US2857548A - Electron beam system - Google Patents

Electron beam system Download PDF

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Publication number
US2857548A
US2857548A US514423A US51442355A US2857548A US 2857548 A US2857548 A US 2857548A US 514423 A US514423 A US 514423A US 51442355 A US51442355 A US 51442355A US 2857548 A US2857548 A US 2857548A
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Prior art keywords
singular
equipotential
potential
electron
array
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Expired - Lifetime
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US514423A
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English (en)
Inventor
Kompfner Rudolf
Willis H Yocom
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AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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Priority to NL207688D priority Critical patent/NL207688A/xx
Priority to BE547097D priority patent/BE547097A/xx
Application filed by Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc filed Critical Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Priority to US514423A priority patent/US2857548A/en
Priority to DEW18924A priority patent/DE1123775B/de
Priority to CH341576D priority patent/CH341576A/fr
Priority to FR1153973D priority patent/FR1153973A/fr
Priority to GB17786/56A priority patent/GB806756A/en
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Publication of US2857548A publication Critical patent/US2857548A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/08—Focusing arrangements, e.g. for concentrating stream of electrons, for preventing spreading of stream
    • H01J23/083—Electrostatic focusing arrangements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an arrangement for focusing electrostatically a beam of charged particles and to apparatus which employs such a beam.
  • electrostatic focusing In the focusing of beams of charged particles, it is generally found desirable to provide focusing forces to overcome radial space charge forces and other effects which tend to make the beam diverge, Such focusing forces may be provided by either magnetic or electrostatic fields.
  • the use of a magnetic field is often a disadvantage, especially when beams of high density and long paths are desired, since the equipment necessary to provide the desired magnetic flux is apt to be heavy and bulky. Accordingly, when feasible, it is preferable to employ electrostatic fields for focusing. Hitherto, electrostatic focusing has generally involved the use along the path of flow of an electric field which is time-constant but spatially-alternating in direction.
  • an electrode system comprising an array of electrodes in which successive electrodes are maintained alternately at high and low electrostatic potentials.
  • the charged particles are passing alternately through regions of accelerating and retarding electrostatic fields, so that the average velocity of the particles is periodically undergoing significant change. This reduces the usefulness of the beam for many applications.
  • to establish and maintain the necessary potential differences between successive electrodes of the array irnposes requirements that complicate the design of apparatus utilizing such an electrostatically focused beam. Accordingly, there is a need in the electronic art for a simple arrangement for focusing an electron beam over an extended path of flow, which does not require either a magnetic field or spatially-alternating applied electric potentials.
  • the principal object of the present invention is to meet this need.
  • the present invention is based to a considerable extent on the discovery that associated with an electrode system comprising an array of positively biased conduetive elements spaced apart longitudinally there exists a pairof singular equipotential surfaces which are characterized in that a charged particle moving along either such equipotential surface with a correct velocity (which is a function of the geometry of the electrode system and the applied potentials) will remain substantially on that equipotential surface balanced between electrostatic and centrifugal forces.
  • each of these singular equipotential surfaces forms a sinuous path Winding inand out between successive elements of the array in a manner suggestive of a skier tslaloming between successive flag markers. For this reason, it is thought appropriately descriptive to characterize the focusing technique of the invention as slam focusing.
  • FIGs. 3, 4' and 5 Show iltfirnative arrangements, for injecting'an ele'c'tron'beam into an electron beam system in accordanc 'ewith'the invention. and. e 7
