US2846388A - Construction of the lower part of the crucible of igneous electrolysis cells - Google Patents

Construction of the lower part of the crucible of igneous electrolysis cells Download PDF

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US2846388A
US2846388A US579828A US57982856A US2846388A US 2846388 A US2846388 A US 2846388A US 579828 A US579828 A US 579828A US 57982856 A US57982856 A US 57982856A US 2846388 A US2846388 A US 2846388A
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cell
bars
blocks
steel
crucible
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US579828A
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Morel Paul
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Pechiney SA
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Pechiney SA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes

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  • the present invention which is based on applicants investigations, solves this problem. It is based on the fact that the largest part of the voltage drop in the crucible bottom is due to the electric resistance of the steel bars which insure the ⁇ connection between the carbon blocks and the external conductors. Hence, the invention comprises means for increasing the electric conductivity of this connection, which may be realized by several embodiments of the invention.
  • the cross-section provided for the passage of the current is increased by adopting thicker steel bars, or by welding to at least one surface of the steel bar a copper bar. This embodiment is carried out without changing the total length of the bars.
  • the copper bar can be welded onto that face of the steel bar which is not in contact with the cast-iron seal. It can equally be welded to a lateral face of the steel bar, the copper bar being then partially immersed in the liquid cast-iron at the time when the steel bar is sealed in the grooves provided in the carbon blocks. The current proceeding from the blocks can then pass directly into the copper.
  • the length of the steel bars is reduced, this being made possible by a corresponding reduction in the width of the lower part of the cell.
  • the length of steel thus elimi- .nated can be replaced by aluminum conductors the ele ⁇ c tric conductivity of which is better.
  • Steel bars having a large cross-section can be used o1' else, they can be reinforced by a copper bar.
  • the width yof the lower portion of the cell is not modied, but the connecting bars extend through Athe bottom of the cell, either by bending them at right angles immediately opposite the external edge of the carbon blocks, or by giving them a convenient shape.
  • Figure 1 represents a transverse Vertical section of an electrolysis cell constructed according to the prior art; it is the purpose of the present invention to improve such construction;
  • Figures 2 and 3 represent transverse vertical sections p of two variants of the iirst embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 4 represents to an enlarged scale a partial crosssection, through a vertical plane perpendicular to that of Figure 3, of a detail;
  • Figures 5 and 6 represent transverse vertical sections of two variants of the second embodiment of the invention.
  • Figures 7 and 8 represent transverse vertical sections of two variants of the third embodiment of the invention.
  • 1 designates the metallic casing which surrounds the cell, 2 an insulating layer, 3 the carbon walls of the crucible, 4 the carbon blocks forming the bottom of the cell and comprising at their lower part a groove in ywhich the steel bar 5 is sealed in by cast-iron.
  • 6 designates a foundation formed of refractory insulating bricks on which the crucible rests.
  • the steel bar 5 does not extend at the bottom beyond the lower part of the carbon blocks and, as a result, its dimensions are limited.
  • the bars 5 have'a 4cross-section triple that of those shown in Figure 1 and, as a result, the potential drop in the bottom is reduced to 0.30 volt.
  • the bars penetrate deeply into the foundation 6 which complicates the construction; moreover, it is necessary that the bars be deeply notched at the places where they pass into the casing 1 in order to avoid excessive weakening of the latters strength.
  • the arrangement illustrated in Figure 3 can be adopted.
  • the lbar 5 retains its original dimension as in Figure 1, but there is welded to its lower part a copper strip 7, either on the entire length of the steel bar, or with an interruption underneath the central block, as shown in Figure 3.
  • a copper strip having a cross-seo tion of mm. x 20 mm. is the equivalent (in conductivity), at the operating temperature, of steel bars 200 mm. x v mm., that is, sections 12 times larger.
  • the potential drop is the same as in Figure 2, namely 0.30.
  • Figure 4 represents to an enlarged scale a detail of a carbon block adjacent a seal.
  • ⁇ in Figui-e1 amounts tol0l4() is surrounded by the cast-iron seal 8.
  • the copper bar can be perforated, for example, at 9, in order to insure improved connection between the cast-iron and the copper. By this means, there can be obtained a gain of about 0.03 volt as compared with the arrangement illustrated in Figure 3. 4That is, the potential drop is now 0.027.
  • Figure 5 represents such an arrangement using steel bars of large cross-section extending outside the bottoml of the groove provided in the carbon blocks.
  • the bent bars 5 can be strengthened by means'of a copper strip 7. It is possible to obtain thereby a potential drop somewhat lower than 0.25, for example, a drop of 0.24.
  • the steel bar 5 has exactly the same length as the assembly of the bottom blocks; the current leaves through vertical steel bars.
  • the assembly has approximately the shape of the Greek letter pi This shape can :be obtained either by forging or by welding.
  • the potential drop in the bottom can readily amount to 0.24 volt.
  • a cell for use in igneous electrolysis comprising, in combination: a lower portion provided with carbon blocks; grooves in said blocks; current conducting ferrous bars positioned in said grooves in contact with said blocks, said bars having a length significantly shorter than the width of the cell at its upper portion; sloping banks of solidified matter disposed all around the inner circumference of the cell; whereby the active surface of the cell ybottom is decreased and the voltage drop in the bottom of the cell is detrimentally increased; and conductors having an electrical conductivity higher than that of said bars extending. from they ends of said bars and ⁇ forming means ot'attachment to a source of current, whereby the potential drop in the bottom of the cell is advantageously decreased.
  • a cell for use in igneous electrolysis comprising, in combination: a lower portion of contracted width relative to the top portion of the cell; carbon blocks in said lower portion; grooves in said blocks; current conducting ferrous bars positioned in said grooves in contact with said blocks, said bars having a length substantially coextensive with said contracted width; sloping banks of solidilied matter disposedall around the inner circumference of the cell; whereby the active surface of the cell bottom is decreased and the voltage drop in the bottom of the cell is detrimentally increased; and conductors having an electrical conductivity higher than that of said bars extending from the ends of said bars and forming means of attachment to a source of current, whereby the potential drop in the bottom of the cell is advantageously decreased.

