US2870231A - Production of unsaturated hydrocarbons - Google Patents

Production of unsaturated hydrocarbons Download PDF

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Publication number
US2870231A
US2870231A US530942A US53094255A US2870231A US 2870231 A US2870231 A US 2870231A US 530942 A US530942 A US 530942A US 53094255 A US53094255 A US 53094255A US 2870231 A US2870231 A US 2870231A
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United States
Prior art keywords
combustion chamber
combustion
oxygen
hydrocarbon
chamber
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Expired - Lifetime
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US530942A
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English (en)
Inventor
Hughes Edward Morgan
Howland Alfred Harold
Grootenhuis Pieter
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National Research Development Corp UK
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National Research Development Corp UK
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C4/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms
    • C07C4/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by cracking a single hydrocarbon or a mixture of individually defined hydrocarbons or a normally gaseous hydrocarbon fraction
    • C07C4/025—Oxidative cracking, autothermal cracking or cracking by partial combustion
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
    • C07C2/76—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation of hydrocarbons with partial elimination of hydrogen
    • C07C2/78—Processes with partial combustion
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C4/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms
    • C07C4/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by cracking a single hydrocarbon or a mixture of individually defined hydrocarbons or a normally gaseous hydrocarbon fraction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C4/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms
    • C07C4/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a larger number of carbon atoms by cracking a single hydrocarbon or a mixture of individually defined hydrocarbons or a normally gaseous hydrocarbon fraction
    • C07C4/04—Thermal processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/34—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts
    • C10G9/36—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts with heated gases or vapours
    • C10G9/38—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by direct contact with inert preheated fluids, e.g. with molten metals or salts with heated gases or vapours produced by partial combustion of the material to be cracked or by combustion of another hydrocarbon
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
    • Y10S585/919—Apparatus considerations
    • Y10S585/921—Apparatus considerations using recited apparatus structure
    • Y10S585/922—Reactor fluid manipulating device