  • the're is shown in two, dimensions the equipotena r q or g t pot nt a d st i ut o ass ci ted h' plurality p t vefli cha 1.0 xte d n a z ae dp d apar tahc va for formin a q g fd hl r y' s e i fi sih the dir ction.
  • I c n. be 9 ha yr n 2 5 t e potent l 1s given by whet?
  • Fig. 1B there is shown in two dimensions an illustrative electrode system 15. Taking the role of the positive line charges are the 'posi tively charged conductive -lements 16, typically wires extending in the-z directiomarranged in a linear array in which the successive elementsl-arespaced apart the distance a in the ac direction.
  • each of these elements advantageously.coincides Wifl'l one of the closed equipotential surfaces of the plot shown in Fig. 1A and the potential applied to each such element should correspond to thepotential of theequipotential surface chosen.. Additionally, spaced in the y direction on opposite sides of the linear array of elements cxtend conductive members 17 and 18.
  • the surface of each of thesemembers facing the linear array advantageously also a shape which substantially coincides with the equipotential surface of the plot shown-in Fig, 1B.
  • the members 17 and 18 willhe suificiently separated from the linear array-that they can be planar plates to conform to the substantially planar equipotential surfaces, shown in'Fig. 1A, characteristic of regions appreciably separated in they direction from the plane of the line charges.
  • each of the elements 16 of the array is maintained'at the same positive potential with respect to that of the boundary members 17 and 18.
  • the potential of the singular equipotential surfaces may be chosen arbitrarily to have any desired value. Equation 1 then is solved with the parameters of the desired geom- V,,, the potential corresponding to that the singular equi-.
  • Equation 3 will be automatically satisfied if X' -is made the potential difference through which an election is accelerated from rest before itis injected on thesingular equipotential path, sincethe added velocity imparted to an electron in passing through a potential diiference equal to V is as given by Equation 3; J means thata correctvelocity willbe assured ifthe electronis accelerated to a velocitywhichicorresponds to the velocity imparted An examination of Equation 1 and the. number of variables whose value may be readily controlled shows:
  • FIG. 2 there is shown in perspective an electronbeam system 20in accordance with the'invention.
  • An array of parallel wires 21, each of which extends in a direction transverse to the desired directionof flow which are spaced apart a uniform distance in the longitudinal direction' extends along the interspace between conductive plates 22 and 23.
  • Each of' the wires is maintained at a positive potential with respect to the pair of plates.
  • an electron source which comprises. a filamentary cathode 24 extendingparallel to the individual elements .of .the array surrounded-by an anode 25.
  • the anode 25 is positioned in the region of the intersection of the singul'aneqmpotential surfaces associated with the array of Wires, and.
  • consequencqthe eifect of the presence of the electron: gun is minimized with regard to any disturbance of the a potential distribution in the interspace, part cularly the singular equipotential surface. Additionally, the differ ence in potential between the cathode 24 and anode 25. j
  • the anode 25 is a cylindrical element which is slit for exit of the electrons therepast at a region which corresponds to a slngular' equipotential. Accordingly, the electrons passing from the cathode beyond the anode are formed into a sheet beam and'are injected on the desired singular equipoten-, tial surface shown bythe broken line at a correct velocltyu so that the beam has a trajectory which substantially corresponds to the singular equipotential surface.
  • 32 wires each of 60 mils diameter, with a center ,to center spacmg of mils formed the linear array of elements positioned V midway between two conductive plates 300.mils apart.
  • Typical operating parameters included a'wire potential 7 Intermediate of: -I-3 90-vo1ts; an accelerating .anodeipot entiali of +2302. volts,---a:plate potential Of-s-lSO-Voltsg'f and a currentrof the beam has completed its necessaryrole in the application intended.
  • a'wire potential 7 Intermediate of: -I-3 90-vo1ts; an accelerating .anodeipot entiali of +2302. volts,---a:plate potential Of-s-lSO-Voltsg'f and a currentrof the beam has completed its necessaryrole in the application intended.
