US2828446A

US2828446A - Picture tube restorer

Info

Publication number: US2828446A
Authority: US
Inventors: Urban L Nissel; Jr Chester A Bruce
Original assignee: CIRCUIT Manufacturing CO Inc
Current assignee: CIRCUIT Manufacturing CO Inc
Priority date: 1956-07-16
Filing date: 1956-07-16
Publication date: 1958-03-25
Anticipated expiration: 1975-03-25

Description

March 25, 1958 u. L. NISSEL ET AL PICTURE TUBE RESTORER 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed July 16, 1956 NTOR )Z'ssed,

AA A i Z March 1958 U. L. NlSSEL ET AL 2,828,446

PICTURE TUBE RESTORER Filed July 16, 1956 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 F.\ ii}?- If 70-1 Z4 me Q ATTORNEY }Uniterroronn "ruse nnsronnn Application July 16, 1956, Serial No. 597,929

6 Claims. (Cl. 315-51) This invention relates to a cathode ray tube rejuvenator. More particularly this invention relates to a device which enables the picture tube of a television receiver to be continued in satisfactory service under circumstances which previously would have required the installation of a new picture tube. The picture tube is a relatively expensive component of a television receiver, and picture tube 'orightener have achieved widespread public acceptance as one means of prolonging the service life of cathode ray tubes whose light output has decreased. The ordinary brightener is usually nothing more than a transformer which elevates the voltage applied to the caLhode ray tube filament, thereby elevating the filament temperature and maintaining electron emission from the somewhat exhausted cathode. The elevated filament temperature maintains cathode emission by supplying sufiicient energy to lowenergy electrons in the cathode structure to allow them to overcome the barrier potential at the surface of the cathode. These liberated electrons would never escape the cathode under the conditions of normal filament voltage and temperature. Cathode ray tubes are multi-electrode electronic devices which are subject to failures of several kinds. The ordinary tube brightener is able to rectify only one type of failure, namely that of decreased picture brightness due to the onset of cathode exhaustion or gassiness in the cathode region of the electron gun. This invention, however, enables the picture tube to be continued in satisfactory service not only when the tube is characterized by a low emission or gassy condition resulting in a decrease of picture brightness, but also in the presence of tube failures due to other common faults, such as, by way of example: an internally open cathode circuit; an internal control grid to cathode short circuit; an internally open cathode circuit combined with an internal control grid to cathode short circuit; an internally open control electrode circuit; r

an internal filament to cathode short circuit. In short, this invention provides a device which will cure all of the commonly occurring picture tube failures and restore the picture tube to approximately ninety percent of its performance immediately preceding the development of the defect. Prior to this invention no known auxiliary equipment has ever been devised which could rectify any one of the first four cited picture tube defects.

Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide novel apparatus which is capable of restoring picture tubes to service which heretofore have been considered to be beyond the possibility of continued use.

Another object of this invention is to provide-novel apparatus for rejuvenating the picture tube of television receivers which is small, non-power consuming, easily installed, and inexpensive relative to the cost of such picture tube.

Another object of this invention is to provide novel apparatus for rejuvenating the picture tube of television receivers which may be used with either parallel or seriesstring filament circuits.

States Patent Y ce j Yet another object of this invention is to provide novel apparatus for rejuvenating the picture tube of television receivers which contains as an integral part thereof a variable gain video signal amplifier for increasing the signal drive to the picture tube.

Still another object of this invention is to provide novel apparatus for rejuvenating the picture tube to television receivers which provides means for variably controlling the brightness and contrast levels of the viewed picture.

Other objects of the invention will in part be described and in part become apparent as the following specification is read in conjunction with the drawings, wherein:

Fig. l is a partial schematic and partial sectional representation of one embodiment of the invention illustrat-, ing the internal connections and the manner of connection into a television receiver.

Fig. 2 is a partial schematic and partial sectional representation of a second embodiment of the invention containing as an integral part a video signal amplifier.

Figures 3 to 8 inclusive illustrate methods of interconnecting the screw lug terminals of the picture tube rejuvenator to correct some commonly occurring faults,

and are illustrative of typical applications of the invention. These common faults are:

Fig. 3an internally open cathode condition.

Fig. 4-an internal control electrode to cathode shortcircuit.