Description

Aug. 5, 1958 p. MOREL 2,846,388
CONSTRUCTION OF THE LOWER PART OF THE CRUCIBLE v 0F' IGNEOUS ELECTROLYSIS CELLS x Filed April 23, 1956 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Fiel 'f 3 INV ENTOR Paul Morel Fic-1.4
Aug. 5, 1958 OF IGNEOUS ELECTROLYSIS CELLS Filed April 23, 1956 P. MOREL 2, CONSTRUCTION OF THE LOWER PART OF THE ORUOTBLE 'Paul 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 IN VE NTOR Morel BY Mza/7 A ATTORNEY United States Patent CONSTRUCTION OF THE LOWER PART OF THE CRUCIBLE OF IGNEOUS ELECTROLYSISv CELLS Paul Morel, Hermillon,v France, assigrnor to `Perchiney Compagnie de Produits Chimiques et Electrometallurgiques, Paris, France, acorporation of France Cells for use inigneous'electrolysis and, more particularly, those intended 'for the manufacture of alumi-V num, operate at low voltages, at times ofthe order of 4 to 4.5 volts, p Accordingly, it is important to reduce as far as possible the various voltage drops which are useless in the electrolysis. In French Patent No. 953,361, there are already described methods for insuring the electrical connection between the carbon Iblocks forming the bottom ofthe crucible of the electrolysis cell and the metallic bars for the current inlet or outlet (depending whether the operation relates to the production of aluminum byr electrolysis, or the refining of this metal). yIn accordance with those methods, the steel bars-generally of rectangular cross-section-are sealed in grooves provided in the carbon blocks by means of cast-iron of well the surface of the cruciblebottom to a size which'isV approximately equal to the surface of the anode assembly. In this manner, it is possible to decrease thev magnitude of level variation and movement of liquid aluminum in the bottom of the cell crucible, and it is possible to obtain thereby very high electrolysis yields which attain, and sometimes even exceed, 90%.
On the other hand, inasmuch as the active surface of the crucible bottom has been reduced by the presence of these sloping banks, the voltage drop increases and frequently attains 0.40 volt. It is accordingly quite important to` reduce this voltage drop without modifying the new methods of operating electrolysis cells.
The present invention, which is based on applicants investigations, solves this problem. It is based on the fact that the largest part of the voltage drop in the crucible bottom is due to the electric resistance of the steel bars which insure the` connection between the carbon blocks and the external conductors. Hence, the invention comprises means for increasing the electric conductivity of this connection, which may be realized by several embodiments of the invention.
According to a first embodiment of the invention, the cross-section provided for the passage of the current is increased by adopting thicker steel bars, or by welding to at least one surface of the steel bar a copper bar. This embodiment is carried out without changing the total length of the bars.
The copper bar can be welded onto that face of the steel bar which is not in contact with the cast-iron seal. It can equally be welded to a lateral face of the steel bar, the copper bar being then partially immersed in the liquid cast-iron at the time when the steel bar is sealed in the grooves provided in the carbon blocks. The current proceeding from the blocks can then pass directly into the copper.
Mice
According to a secondembodiment of the invention, I
the length of the steel bars is reduced, this being made possible by a corresponding reduction in the width of the lower part of the cell. The length of steel thus elimi- .nated can be replaced by aluminum conductors the ele`c tric conductivity of which is better. Steel bars having a large cross-section can be used o1' else, they can be reinforced by a copper bar.
According to a third embodiment of theinvention,'the width yof the lower portion of the cell is not modied, but the connecting bars extend through Athe bottom of the cell, either by bending them at right angles immediately opposite the external edge of the carbon blocks, or by giving them a convenient shape.
The annexed diagrammatic figures will give a better understanding of the invention. Of these,
Figure 1 represents a transverse Vertical section of an electrolysis cell constructed according to the prior art; it is the purpose of the present invention to improve such construction;
Figures 2 and 3 represent transverse vertical sections p of two variants of the iirst embodiment of the invention;
' Figure 4 represents to an enlarged scale a partial crosssection, through a vertical plane perpendicular to that of Figure 3, of a detail;
Figures 5 and 6 represent transverse vertical sections of two variants of the second embodiment of the invention;
Figures 7 and 8 represent transverse vertical sections of two variants of the third embodiment of the invention.
The same reference numerals designate the sameor corresponding parts in the several figures.
1 designates the metallic casing which surrounds the cell, 2 an insulating layer, 3 the carbon walls of the crucible, 4 the carbon blocks forming the bottom of the cell and comprising at their lower part a groove in ywhich the steel bar 5 is sealed in by cast-iron. 6 designates a foundation formed of refractory insulating bricks on which the crucible rests. y l
As will be seen from Figure l, the steel bar 5 does not extend at the bottom beyond the lower part of the carbon blocks and, as a result, its dimensions are limited.
When the cell is operated at relatively low temperatures,A
such as 930-950 C., and with Ilateral sloping vbanks of solid cryolite, the potential drop in the bottom of the'.
electrolysisr cell illustrated volt. K
