as to suspend a bulging or double convex zone.
  • Pole pieces and 151 have wedge shaped faces 152 and 153, respectively. Since the air gap between pole faces 152 and 153 decreases in a horizontal direction from the extremities of the faces to the centers of the faces, the magnetic intensity of the resultant field is similarly graded so that the maximum intensity is in the line between the centers of the two faces 13 152 and 153 and falls off rapidly as the extremity of the faces is approached horizontally. Since the current passing through ingot 154 is of necessity constant over its length, it follows that the reactive force F is greater at the position in the ingot corresponding with the centers of the faces 152, 153. Such a force is capable of supporting a molten zone 155 which is of greater cross sec tion in the portion of the zone corresponding with the region of greater magnetic flux.
  • the restoring forces and hence the over-all stability will be greater for materials of greater surface tension and/ or lesser density.
  • the generalizations above set forth are based on a surface tension of about 500 dynes per centimeter. Actual surface tension values are generally somewhat higher than the cited value, illustrative values being 500 dynes per centimeter for tin, 1000 dynes per centimeter for copper, 1500 dynes per centimeter for iron and 700 dynes per centimeter for silicon.
  • Other generalizations related to stability of a suspended zone follow:
  • the permissible variation of the horizontal component of the magnetic intensity H along the length of a suspended zone of uniform cross-section depends on the diameter and length of the zone and the density and surface tension of the material in the zone. Assuming the maximum value of the horizontal component of field intensity, H to be at the center of the zone, the tolerable percentage change in H AH between the center and the ends is estimated as follows:
  • vibrations in the apparatus should be avoided as these may affect zone shape and thereby produce instability.
  • Reactive forces produced by the interaction of currents induced in the ingot by direct induction heating and those in the heating coil may agitate or distort the zone.
  • the use of short zonelengths having lengths of the order of less than twice the thickness are useful. Pulsations in the amplitude of the high frequency induction-heating power, at frequencies of up to about 360 cycles per second, should be avoided or at least minimized, as these may give rise to a resonant vibration of the zone which may lead in instability.
  • induction heating has the tendency of producing a diminution in cross-sectional area at the center of a suspended zone.
  • This effect can be substantially nullified by having oppositely-wound auxiliary turns at either end of the coil.
  • a typical four-turn induction coil of a diameter of 2 /2 inches and a spacing between centers of A inch may to this end contain two oppositely-wound auxiliary turns spaced at 7 inch between centers at either end.
  • the electrical resistivity of a given material varies from the solid to the liquid phase.
  • R the ratio of electrical conductivity in the solid to that in the liquid is greater than 1.
  • the ratio for tin is about 2.1.
  • R is less than 1.
  • the process is one in which a solid body in a suspension field is melted through its cross-section, careful monitoring of either the suspension current or magnetic field will be required in order to maintain the reactive force constant. If the diameter or the density of the body of material under treatment is large, or if the surface tension of the liquid is low, the difiiculty may be a serious one. However, this effect may be overcome as described.
  • the suspension field may be maintained constant while smoothly changing the current I from a value of R1 in the solid ingot to an ultimate value of 1 when the cross-section of the ingot is completely molten.
  • the current I as a function of f, the fraction of the cross-section in which I indicates the calculated suspension current for the entirely melted zone.
  • Such an operation may be monitored electrically by measuring the resistance between two points on either side of the melting zone and using this information to program the value of 1
  • field fiux H may be monitored in accordance with the same relationship so that the product of I and H remains constant.
  • the above diificulty may be alleviated by supporting the melting portion at a fixed value of I and then removing the support once the molten zone is formed as, for example, by simply fixing the position of the support in relation to the ingot and by moving the zone away by usual zone-melting procedure.
  • P H V The parameters 0' and 1 determine whether a substance 15 may be treated by the method of this invention. If reasonable maximum values of H and V and a reasonable minimum length l are substituted in Equation 7, a minimum value of a'/p is obtained. If a substance is to be treated successfully according to this invention, this minimum value must be equalled or exceeded.