Fig. 5an internally open cathode condition combined with an internal control electrode to cathode short circuit.

Fig. 6--an internal filament to cathode short circuit.

Fig. 7-2. low emission or gassy condition.

Fig. 8-an internally open control electrode circuit.

The several figures have been portrayed with a view toward maintaining visual clarity insofar as possible, and are not to be construed as necessarily representative of an actual physical embodiment of the invention.

In the several figures like numerals are used to denote like elements.

Before explaining in detail the particular methods employed by the invention for correcting the several defects already indicated, a brief discussion of the gen eral method of attacking the problems posed will be conducive to a more thorough understanding of the invention. All cathode ray tubes utilized as picture tubes in television receivers contain certain common features in their electron gun structure. For example, all such tubes contain .a filament for heating the cathode, a cathode for emitting electrons, a control electrode normally biased negative to the cathode for supplying a point source of electrons and controlling the electron beam intensity, and an electrode known commonly as the first accelerating anode or screen grid which is maintained at a positive potential relative to the cathode for imparting a large velocity to the electron beam in the direction of the viewing screen. Additionally, the electron gun may utilize a focusing electrode maintained at a potential positive to the first ac celerating electrode, but of lesser magnitude than the potential of the second anode, whose purpose is to focus the electron beam to a small cross-section where it impinges on the viewing screen. The use of such an electrode is termed electrostatic focusing. Alternatively, focusing may be accomplished by the use of an external focus coil having a current flowing therethrough and mounted on the tube neck rearward of the deflection yoke. The employment of such .coil is termed magnetic focusing. Theinvention can be' advantageously used with picture tubes employing either type of focusing.-

The general principle uti1ized.by -'the invention isthat the electrodes of the electron gun structure are not limited in their use to the aforementioned functions, but each electrode can by judicious interconnection combined with suitable circuit modification be made to perform functions normally reserved to other of the electrodes. Should, for instance, the normal control electrode become unusable as such, its function may be assumed for example by the first accelerating electrode.

Turning now to a detailed examination of the invention and its method of operation consider first Fig. 1. There is shown a television chassis 125 upon which is mounted a cathode ray tube or picture tube 110 having an electron gun structure comprising a filament 124, a cathode 123, a control electrode 122, a first accelerating electrode 121, and a focusing electrode 120. These electrodes are connected by lead wires to pins of a standard six contact male plug 70 attached to the pictu're tube at its narrower extremity. The several pins of the plug 70 are conventionally connected as follows: pin 70-2 connects to the normal control electrode 122; pin 70-1 connects to one side of filament 124, while pin 70-12 connects to the other side of said filament; pin 70-11 connects to the cathode electrode 123; pin 70-10 connects to the first accelerating electrode or screen grid 121; and pin 70-6 connects to the focusing electrode 120. Emanating from chassis 125 is a cable 102 containing six wires and terminating in a six contact female plug 40 which normally mates with plug 70 on the picture tube 110. The six wires contained in cable 102 communicate within the chassis 125 to potential and signal sources suitable for properly energizing the various electrodes of the picture tube 110. As necessarily dictated by the mating arrangement of

plugs

40 and 70, contacts 40-1 and 40-12 connect with a pair of wires in cable 102 which carry filament potential, normally 6.3 volts A. C.; contact 40-2 carries the video signal; contact 40-11 supplies the normal cathode reference potential; contact 43-10 supplies a positive potential for controlling initial acceleration of the electron beam; and contact 40-6 supplies the potential required by the focusing electrode. When utilizing the invention, the plug 40 is removed from its normal engagement with plug 70 and is mated with male plug 50 of the picture tube rejuvenator. Plug 70 of the picture tube is then engaged by female plug 60 of the picture tube rejuvenator.

Plugs

50 and 60 of the rejuvenator bear a one-to-one pin placement correspondence to plugs 70 and 40 respectively. The rejuvenator, except for the interconnecting plug 60 and its associated cable 101, is enclosed in a housing 100 which may be formed from plastic or metal or other suitably rigid material. The male plug 50 is mounted in the end of the housing 100 opposite the end where cable 101 emerges. Pin 50-6 of plug 50 connects to contact 60-6 of plug 60 via cable 101.