In Figure 2, the bars 5 have'a 4cross-section triple that of those shown in Figure 1 and, as a result, the potential drop in the bottom is reduced to 0.30 volt. However, in this arrangement the bars penetrate deeply into the foundation 6 which complicates the construction; moreover, it is necessary that the bars be deeply notched at the places where they pass into the casing 1 in order to avoid excessive weakening of the latters strength.
To avoid these drawbacks, the arrangement illustrated in Figure 3 can be adopted. According to this variant of the invention, the lbar 5 retains its original dimension as in Figure 1, but there is welded to its lower part a copper strip 7, either on the entire length of the steel bar, or with an interruption underneath the central block, as shown in Figure 3. A copper strip having a cross-seo tion of mm. x 20 mm. is the equivalent (in conductivity), at the operating temperature, of steel bars 200 mm. x v mm., that is, sections 12 times larger. The potential drop is the same as in Figure 2, namely 0.30.
Figure 4 represents to an enlarged scale a detail of a carbon block adjacent a seal. As will be observed, the copper bar 7, welded to a lateral face of the steel bar 5,
`in Figui-e1 amounts tol0l4() is surrounded by the cast-iron seal 8. The copper bar can be perforated, for example, at 9, in order to insure improved connection between the cast-iron and the copper. By this means, there can be obtained a gain of about 0.03 volt as compared with the arrangement illustrated in Figure 3. 4That is, the potential drop is now 0.027.
-Since for -equal conductivity aluminum is a cheaper conductor than steel, provision is made according to the second embodiment of the invention for ashortening in the length of the'steel `bars (Figure 5) and for the replacement of the eliminated ends by aluminum bars 11. It is then necessary to decrease the width of the lower portion of the casing because aluminum cannot withstand the temperatures prevailing ,therein and, hence, must be disposed externally thereof.
Figure 5 represents such an arrangement using steel bars of large cross-section extending outside the bottoml of the groove provided in the carbon blocks.
its lower part, but having steel bars which do not extend outside the groove in the carbon blocks, the said bars being reinforced by a welded copper plate 7.
By adopting the arrangement represented in Figures 5 and 6, there is obtained a voltage drop of 0.25 volt in the bottom of the cell.
In the third embodiment of the invention, contraction of the lower portion of the casing is avoided while shortening, nevertheless, the Steel bars. This result is obtained by passing out the end of the bars through the bottom of the cell.
In the arrangement of Figure 7, the bars are bent at right angles opposite the blocks and the aluminum conductors 11 are then longer than in `Figures 5 and 6. Moreover, it is possible to dispose underneath the cells the conductors 12 which collect the current from the steel bars.
The bent bars 5 can be strengthened by means'of a copper strip 7. It is possible to obtain thereby a potential drop somewhat lower than 0.25, for example, a drop of 0.24.
In Figure 8, the steel bar 5 has exactly the same length as the assembly of the bottom blocks; the current leaves through vertical steel bars. The assembly has approximately the shape of the Greek letter pi This shape can :be obtained either by forging or by welding. The potential drop in the bottom can readily amount to 0.24 volt.
It is evident that by welding a thicker sheet of copper onto the steel, it is posible to reduce still further the potential drop in the bottom of the cell, indeed, in all three embodiments above described. However, a lower potential drop necessitates increased thermal insulation,
hence, increased installation costs. The most favorable cross-sections and lengths of the steel, copper and aluminum conductors depend on the price of these raw materials and the cost of the energy in the particular region. A person skilled in the art can determine these in each particular case without departing from the scope of the present invention. Y t
I claim:
l. A cell for use in igneous electrolysis comprising, in combination: a lower portion provided with carbon blocks; grooves in said blocks; current conducting ferrous bars positioned in said grooves in contact with said blocks, said bars having a length significantly shorter than the width of the cell at its upper portion; sloping banks of solidified matter disposed all around the inner circumference of the cell; whereby the active surface of the cell ybottom is decreased and the voltage drop in the bottom of the cell is detrimentally increased; and conductors having an electrical conductivity higher than that of said bars extending. from they ends of said bars and `forming means ot'attachment to a source of current, whereby the potential drop in the bottom of the cell is advantageously decreased.
2. A cell according to claim l wherein the conducting bars are formed of steel, and the conductors of higher conductivity are formed of aluminum.
3. A cell for use in igneous electrolysis comprising, in combination: a lower portion of contracted width relative to the top portion of the cell; carbon blocks in said lower portion; grooves in said blocks; current conducting ferrous bars positioned in said grooves in contact with said blocks, said bars having a length substantially coextensive with said contracted width; sloping banks of solidilied matter disposedall around the inner circumference of the cell; whereby the active surface of the cell bottom is decreased and the voltage drop in the bottom of the cell is detrimentally increased; and conductors having an electrical conductivity higher than that of said bars extending from the ends of said bars and forming means of attachment to a source of current, whereby the potential drop in the bottom of the cell is advantageously decreased.
4. A cell according to claim 3, wherein the conducting bars are formed of steel, and the conductors of higher conductivity are formed of aluminum.
References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS

Claims (1)

1. A CELL FOR USE IN IGNEOUS ELECTROLYSIS COMPRISING, IN COMBINATION, A LOWER PORTION PROVIDED WITH CARBON BLOCKS, GROOVES IN SAID BLOCKS; CURRENT CONDUCTING FERROUS BARS POSITIONED IN SAID GROOVES IN CONTACT WITH SAID BLOCKS, SAID BARS HAVING A LENGTH SIGNIFICANTLY SHORTER THAN THE WIDTH OF THE CELL AT ITS UPPER PORTION; SLOPING BANKS OF SODIDIFIED MATTER DISPOSED ALL AROUND THE INNER CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE CELL; WHEREBY THE ACTIVE SURFACE OF THE CELL BOTTOM IS DECREASED AND THE VOLTAGE DROP IN THE BOTTOM OF THE CELL IS DETRIMENTALLY INCREASED; AND CONDUCTORS HAVING AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY HIGHER THAN THAT OF SAID BARS EXTENDING FROM THE ENDS OF SAID BARS AND FORMING MEANS OF ATTACHMENT TO A SOURCE OF CURRENT, HEREBY THE POTENTIAL DROP IN THE BOTTOM OF THE CELL IS ADVANTAGEOUSLY DECREASED.
US579828A 1955-04-30 1956-04-23 Construction of the lower part of the crucible of igneous electrolysis cells Expired - Lifetime US2846388A (en)