  • a collector housing ,27 maintained at the-potential 'of. the singular equipotential surface.
  • the electrons . may be collected advantageously in' the manner described the copen'dihg application SeriaFNo; l4,42l,filed June 10, 1955, by].
  • Iii-Fig: 3th'ere is' shown in' greateridetail a'form-of ele'ctrongun 30 suitable fdrnse as the "electron'source injth c'practice of- 'the invent-ion whenthe interelecuode' distances'rwhich are tolerable" are relatively large:
  • a filamentary "heater wire- 3Pextendscoaxially through-a cylindrical cathode housing 32 a portion of whose outer” .surface'is made electron-emissive to serve "as thecathode.
  • the cathode coating advantageously is positioned 'inthe electronstherepast. Lips are provided at the slit; for- Partially surrounding 'the 'beam forming beam shaping.
  • element' 33 is the acceleratingganode' '34," also appropriately 'apertured for'passage of the electrons therepast for injection on a singular equipotential surface!
  • the spacing in the x direction between successive wires 51 forming longitudinal array is gradually decreased; together with the-radii of successive wires.
  • the spacing in the u direction of the conductive bounding; plates 52 and 53 from thearray is gradually decreased...
  • a perspective viewof a: traveling wave tube fill whichincorporates the. focusing, principles of the. invention for providing electron. flow suitable for interaction with a signal-wave.
  • a wave guiding circuit comprising a zig-zag transmission'line 62.
  • Such aline comprises a. conductor-which is folded back and forth a pluralitvof times, substantially in a single plane, successiveefoldsii being spaced apart in a. longitudinal direction;
  • Theline is shown schematically supported at its folded, ends.
  • Such a line provides in the longitudinal direction along the intermediate portion of the folds a succession of parallel conductive elements such as 62A, 62B and 62C spaced apart in a linear longitudinal array. Moreover, by positioning conductive plates 63 and 64 on opposite sides of the transmission line, there results an electrode structure which resembles that shown in Fig. 113.
  • the line may be maintained at a suitable positive potential with respect to the conductivemembers, so that a potential distribution characterized by a pair of singular equipotential surfaces of the kind displayed in Fig. 1A may be realized along the line.
  • the electron beam is injected on one of the singular equipotential surfaces with a correct velocity. It is convenient for achieving an arrangement like that shown in Fig. 2 to position an auxiliary electrode 66 beyond each end of the line to serve as extensions of the linear array ofelements extending beyond the electron gun to minimize abrupt discontinuities in the potential distribution beyond the ends of the line.
  • the longitudinal electron beam velocity must be matched to the phase velocity of a longitudinal electric field component of the traveling wave.
  • the phase velocity of the wave can beadjusted by the geometry of the line in a maner known to workers in the art.
  • the desired beam velocity can be'realized by appropriately fixing the potential of the singular equipotential surface. Such potential may be realized by proper choice of boundary conditions.
  • the boundary conditions most easily adjusted are the D. C. potential of the line and the spacing of the conductive plates. It is generally convenient to operate the plates at the same potential as the cathode of the electron gun.
  • a traveling wave tube of the kind described may be employed in the forward'wave mode as an amplifier or in the backward-"wave mode as an amplifier or oscillator.
  • the input signal is applied from a signal source to the transmission line forming the circuit at the upstream or electron source end and the output wave is abstracted at the downstream or collector end for use by the load. Connection to the circuit can be made simply by connecting the end of the circuit to the inner conductor of a coaxial line.
  • the beam velocity is matched to the phase velocity of a negative space harmonic of a wave traveling along upstream the circuit in the manner characteristic of backward wave operation. Additionally, the beam current is made sufficiently high that oscillations are set up.
  • the output oscillatory wave is abstracted for use by the external load by a connection to the upstream or gun end of the wave. Additionally, the downstream end of the circuit is terminated to be sub stantially reflectionless, as by the insertion of a section in which resistive lossy material is introduced gradually.