Pin 50-10 connects to one end of variable resistor 11, which may typically have a resistance value of to 30 megohms. The movable contact of variable resistor 11 connects to one end of a fixed limiting resistor 20, which typically may have a value of 200 kilohms, the other end of which terminates at screw lug 7 of terminal board 10, and also at contact 60-10 of plug 60. Variable resistor 11 may be conveniently mounted directly to the housing 100 with the movable contact shaft projecting therethrough to provide accessability for adjustment of the potential applied to the first ac- 'celerating electrode 121 of picture tube 110. The

function of resistor is to provide a minimum value of series resistance as a safety measure to prevent application of the full available potential to the first accelcrating electrode. Pin 50-2 which carries the video signal connects to screw lug 6 of terminal board 10. The remaining pair of screw lugs 8 and 9 of terminal board 10 cpnnectrespectively,to'contacts 60-2 and 60-11 of plug 60 via cable 101. Pins 50-1 and 50-12 of plug 50 which receive the normal filament voltage from the chassis 125 via mating plug 40 connect to the poles of a double-pole single-throw switch 29. The switch contact which communicates with pin 50-1 of plug 50 through one pole of switch 29 connects to one end of primary winding 15 of an isolation transformer 13. The switch contact which communicates with pin 50-12 of plug 50 through the other pole of switch 29 connects to a tap on primary winding 15 such that a boosted voltage appears across the secondary winding 14. The ends of primary winding 15 connect to screw

lugs

31 and 32 of a terminal board 34. The switch 29 is illustrated in the closed position which corresponds to operation with a parallel filament television receiver and may also be directly mounted to the housing with its shaft extending therethrough. However, the rejuvenator may be operated with series-string filaments by opening switch 29 and connecting screw lugs 31 and 32 of terminal board 34 to a source of volt A. C. line voltage, which is available from chassis 125. This is the only change needed for series-string circuits. The turns ratio of full primary 15 to full secondary 14 is such that the proper voltage step-down is obtained for series filament operation. Pin 50-11 of plug 50, the normal cathode connection, connects to remaining screw lug 33 of terminal board 34. One end of the secondary winding 14 of isolation and boost transformer 13 connects to contact 60-1 of plug 60 via cable 101 through negative temperature coefficient protective resistor 12 which may typically exhibit 1 to 4 ohms resistance when cold, and /2 ohm resistance when heated by filament current. Resistor 12 prevents burnout of the filament 124 of picture tube 110 when energizing voltage is first applied to the cold filament. The other filament contact of plug 60, namely contact 60-12 is connected via cable 101 to screw lug 1 of a terminal board 5 which supports three additional screw lugs 2, 3 and 4. The screw lugs 2, 3, and 4 connect to taps on secondary winding 14 and provide a choice of different filament voltages for application to the picture tube by strapping one of these lugs to screw lug 1. The voltages available at

lugs

2, 3 and 4 can be for example 8 volts, ,11 volts, and 13 volts respectively. The choice of filament voltage will, of course, be dictated by the particular fault to be corrected, as will be subsequently shown. As a matter of preference, the

terminal boards

34, 5, and 10 may be eliminated, and the internal leads terminating at the screw lugs thereon may be suitably color-coded and brought through an aperture in the housing 100. Although a particular configuration embodying the invention has been illustrated, the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited by values of voltage or resistance stated merely by way of illustration.

Turning now to an examination of the methods of interconnecting the screw lugs of the several

terminal boards

34,5, and 10 to cure particular defects occurring in the picture tube, consider first Fig. 3 and Fig. 1 together. Fig 3 illustrates the interconnection of lugs required to cure an internally open circuited cathode connection. Screw lugs 6 and 8 of terminal board 10 are strapped together by a jumper wire thereby effecting the interconnection of pin 50-2 of plug 50 and contact 60-2 of plug 10. This connection permits the video signal from chassis to be applied to the control electrode 122 of picture tube 110. Screw lug 33 of terminalboard 34 is strapped to screw lug 1 of terminal board 5 thereby applying the normal cathode bias supplied from chassis 125 via pin 50-11 of plug 50 to the'filament 124 of picture tube 110 via contact 60-12 of plug '60. The filament now serves as both filament and cathode. Lug 9 of terminal board'10 which normally connects to the cathode '123 of picture 5 tube 110 via contact 60-11 of plug 60 remains uncon nected. Lug 1 of terminal board 5 is also strapped to lug 4 thus applying a higher than normal voltage of 13 volts to the filament 124. The application of this higher voltage heats the filament 124 to a much higher than normal temperature and provides tight electron coupling between the filament 124 and the cathode 123 whereby they act as one unit. Variable resistor 11 should be set for minimum resistance so that the maximum potential may be applied from pin 50-10 of plug 50 to the first accelerating electrode 121 of picture tube 110 via contact 60-10 of plug 60. If the viewing screen brightness is too great, some resistance may be inserted by rotating the movable arm of variable resistor 11. Positive potential is, of course, applied to the focusing electrode 120 via the before-described connection between pin 50-6 of plug 50 and contact 60-6 of plug 60.