  • a minimum length between electrodes L of 2.5 centimeters is assumed, although, in general for metals, an L of about 10 centimeters is preferred.
  • the maximum density p encountered is about 23 grams per cubic centimeter.
  • the minimum conductivity is about 0.057 ohm -centimeter* for the densest metal. It is readily seen that all metals may be treated in accordance with this invention since values of a for metals fall in the range of from about 10, to about 10 ohm- -centimeters-
  • the maximum value of p is about grams per cubic centimeter.
  • the minimum required value of o' is about 0.025 ohm- -centimeteror, expressed in terms of resistivity, the material under treatment should have a resistivity no greater than about 40 ohm-centimeters.
  • the mean value of conductivity for a semiconductor under operating conditions approaching the melting point of the semiconductor may be orders of magnitude greater than the value at room temperature.
  • the maximum densities encountered are about 4 grams per cubic centimeter so that the corresponding required minimum value of u' is equal to about 0.01 ohm -centimeter- If a for the material under treatment is low, on the basis of the assumptions made above, the power dissipated in the ingot may be sufficient to melt the entire ingot unless the solid portions are cooled.
  • the FR heat necessarily produced in an ingot 10 centimeters long, 1 square centimeter in cross-sectional area, having a value of 0' equal to about 0.1 ohm- -centimeterat the minimum indicated current density of 4 amperesper square centimeter is equal to about 1600 Watts. Such an amount of heat may be readily dissipated from an ingot having the indicated geometry by conventional cooling means.
  • the suspension force is independent of zone-length as F is the lifting force per unit length of ingot. Actually, the entire portion of the ingot, solid or molten, which lies in the uniform field region is supported so that it makes little difference whether the material within the field is molten or solid.
  • Control or adjustment of the suspending force is easily provided without affecting the heating power in the zone.
  • Control means include varying the air gap by moving the pole pieces apart or together, varying the field intensity by charging the current in a direct-current electromagnet or in an auxiliary winding on a permanent magnet, or changing the value of suspending current. It is noted that where current flow I is substantial, a variation in I may be accompanied by changes in molten zone volume and hence in the rate of interface motion which may be undesirable in certain zone-melting operations and elsewhere.
  • the suspension processes of this invention are, of course, applicable to the simultaneous suspension of two or more liquid regions.
  • zonerefining all of the molten zones in the solid ingot may be suspended. in such a process a single magnetic field may encompass two or more zones so that, in effect, the solid region or regions intermediate the molten zones are also suspended.
  • zone connotes not only the molten zone-melting processes, but is intended to encompass all suspended bodies of liquid material.
  • Other applications of the suspension processes have been suggested and still others will be apparent.
  • a molten region is caused to traverse at least a portion of a solid body by melting material of the solid body at a solid-liquid interface, and freezing molten material of the said molten region at a solid-liquid interface
  • the procedure comprising passing a current through a conducting circuit including a current source and a portion of the said molten region and maintaining a magnetic field across a portion of the said molten region, such that there is on a horizontal plane a field component and a current component in which the said field component is at an angle of 90 degrees to the said current component, measured in a counter-clockwise direction as viewed downward, such that the said molten region is at all times in contact with the said solid body so that liquid-solid contact with the said molten region is limited to that at the said interfaces.
  • the process comprising first melting and subsequently freezing at least a portion of a body of material in which there is at all times that there is molten material present, a solid-liquid interface between the said molten material and a solid material which is Wet by the said molten material, the procedure comprising passing a current through a conducting circuit including a current source and a portion of the said molten region and maintaining a magnetic field across a portion of the said molten region, in which the said field component is at an angle of 90 degrees to the said current component, measured in a counter-clockwise direction as viewed downward, such that the said molten region is at all times in contact with the said solid body so that liquid-solid contact with the said molten region is limited to that at the said interfaces.