  • the frequency of the oscillations may be varied readily the potentials of the electrode system are varied prop'ortionately.
  • the beam velocity is again matched to the phase velocity of a negative space harmonic traveling upstream along the circuit.
  • the input signal is applied to the circuit at its downstream end and the amplified output abstracted at the upstream 'end. Caution must be taken to insure that the beam current is insuflicient to set up backward wave oscillations and the loss along the line is minimized.
  • the backward wave oscillator may be of the kind described in copending application Serial No.
  • Kompfner in which a backward wave circuit sets up oscillatory space charge waves on the beam which are ab-f stracted by a forward wave circuit positioned downstream of the backward wave circuit.
  • Fig. 7 there is shown in perspective a traveling wave tube which employs an interdigital transmission line as the wave interaction circuit.
  • an interdigital transmission line of the kind 1 known to workers in the art and described in detail in U. S. Patent 2,823,332, issued February 11, 1958, to R. C. Fletcher.
  • This line comprises a linear array of conductive finger elements 72, successive finger elements extending from opposite conductive end support members 73, 74 for forming an interdigital array which serves to provide a zigzagging path for the traveling wave in a manner resembling the wave path provided by the zigzag line of the tube shown in Fig. 6.
  • top and bottom Q conductive plates 75, 76 Positioned on opposite faces of the interdigital line are the top and bottom Q conductive plates 75, 76. By insulating the interdigital f line from the plates 75, 76 and establishing a potential difierence therebetween, there is effectively achieved .a r.
  • Coupling connections may be pro-- vided to the ends of the interaction circuit in the manner 1 known to workers in the art.
  • Fig. 8 there is shown in perspective a traveling wave tube 80 of the kind which employs a' helix as the interaction circuit and in which the principles of the invention are incorporated.
  • a traveling wave tube 80 of the kind which employs a' helix as the interaction circuit and in which the principles of the invention are incorporated.
  • a helix 82 which is to serve as the interaction eircuit.
  • At least one portion 82A of the helix is flattened to provide 1 a substantially coplanar linear array.
  • spaced conductive fi am nts which can aerveas a linear array of elements of the kind shown in Fig. 1B.
  • the helix' is insulated from the plates and maintained at a suitable positive potential therewith whereby there are set up a pair of singular equipotential surfaces which zexteud past this flattened portion of the helix.
  • a sheet beam of electrons is injected on this surface with a correct velocity from a suitable electron source 85.
  • a suitable electron source 85 As in the ,tubes described earlier, the potential of the singular equipotential surfaces is chosen so that an electron velocity correct for focusing is also suited for interaction between the beam and a signal wave propagating along the helix.
  • the signal wave may be applied to and abstracted from opposite ends of $3 circuit by coupling techniques known to workers in e art.
  • the focusing principles of the invention are by no means limited to applications in traveling wave tubes.
  • Typical of other electronic devices which may be devised consistent wtih the principles of the invention are switching tubes and storage tubes of the kind described in copending application Serial No. 514,424, filed June 10, 1955, by R. Kompfner.
  • a source of charged particles in combination, a source of charged particles, a plurality of conductive elements spaced apart in a longitudinal array, the elements being maintained at a potential difference with respect to said source for-forming a singular equipotential path which extends in a longitudinal direction wnding sinuously past the elements, and means for njecting particles from said source into said singular equipotential path at a velocity for following substantially along said singular equipotential path.
  • a plurality of parallel conductive elements spaced apart in a longitudinal array each element being maintained at a positive potential with respect to a reference level for forming a singular equipotential path which extends in a longitudinal direction winding past the elements, means at the reference potential level providing an electron beam, and means maintained at the potential of the singular equipotential surface for accelerating the electrons and injecting the electrons into the singular equipotential path with a velocity for following said path.