Fig. 4 considered together with Fig. 1 illustrates the interconnection of lugs required to cure an internal control electrode to cathode short circuit. Lugs 8 and 9 of terminal board 10 are strapped together thereby connecting the control electrode 122 to the cathode 123 and securing the short circuitbetween them. By so doing, any variation of viewing screen brilliance due to changing resistance between these electrodes is eliminated. The control electrode 122 is no longer used as either a signal or bias electrode, and in fact retains no electrical function. The strapping together of

lugs

6 and 7 of terminal board 10 permits the video signal present on pin 50-2 of plug 50 to be applied to the first accelerating electrode 121 via contact 60-10 of plug 60. This connection converts the electrode 121 into a combination accelerating and control electrode since the positive potential present on pin 50-10 is also applied to electrode 121 via contact 60-10 of plug 60 and variable resistor 11. The direct potential applied to electrode 121 can be adjusted through appropriate setting of the movable contact of variable resistor 11. This adjustment is best made while viewing the screen of the picture tube and regulating variable resistor 11 until proper brilliance and contrast is obtained. Generally, when the rejuvenator is connected in this fashion a decrease of both brilliance and contrast will be observed. The brilliance decrease is due to the lower value of accelerating potential applied to electrode 121, while the decrease in contrast is due to the higher velocity of the electron beam at the point of control. These'deficiencies, which may occur when the embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 1 is utilized, can be completely overcome by employment of the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Fig. 2, which will be described in detail subsequently. Briefly, however, the embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 2 incorporates a high-gain wide-band conventional video amplifier for increasing the video signal level so that full contrast may be obtained. This increased video level permits full accelerating potential to be applied to electrode 121, hence restoring the brilliance. Returning now to an examination of Figs. 1 and 4, it is seen that lug 33 f terminal board 34 is strapped to lug 9 of terminal board 10, thus applying normal bias from chassis 125 to the cathode 123 of picture tube 110 via contact 60-11 of plug 60. Lug 1 of terminal board is strapped to either lug 2 or lug 3 (illustrated as strapped to lug 2) thus applying 8 volts or 11 volts to the filament 124 depending upon the condition of the picture tube. Positive potential is applied to the focusing electrode in the manner already described in connection with Figs. 1 and 3.

Fig. 5 considered together with Fig. 1 illustrates the interconnection of lugs required to cure an internally open cathode circuit combined with a control electrode to cathode short circuit. Lug 8 of terminal board is strapped to -lug 1' of terminal board 5 and lug3l3 of terminal board 34, thereby connecting the normal control electrode 122 to the filament 124 and applying the normal cathode bias from chassis 125 thereto. The cathode 123 of picture tube cannot be physically connected to any other point due to the internal open circuit and therefore lug 9 of terminal board 10 is not connected to any other lug. However, by strapping together lugs 1 and 4 of terminal board 5, a potential of 13 volts is applied to filament 124 resulting in a markedly elevated filament temperature and providing tight electron coupling between the cathode 123 and the filament 124. The cathode 123, filament 124 and normal control electrode 122 now act commonly as the cathode. The strapping together of

lugs

6 and 7 of terminal board 5 results in the same type of operation as already discussed in connection with Figs. 1 and 4 illustrating the interconnections for curing the control electrode to cathode short circuit condition, to which reference should be had for a detailed explanation. Briefly, however, the-first accelerating elec trode 1.21 assumes the functions of both the accelerating and control electrodes. Variable resistor 11 must be adjusted for proper brilliance and contrast, and possibly the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Fig. 2 need be utilized to restore full performance to the picture tube.