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3156639A (en) * 1961-08-17 1964-11-10 Reynolds Metals Co Electrode
US3321392A (en) * 1962-09-07 1967-05-23 Reynolds Metals Co Alumina reduction cell and method for making refractory lining therefor
US4647356A (en) * 1983-05-16 1987-03-03 Aluminium Pechiney Cathode rod comprising a metal sole, for hall-heroult electrolysis cells
US6358393B1 (en) * 1997-05-23 2002-03-19 Moltech Invent S.A. Aluminum production cell and cathode
US6387237B1 (en) * 1999-10-13 2002-05-14 Alcoa Inc. Cathode collector bar with spacer for improved heat balance and method
US20030173214A1 (en) * 2000-02-25 2003-09-18 Drago Juric Electrolytic reduction cell and collector bar
US20050218006A1 (en) * 2004-04-02 2005-10-06 Delphine Bonnafous Cathode element for use in an electrolytic cell intended for production of aluminium
EP1927679A1 (en) * 2006-11-22 2008-06-04 Alcan International Limited Electrolysis cell for the production of aluminium comprising means to reduce the voltage drop
EP2215288A1 (en) 2007-10-29 2010-08-11 BHP Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd Composite collector bar
US9371593B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2016-06-21 Alcoa Inc. Current collector bar apparatus, system, and method of using the same

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2249765A (en) * 1937-07-06 1941-07-22 Du Pont Electrical contact in electrolytic cells
US2593751A (en) * 1947-09-05 1952-04-22 Pechiney Prod Chimiques Sa Igneous electrolysis cell

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE898968C (en) * 1941-09-24 1953-12-07 Siemens Planiawerke Ag Electrode for fused flux electrolysis
DE863999C (en) * 1951-07-12 1954-02-08 Vaw Ver Aluminium Werke Ag Process for connecting the carbon blocks of continuous electrodes for electric furnaces, in particular for fused metal electrolysis

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2249765A (en) * 1937-07-06 1941-07-22 Du Pont Electrical contact in electrolytic cells
US2593751A (en) * 1947-09-05 1952-04-22 Pechiney Prod Chimiques Sa Igneous electrolysis cell

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3156639A (en) * 1961-08-17 1964-11-10 Reynolds Metals Co Electrode
US3321392A (en) * 1962-09-07 1967-05-23 Reynolds Metals Co Alumina reduction cell and method for making refractory lining therefor
US4647356A (en) * 1983-05-16 1987-03-03 Aluminium Pechiney Cathode rod comprising a metal sole, for hall-heroult electrolysis cells
US6358393B1 (en) * 1997-05-23 2002-03-19 Moltech Invent S.A. Aluminum production cell and cathode
US6387237B1 (en) * 1999-10-13 2002-05-14 Alcoa Inc. Cathode collector bar with spacer for improved heat balance and method
US20030173214A1 (en) * 2000-02-25 2003-09-18 Drago Juric Electrolytic reduction cell and collector bar
US20050218006A1 (en) * 2004-04-02 2005-10-06 Delphine Bonnafous Cathode element for use in an electrolytic cell intended for production of aluminium
US7618519B2 (en) 2004-04-02 2009-11-17 Aluminum Pechiney Cathode element for use in an electrolytic cell intended for production of aluminum
US20080135417A1 (en) * 2006-11-22 2008-06-12 Bertrand Allano Electrolysis Cell for the Production of Aluminium Comprising Means to Reduce the Voltage Drop
EP1927679A1 (en) * 2006-11-22 2008-06-04 Alcan International Limited Electrolysis cell for the production of aluminium comprising means to reduce the voltage drop
WO2008062318A3 (en) * 2006-11-22 2011-03-03 Alcan International Limited Electrolysis cell for the production of aluminium comprising means to reduce the voltage drop
AU2007323164B2 (en) * 2006-11-22 2012-02-23 Alcan International Limited Electrolysis cell for the production of aluminium comprising means to reduce the voltage drop
US8500970B2 (en) 2006-11-22 2013-08-06 Rio Tinto Alcan International Limited Electrolysis cell for the production of aluminum comprising means to reduce the voltage drop
EP2215288A1 (en) 2007-10-29 2010-08-11 BHP Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd Composite collector bar
US20100258434A1 (en) * 2007-10-29 2010-10-14 Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd Composite Collector Bar
US8273224B2 (en) 2007-10-29 2012-09-25 Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd Composite collector bar
US9371593B2 (en) 2012-09-11 2016-06-21 Alcoa Inc. Current collector bar apparatus, system, and method of using the same

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