  • a spaced pair of conductive means bounding the interspace therebetween, a plurality of conductive elements spaced apart in an array which extends longitudinally in said 10 interspace, means for biasing the elements with respect to said bounding means and establishing a pair of singular equipotential surfaces each of which extends longitudinally along said interspacewinding sinuously past the elements, and means for injecting electrons on to at least one of said equipotential surfaces at a velocity for following substantially longitudinally along said one surface.
  • an electron discharge device in combination, a spaced pair of conductive plates, a plurality of conductive elements spaced apart and extending transversely for forming a longitudinal array in the interspace between the pair of plates, means for biasing the elements positive with respect to said lates for establishi g a Pai of sin ular equipotential surfaces, each of which extends longitudinally winding sinuously past the elements in the interspace, and means for injecting electrons into at least one of said singular equipotential surfaces at a velocity for following substantially longitudinally along said surface.
  • an electron discharge device in combination, a spaced pair of conductive plates, a plurality of spaced conductive elements forming a linear array which extends longitudinally in the interspace between the pair of plates equidistant from the two plates, means for biasing the elements of the array positive with respect to said plates and establishing a pair of singular equipotential surfaces which extend longitudinally in the interspace winding sinuously past the elements, means forming an electron beam, and means maintained at the potential of the singular equipotential surface for accelerating the electrons in said beam and injecting the electron beam onto one of said singular equipotential surfaces at a velocity for following substantially along said singular equipotential surface.
  • a plurality of parallel conductive elements spaced apart in a longitudinal array each of the elements being maintained at a positive potential for establishing a pair of singular equipotential paths, each of which extends longitudinally winding past the elements, and means positioned substantially at an intersection of the pair of singular equipotential surfaces for injecting electrons into one of said singular equipotential paths for travel substantially therealong at the correct velocity.
  • an electron discharge device in combination, a plurality of parallel conductive elements spaced apart in a longitudinal array, one of a pair of conductive bounding means on opposite sides of the longitudinal array, means for maintaining the elements of the array at a positive potential with respect to said conductive bounding means for forming a pair of singular equipotential paths which extend longitudinally in the interspace between the conductive bounding means, and means positioned external to said interspace for forming an electron beam which is injected into said interspace at a velocity for substantially along one of said singular equipotential surfaces.
  • a transmission line for propagating an electromagnetic wave portions of the transmission line forming an array of conductive elements, an electron source, means for biasing said portions positive to said electron source for forming a pair of single equipotential surfaces extending past said portions, and means for injecting electrons from said source into one of said single equipotential surfaces with a velocity to follow substantially along said single equipotential surface.
  • an electron source providing a sheet beam of electrons
  • transmission line which comprises a conductor which is folded back and forth to form a zig-zagging wave path, portions of the transmission line forming a linear array of parallel conductive elements along the beam path, means for biasing said portions positive to said electron source for forming a pair of singular equipotential surfaces winding between successive portions of the linear 1 1 array, and means injecting .saidsheet beam onto one of said singular equipotential surfaces with a .rvelocityt for following substantiallyalong said surface.
  • An electron'discharge'device comprising means for defining an electric field characterized by a plurality of equipotential surfaces, said means including a longitudinally extending array of spaced electrodes, conducting means on each side of said array and spaced therefrom,