Fig. 6 considered together with Fig. 1 illustrates the interconnection of lugs required to cure a filament to cathode short circuit. Lug 9 of terminal board 10 is strapped to lug 1 of terminal board 5 and lug 33 of terminal board 34, whereby normal bias is applied from chassis to cathode 123 of picture tube 110 and the short circuit between filament 124 and cathode 123 is secured, thus preventing variations in the shorting resistance between the filament 124 and cathode 123 from causing erratic viewing conditions. Strapping of lugs 1 and 2 of terminal board 5 provides voltage to the filament 124. When a filament to cathode short circuit is combined with a low emission or gassy condition it may be necessary to provide a higher filament voltage, such as 11 volts by alternatively strapping lug 1 to lug 3 of terminal board 5. In an extreme case it may be necessary to provide 13 volts to the filament by strapping lugs 1 and 4. The video signal is supplied from chassis 125 to the control electrode 122 of picture tube 110 via the strapping of

lugs

6 and 8 of terminal board 5 as previously described in connection with Figs. 1 and 3. The focusing and first accelerating electrode potentials are also supplied as described in connection with the same figures.

The lug strapping arrangement shown in Fig. 7 illustrates the interconnections for overcoming merely a low emission or gassy condition and is substantially the same as that illustrated in Fig. 6, which relates to a filament to cathode short circuit. The only difference is that the filament 124 is not connected to the cathode 123 since no filament to cathode short circuit is presupposed. Lug 1 of terminal board 5 is not therefore connected to lug 9 of terminal board 10. As already pointed out in connection with Fig. 6, lug 1 of terminal board 5 is normally strapped to lug 3' and in an extreme case of low emission or gassiness, it would be strapped to lug 4.

The lug strapping arrangement shown in Fig. 8 illustrates the interconnections for overcoming an internally open control electrode circuit and is substantially the same as that illustrated in Fig. 4, which relates to a control electrode to cathode short circuit. The only difference is that the control electrode 122 cannotbe physically connected to any other electrode due to the internal open circuit and therefore lugs 8 and 9 of terminal board 10 are not strapped together. In all other respects the circuit operation determined by the strapping arrangement of Fig. 8 is identical to that of Fig. 4. Of course, log 1 of terminal board 5 may of necessity have tobe strapped to lug 3 or 4 rather than lug 2 should a low emission or gassy condition be also present.

Turning now to an examination of the embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 2, the utilization of which has already been referred to in connection with Fig. ;4, it will be seen that it differs from Fig. 1 only by the inclusion of i a high-gain wide-band video amplifier designated generally as St). This video amplifier is of conventional design utilizing resistance-capacitance coupling and combined shunt and series peaking circuits, A bypassed potentiometer 86, which may have a value of 1 kilohm, included in the cathode lead of the output section of amplifier valve 89 provides gain control and some high frequency compensation of the video signal, and hence contrast control. The value of the by-pass capacitor 91 may be 470 micro-microfarads. Positive B voltage is supplied to the anodes of the valve 89, typically a type 12AU7 vacuum tube, via lead 83 and resistors 92, 93, and shunt peaking coil 94 from pin 50-19 of plug 50, the source of potential for accelerating electrode 121 of picture tube 116. Resistors 92 and 93 may be 3300 ohms and 4300 ohms respectively, and coil 94 may have a value of to 50 microhenries. Leads; 81 and 82 which connect respectively to pins 50-1and 59-12 of plug 50 supply normal filament voltage to the filament of video amplifier valve 89, lead 81 also serving as the negative B supply conductor. A lead 84 connects lug 19 of terminal board to the input circuit of the amplifier valve 89 through a capacitor 95 and resistor 96 which may typically have values of .05 microfarad and l megohm; lead 85 connects lug 18 of terminal board 10 to the output circuit of the video amplifier comprising capacitors 97, 9 8, and series peaking coil 99 which may respectively have values of .05 microfarad, 47 micro-microfarads, and 5 to 50 microhenries. The interstage coupling network comprising capacitor 87 and resistor 88 may have values of .95 microiarad and l megohm. Only in those cases, previously described, in which the first accelerating electrode 121 also assumes the function of a control electrode should the lugs of terminal board 10 be strapped as shown, otherwise the lugs 18 and 19 are not used and the lug interconnections are the same as described in connection with the embodiment of Fig. l. The strapping of lugs 6 and 19 of terminal board 10 provides a connection whereby the video signal from pin 502 is applied to the input of the video amplifier 80. The strapping of lugs 18 and 7 of terminal board 10 provides the connection whereby the amplified video signal appearing at the output of amplifier 80 is applied to the first accelerating electrode 121 via cable 101 and contact new of plug 69. The entire video amplifier 80, shown within the dashed line, may be conveniently contained with the housing 100, and is shown in the indicated manner only as an aid to preserving clarity in the drawmg.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been described to illustrate the principles of the invention, many modifications and variations for applying such principles in other arrangements, but which do not depart from the spirit of the invention, will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