Definitions

  • the requirements of the process are that the hydrocarbon fuel and the oxidant shall be separately preheated and then be reacted together in a combustion chamber, there being a considerable excess of the hydrocarbon over that required forcomplete combustion with the air or oxygen; the heat of combustion then causes pyrolysis or cracking of the excess hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the gases must be allowed to reside at this high temperature for a short, but precisely defined, interval of time, which may be termed the residence time, and-then cooled as rapidly as practicable to a temperature not greater than 200 C. All or part of this cooling may be done in a gas turbine.
  • the burner must operate stably with preheated supplies of hydrocarbon fuel and oxygen.
  • an apparatus for producing acetylene and other unsaturated hydrocarbons by subjecting liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuel to incomplete combustion with air or oxygen under such conditions of temperature as will cause cracking and/or pyrolysis of the excess hydrocarbon fuel and subjecting the combustion products to rapid cooling, which apparatus comprises a combustion chamber, a fuel nozzle for projecting a jet of hydrocarbon fuel ranged for obstructing the jet and thereby spreading the hydrocarbon fuel in a thin sheet, distributor means for supplying air or oxygen to the thin sheet tor combustion thereof and combustion products withdrawal means for withdrawing combustion products from the combustion chamber.
  • a rapid quenching of the combustion products is required and to effect this rapid quenching it is preferred that there is connected to the combustion chamber a gas turbine in which the combustion products may be subjected to adiabatic expansion to produce the required rapid cooling thereof.
  • the distributor means for supplying air or oxygen to the thin sheet of hydrocarbon ruel comprises a plurality of inlet ports formed through the wall of the combustion chamber at positions distributed around the nozzle, said ports being in commumcation with a manifold arranged outside the chamber. "lhe axesbf the ports may be parallel with that of Q the nozzle or may be inclined slightly inwardly thereto.
  • a single annular inlet port may be used if desired.
  • the distributor means may, if desired, be so designed as to feedthe whole or a part of the air or oxygen through or around the obstructing element. "thus the distributor means may comprise, tor example, a plurality of ports formed through the obstructing element or an annular port surrounding the obstructing element. Furthermore, the obstructing element or'a part thereof may be made of porous material and be so arranged that the air or oxygen or part thereof may be fed therethrough; the obstiucting element itself may thus form a part of the distributor means.
  • the combustion chamber is preferably an axially short cylindrical combustion chamber substantially on the axis of which are mounted the fuel nozzle and the obstructing' element.
  • the combustion products withdrawal means preferably comprises a continuous or discontinuous outlet aperture which surrounds the obstructing element and which cornmunlcates from within the combustion chamber to a combustion products manifold.
  • a continuous or discontinuous outlet aperture which surrounds the obstructing element and which cornmunlcates from within the combustion chamber to a combustion products manifold.
  • Such an outletaperture may, for example, be provided in the form of a plurality of outlet ports or a single port of annular form formed in the wall of the chamber.
  • the combustion products manifold is conveniently of annular cross-section, the major cross-sectional dimensions thereof being reduced between the outlet aperture and the outlet nozzle to provide a converging pathway for the combustion products.
  • this manifold is provided in the form of a space defined between a conical body and a conical elongation of the combustion chamber itself in which case the obstructing element may be provided inthe form of a cylindrical pro ection formed substantially at the centre of the base of the conical-body.
  • the apparatus may therefore be provided With a preheater for one or both of these materials thereby increasing the efiiciency of the reaction while avoiding the danger that the materials will ignite before reaching the combustion chamber, or that the combustion will be unstable even under conditions where the velocity of flame propagation is lower than the velocity of the difierent gases.
  • the only limits imposed on the preheat temperature arise from the economic considerations of the process as a whole and from the.
  • the combustion chamber and the obstructing element may be made ot a snitable reiractory material, a refractory-lined metal, or of a metal. suitably cooled, one form of. such, cooling being by heataexchange with one or both oithev reactants toconserve heat.
  • the invention also includes a process for the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons from saturated hydro carbons by the pyrolysis or cracking of saturated hydrocarbons by partial combustion in the apparatus herein described.
  • Figure l shows in longitudinal cross-section a combustion chamber arranged for use with a radial flow gas turbine
  • Figure 2 shows, a longitudinal cross-section of a combustion chamber arranged for use with an axial flow gas turbine.
  • a discontinuous outlet aperture in the form of a plurality of radial outlet holes 10 communicates with a combustion products manifold. 11 constituted by the tube 3,. a tube 12 arranged coaxially therewith, and annular end plates 13 and 14.
  • a pipe 15 serves for loading combustion products from the manifold, to a radial-flow gas turbine, shown diagrammatically at T.
  • a combustion chamber 29 having a cylindrical portion 21 and, a coaxial conical por ion 22. ha ing p si oned therein a conical body 23 which cooperates to define a continuous outlet aperture 24 and a, converging combustion products manifold. 25which, connects aperture 24 with an outlet nozzle 26 which communicates with an axial, flow gas turbine, shown diagrammatically at; 27.
  • Parts 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 are imil r to the correspondingly numbered parts of the apparatus shown in Figure 1.
  • the residence time of the reacting mixture to give appreciable yields of acetylene was found to be from 20 to milliseconds, this residence time being based on the time taken by the mixture to traverse the combustion chamber when at atmospheric temperature and pressure.
  • the nozzle directed at the obstructing element is referred to. as a fuel nozzle and although the distributor means is stated to have the function of supplying, air or oxygen to the thin sheet, the functions of these two structural elements may be reversed.
  • the apparatus may successfully be used with air or oxygen supplied to. the nozzle and spread out into a thin sheet to which the fuel is supplied by the said distributor means.
  • a process for the conversion of substantially saturrated. hydrocarbons to substantially unsaturated hydrocarbons which comprises introducing the saturated hydrocarbon into a closed. combustionv chamber in the. form. of a jet, forming a thin sheet of radially moving hydro,- carhon within the combustion chamber by impinging, said iet upon an obstructing; element disposed within said chamber, separately introducing. molecular oxygen into said combustion chamber annularly of said jet, etfecting a, partial combustion of said hydrocarbon, withdrawing the. combustion products from said combustion chamber. and quenching them.
  • a process according. to claim, 2 wherein the residence time of the reactants in said combustion chamber is from 20 to 50 milliseconds.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
US530942A 1954-09-03 1955-08-29 Production of unsaturated hydrocarbons Expired - Lifetime US2870231A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB25695/54A GB819784A (en) 1954-09-03 1954-09-03 Improvements in or relating to a process and apparatus for the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons

Publications (1)

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US2870231A true US2870231A (en) 1959-01-20

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US530942A Expired - Lifetime US2870231A (en) 1954-09-03 1955-08-29 Production of unsaturated hydrocarbons

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US2870231A (fr)
BE (1) BE541035A (fr)
CH (1) CH339196A (fr)
DE (1) DE1046605B (fr)
GB (1) GB819784A (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3185740A (en) * 1960-11-04 1965-05-25 Phillips Petroleum Co Fast chemical reaction and process
US3248437A (en) * 1961-01-03 1966-04-26 Monsanto Co Hydrocarbon conversion process
US4570028A (en) * 1984-04-06 1986-02-11 Atlantic Richfield Company Process for producing acetylene using a homogeneous mixture
US4655904A (en) * 1983-06-17 1987-04-07 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Thermal cracking process for selectively producing olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons
US4912282A (en) * 1983-04-19 1990-03-27 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Process for operating a plant for the cracking of hydrocarbons

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1965771A (en) * 1933-04-24 1934-07-10 Groll Herbert Peter Augustus Manufacture of acetylene
US2377847A (en) * 1943-07-24 1945-06-12 Phillips Petroleum Co Process for converting hydrocarbons
US2529598A (en) * 1949-08-30 1950-11-14 Universal Oil Prod Co Reactor for high-temperature cracking
US2556196A (en) * 1944-11-06 1951-06-12 Phillips Petroleum Co Process and apparatus for producing carbon black
US2721227A (en) * 1951-07-02 1955-10-18 Stanolind Oil & Gas Co Method and apparatus for making acetylene
US2727932A (en) * 1949-10-04 1955-12-20 Nat Res Dev Method for controlling reactions in hot gaseous reaction mixtures
US2765359A (en) * 1953-02-10 1956-10-02 Hydrocarbon Research Inc Production of acetylene

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1965771A (en) * 1933-04-24 1934-07-10 Groll Herbert Peter Augustus Manufacture of acetylene
US2377847A (en) * 1943-07-24 1945-06-12 Phillips Petroleum Co Process for converting hydrocarbons
US2556196A (en) * 1944-11-06 1951-06-12 Phillips Petroleum Co Process and apparatus for producing carbon black
US2529598A (en) * 1949-08-30 1950-11-14 Universal Oil Prod Co Reactor for high-temperature cracking
US2727932A (en) * 1949-10-04 1955-12-20 Nat Res Dev Method for controlling reactions in hot gaseous reaction mixtures
US2721227A (en) * 1951-07-02 1955-10-18 Stanolind Oil & Gas Co Method and apparatus for making acetylene
US2765359A (en) * 1953-02-10 1956-10-02 Hydrocarbon Research Inc Production of acetylene

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3185740A (en) * 1960-11-04 1965-05-25 Phillips Petroleum Co Fast chemical reaction and process
US3248437A (en) * 1961-01-03 1966-04-26 Monsanto Co Hydrocarbon conversion process
US4912282A (en) * 1983-04-19 1990-03-27 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Process for operating a plant for the cracking of hydrocarbons
US4655904A (en) * 1983-06-17 1987-04-07 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Thermal cracking process for selectively producing olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons
US4570028A (en) * 1984-04-06 1986-02-11 Atlantic Richfield Company Process for producing acetylene using a homogeneous mixture

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB819784A (en) 1959-09-09
CH339196A (fr) 1959-06-30
DE1046605B (de) 1958-12-18
BE541035A (fr)

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