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  • Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)
US514423A 1955-06-10 1955-06-10 Electron beam system Expired - Lifetime US2857548A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL207688D NL207688A (de) 1955-06-10
BE547097D BE547097A (de) 1955-06-10
US514423A US2857548A (en) 1955-06-10 1955-06-10 Electron beam system
DEW18924A DE1123775B (de) 1955-06-10 1956-04-25 Elektrostatische Fokussierungsanordnung zur gebuendelten Fuehrung des Elektronenstrahls einer Lauffeldroehre
CH341576D CH341576A (fr) 1955-06-10 1956-06-02 Dispositif comprenant des moyens de focalisation d'un faisceau de particules chargées
FR1153973D FR1153973A (fr) 1955-06-10 1956-06-08 Dispositif à faisceau électronique
GB17786/56A GB806756A (en) 1955-06-10 1956-06-08 Improvements in or relating to focusing systems for electric discharge devices

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US514423A US2857548A (en) 1955-06-10 1955-06-10 Electron beam system

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US2857548A true US2857548A (en) 1958-10-21

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BE (1) BE547097A (de)
CH (1) CH341576A (de)
DE (1) DE1123775B (de)
FR (1) FR1153973A (de)
GB (1) GB806756A (de)
NL (1) NL207688A (de)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2941114A (en) * 1958-01-09 1960-06-14 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Slalom focusing structures
US2951964A (en) * 1955-09-13 1960-09-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron beam systems
US2953707A (en) * 1957-03-29 1960-09-20 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron beam focusing system
US2973453A (en) * 1958-04-24 1961-02-28 M O Valve Co Ltd Travelling wave tubes
US3005128A (en) * 1957-10-18 1961-10-17 Edgerton Germeshausen And Grie Electron-beam deflection system
US3032676A (en) * 1957-02-19 1962-05-01 Raytheon Co Traveling wave tubes
US3058025A (en) * 1958-01-01 1962-10-09 M O Valve Co Ltd Electrostatic focussing devices
US3076909A (en) * 1959-06-05 1963-02-05 M O Valve Co Ltd Electrostatic focussing devices
US3090885A (en) * 1957-11-25 1963-05-21 Siemens Ag Electronic high frequency dual electron beam return wave tube with cycloid beam
US3102211A (en) * 1959-08-19 1963-08-27 Varian Associates Adiabatic beam condenser method and apparatus
US3241091A (en) * 1960-12-30 1966-03-15 Csf Wave guiding structure
US3454806A (en) * 1965-07-15 1969-07-08 Siemens Ag System for the production of a flat electron beam for a traveling wave tube with purely electrostatic focusing
US4199709A (en) * 1977-06-27 1980-04-22 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Injection of an electron beam

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2414121A (en) * 1941-01-17 1947-01-14 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron device of the magnetron type
US2687491A (en) * 1946-05-15 1954-08-24 George H Lee Ultrahigh-frequency vacuum tube
US2687777A (en) * 1948-07-20 1954-08-31 Csf Thermionic tube for ultrashort waves

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB515068A (en) * 1938-05-23 1939-11-24 Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co Improvements in or relating to high frequency oscillators

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2414121A (en) * 1941-01-17 1947-01-14 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron device of the magnetron type
US2687491A (en) * 1946-05-15 1954-08-24 George H Lee Ultrahigh-frequency vacuum tube
US2687777A (en) * 1948-07-20 1954-08-31 Csf Thermionic tube for ultrashort waves

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2951964A (en) * 1955-09-13 1960-09-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron beam systems
US3032676A (en) * 1957-02-19 1962-05-01 Raytheon Co Traveling wave tubes
US2953707A (en) * 1957-03-29 1960-09-20 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron beam focusing system
US3005128A (en) * 1957-10-18 1961-10-17 Edgerton Germeshausen And Grie Electron-beam deflection system
US3090885A (en) * 1957-11-25 1963-05-21 Siemens Ag Electronic high frequency dual electron beam return wave tube with cycloid beam
US3058025A (en) * 1958-01-01 1962-10-09 M O Valve Co Ltd Electrostatic focussing devices
US2941114A (en) * 1958-01-09 1960-06-14 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Slalom focusing structures
US2973453A (en) * 1958-04-24 1961-02-28 M O Valve Co Ltd Travelling wave tubes
US3043984A (en) * 1958-04-24 1962-07-10 M O Valve Co Ltd Travelling wave tubes
US3076909A (en) * 1959-06-05 1963-02-05 M O Valve Co Ltd Electrostatic focussing devices
US3102211A (en) * 1959-08-19 1963-08-27 Varian Associates Adiabatic beam condenser method and apparatus
US3241091A (en) * 1960-12-30 1966-03-15 Csf Wave guiding structure
US3454806A (en) * 1965-07-15 1969-07-08 Siemens Ag System for the production of a flat electron beam for a traveling wave tube with purely electrostatic focusing
US4199709A (en) * 1977-06-27 1980-04-22 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Injection of an electron beam

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Publication number Publication date
BE547097A (de)
CH341576A (fr) 1959-10-15
FR1153973A (fr) 1958-03-31
GB806756A (en) 1958-12-31
NL207688A (de)
DE1123775B (de) 1962-02-15

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