What is claimed is:

1. A device of the class described for restoring a defective cathode ray tube wherein the tube has a base with contacts and includes tube elements comprising a fila ment, cathode, control grid and screen grid with a short circuit between the control grid and cathode and wherein the tube base is adapted to receive a first jack transmitting signal sources for the tube element s during uncorrected operation of the tube, said device adapted to be inserted between the tube base and the first jack therefor and comprising a second 'jack for engaging the contacts on the tube base, a plug for connection with said first jack and circuit means interconnecting said second jack and said plug, said circuit means comprising means for connecting the filament, cathode and screen gridwith the respective signal sources therefor and the signal source for the control grid with the screen grid, the last named'connection including an impedance;

' 2. A device according to claim 1 said circuit means further including means for establishing-an external short circuit between the control grid and cathode.

3. A device of the class described for restoring a defective cathode ray tube wherein the tube has abase with contacts and includes tube elements comprising a filament, cathode, control grid andscreen grid with an internally open cathode and wherein the tube base is adapted to receive a first jack transmitting signal sources for the tube elements during uncorrected operation of the tube, said device adapted to be inserted between the tube 'base and the first jack therefor and comprising a second jack for engaging the contacts on the tube base, a plug for connection with said first jack and circuit means interconnecting said second jack and said plug, said circult means comprising means for connecting the control grid and screen grid to the respective signal sources therefor and for connecting the cathode signal source with the filament, said circuit means further comprising transformer means connected between the filament and the source therefor. w v

4. A device of the class described for restoring a defective cathode ray tube wherein the tube has a base with contacts and includes tube elements comprising a filament, cathode, control grid and screen grid with an internally open cathode and an internally open control grid and wherein'the tube base is'adapted to receive a first jack transmitting signal sources for the tube elements during uncorre'cted'operation of the tube, said device adapted to be insertedbet'ween the tube' base and the first 'jack therefor and comprising a second jack for engaging the contacts on the tube base, a plug for connection with said first jack and circuit means interconnecting said second jack andsaid plug, saidcircuitmeans comprising means' for connecting the control grid and screen grid with the respective signal sources therefor and for connecting the cathode signal source with the filament and the control grid signal source with the screen grid, said circuit means further including transformer means connected in the circuit between the filament and the signal source therefor.

5. A device of the class described for restoring a defective cathode ray tubewherein the tube has a base with contacts and includes tube elements comprising a filament, cathode, control grid and screen grid with a defective control grid and a partially exhausted cathode and wherein'the tube base is adapted to receive a first jack transmitting signal sources for the 'tube elements during uncorrected operation of the tube, said device adapted to be inserted between the tube base and the first jack therefor andcomprising a second jack for engaging the contacts on the tube base, a plug for connection with said first jack and circuit means interconnecting said second jack and said plug, said circuit means comprising means for connecting the cathode and screen grid with the respective signal sources therefor and for connecting the screen grid with the signal source for the control grid, said circuit means furtherincluding a transformer having primary and secondary windings, means for connecting the signal source for the filament with the trans former primary winding, and means for connecting the filament with the'tr'ansformer secondary winding.

6. A device according to claim'S wherein said last named means includes an impedance.

References Cited in the file ofthis patent U IT D STATES PATENTS Ackerman July 31, 1956 OTHER REFERENCES Radio and TV News, pp. 29 and 98 of September 1 952,'and pp.-62 and 63 ofOctober 1952.