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US516221A 1955-06-17 1955-06-17 Suspension of liquid material Expired - Lifetime US2904411A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL112777D NL112777C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1955-06-17
DENDAT1051013D DE1051013B (de) 1955-06-17 Verfahren zum Freischwebendhalten von Flüssigkeiten, insbesondere von Schmelzen
NL206424D NL206424A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1955-06-17
US516221A US2904411A (en) 1955-06-17 1955-06-17 Suspension of liquid material
FR1148975D FR1148975A (fr) 1955-06-17 1956-04-03 Procédé de traitement de matières par mise en suspension
CH345162D CH345162A (de) 1955-06-17 1956-05-19 Verfahren zur Behandlung von freischwebend gehaltenem flüssigem Material
GB18591/56A GB810448A (en) 1955-06-17 1956-06-15 Methods of and apparatus for treating solid-liquid systems

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3057677A (en) * 1960-10-06 1962-10-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Yttrium and rare earth borates
US3065640A (en) * 1959-08-27 1962-11-27 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Containment device
US3092462A (en) * 1960-01-28 1963-06-04 Philips Corp Method for the manufacture of rods of meltable material
US3098741A (en) * 1958-04-03 1963-07-23 Wacker Chemie Gmbh Process for effecting crucibleless melting of materials and production of shaped bodies therefrom
US3179502A (en) * 1961-03-17 1965-04-20 Siemens Ag Method and means for floating-zone melting of rod-shaped bodies of crystallizable semiconducting or conducting material
US3188244A (en) * 1961-04-24 1965-06-08 Tektronix Inc Method of forming pn junction in semiconductor material
US3203768A (en) * 1961-08-01 1965-08-31 Westinghouse Electric Corp Apparatus of zone refining and controlling solute segregation in solidifying melts by electromagnetic means
US3218154A (en) * 1962-12-06 1965-11-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp Metal processing method
US3294525A (en) * 1962-03-30 1966-12-27 Louyot Comptoir Lyon Alemand Fusion processes for the manufacture of metals and alloys employed in contact with molten materials
DE1235875B (de) * 1963-11-13 1967-03-09 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von neodymdotierten Calciumfluorid-Einkristallen fuer Laser
US3464812A (en) * 1966-03-29 1969-09-02 Massachusetts Inst Technology Process for making solids and products thereof
US6596076B1 (en) * 1998-06-30 2003-07-22 Director-General Of Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology Apparatus and method for altering the apparent effects of gravity

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB555214A (en) * 1941-11-17 1943-08-10 Jack Sydney Gerber Improved method of, and means for, stirring or circulating molten or liquid materials or mediums
US2686864A (en) * 1951-01-17 1954-08-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetic levitation and heating of conductive materials
US2739088A (en) * 1951-11-16 1956-03-20 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Process for controlling solute segregation by zone-melting

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB555214A (en) * 1941-11-17 1943-08-10 Jack Sydney Gerber Improved method of, and means for, stirring or circulating molten or liquid materials or mediums
US2686864A (en) * 1951-01-17 1954-08-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetic levitation and heating of conductive materials
US2739088A (en) * 1951-11-16 1956-03-20 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Process for controlling solute segregation by zone-melting

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3098741A (en) * 1958-04-03 1963-07-23 Wacker Chemie Gmbh Process for effecting crucibleless melting of materials and production of shaped bodies therefrom
US3065640A (en) * 1959-08-27 1962-11-27 Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc Containment device
US3092462A (en) * 1960-01-28 1963-06-04 Philips Corp Method for the manufacture of rods of meltable material
US3057677A (en) * 1960-10-06 1962-10-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Yttrium and rare earth borates
US3179502A (en) * 1961-03-17 1965-04-20 Siemens Ag Method and means for floating-zone melting of rod-shaped bodies of crystallizable semiconducting or conducting material
US3188244A (en) * 1961-04-24 1965-06-08 Tektronix Inc Method of forming pn junction in semiconductor material
US3203768A (en) * 1961-08-01 1965-08-31 Westinghouse Electric Corp Apparatus of zone refining and controlling solute segregation in solidifying melts by electromagnetic means
US3294525A (en) * 1962-03-30 1966-12-27 Louyot Comptoir Lyon Alemand Fusion processes for the manufacture of metals and alloys employed in contact with molten materials
US3218154A (en) * 1962-12-06 1965-11-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp Metal processing method
DE1235875B (de) * 1963-11-13 1967-03-09 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von neodymdotierten Calciumfluorid-Einkristallen fuer Laser
US3464812A (en) * 1966-03-29 1969-09-02 Massachusetts Inst Technology Process for making solids and products thereof
US6596076B1 (en) * 1998-06-30 2003-07-22 Director-General Of Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology Apparatus and method for altering the apparent effects of gravity

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DE1051013B (de) 1959-02-19
NL206424A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL112777C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB810448A (en) 1959-03-18
FR1148975A (fr) 1957-12-18
CH345162A (de) 1960-03-15

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