US2825765A - Amplifying circuit for micro-waves, especially millimeter waves - Google Patents

Amplifying circuit for micro-waves, especially millimeter waves Download PDF

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US2825765A
US2825765A US475078A US47507854A US2825765A US 2825765 A US2825765 A US 2825765A US 475078 A US475078 A US 475078A US 47507854 A US47507854 A US 47507854A US 2825765 A US2825765 A US 2825765A
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Marie Georges Robert Pierre
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F7/00—Parametric amplifiers
    • H03F7/02—Parametric amplifiers using variable-inductance element; using variable-permeability element
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P7/00—Resonators of the waveguide type
    • H01P7/06—Cavity resonators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S1/00—Masers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range
    • H01S1/02—Masers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range solid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/54—Amplifiers using transit-time effect in tubes or semiconductor devices
    • H03F3/58—Amplifiers using transit-time effect in tubes or semiconductor devices using travelling-wave tubes

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  • the present invention relates to amplifying circuits for amplifying micro-wave signals, and more particularly to amplifiers for amplifying signals whose wave lengths are in the order of millimeters.
  • a circuit of the invention consists essentially of a rod of ferrite, or of a dielectric material having a very high magnetic permeability.
  • a D. C. magnetic field is directed along the axis of the rod and the rod is situated along the axis of a cavity, cylindrical in shape, into which electromagnetic energy is injected in the form of a TM wave polarized circularly and having a frequency very definitely lower than that of the wave to be amplified. For instance if it is desired to amplify a Wave having a frequency of 50,000 mc./s. a frequency of the order of 5,000 mc./s. will be taken as a frequency for the circularly polarized wave.
  • the ultra high frequency wave to be amplified is propagated before and after amplification, in circular coaxial guides, coaxial with the ferrite rod, in the shape of a TE wave.
  • the energy exchange is effected through the medium of the motions in the direction of the spin of electrons.
  • the circularly polarized wave with a relatively low frequency imparts energy to the electrons located in the ferrite rod and the direction of their spin has a precession motion accompanied by a mutation motion imparted thereto.
  • the ultra high frequency Wave is amplified by deriving energy from the mutation motion of the electrons. in the present specification and for greater convenience in expression, the wave having a relatively low frequency shall be called the supply wave.
  • Figure 1 represents a perspective view of an amplifier circuit in accordance with the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a geometrical diagram utilized in explaining the operation of the circuit in Figure 1.
  • the amplifying circuit comprises a cylindrical cavity 2 along the axis of which a ferrite rod 3 is located.
  • the cavity 2 is coupled with an input circular guide 4 through which the energy to be amplified arrives and with an output circular guide 5 through which the amplified energy comes out.
  • the two guides 4 and 5 are coaxial with the cavity 2.
  • a permanent magnet, or an electromagnet, 6 makes it possible to apply a D. C. magnetic field H to the ferrite rod, parallel therewith.
  • This magnet has the shape of a U and the two side branches of the U are pierced, near their ends, with two circular holes 7 and 8 which have the same diameter as the guides 4 and 5 and which are extensions of the latter.
  • radial fins are arranged, 9 and 10 respectively, of ferromagnetic material, which, on the one hand, ensure the continuity of the magnetic circuit and, on the other hand, constitute mode filters for the TE wave to be amplified.
  • the wave to be amplified is guided by the rod 3 (i. e. the" larger portion of its energy is localized in the rod and in the immediate vicinity thereto) in the form of a magnetic field with an ultra high frequency H located inside the rod and directed along its axis, and of an electric field in which the lines of force are circles concentric with the rod and the intensity of which decreases very rapidly when the distance to the rod increases.
  • the cavity 2 is coupled, through a slot 11 with a rectangular guide 12, the axis of which is perpendicular to that of the cavity 2.
  • This guide is energized by a micro-- wave oscillator tube 13 which generates the supply wave with an angular frequency 9.
  • the cavity 2 is dimensioned so as to resonate with two i TM waves of angular frequency 9 in the vicinity of the cut-off frequency of a circular wave guide having a diameter equal to that of the said cavity.
  • the two TM waves have magnetic fields (considered at points of the Oz axis of the cavity) of equal magnitudes, but perpendicular frequency of the cavity 2 is equal to 9, it is sufficient to introduce into the cavity energy with an angular frequency 9 through the slot 11 for this energy to be in the shape of a circularly polarized wave inside the cavity.
  • the magnetic field l-l of this wave rotates with the angular frequency 9 about the axis of the cavity 2.
  • the magnetizing of the ferrite is related to the orientation of the particles, nuclei or electrons, having a magnetic moment M equal to one or to an integral number of Bohrs magnetons, and a kinetic moment I equal to A2 (h/21r), 11 being Plancks constant.
  • M magnetic moment
  • I kinetic moment
  • Weiss forces allthe magnetic moments, not compensated, of the electrons, have a tendency for being oriented parallel to one another.
  • the electron which has a very large kinetic moment with respect to the torques applied thereto, reacts like a gyroscope.
  • the energy is supplied to the precession motion by the rotating magnetic field H of the waves having an angular frequency [2.
  • the electromagnetic wave to be amplified, with an angular frequency w, is amplified at the expense of the mutation motion of the electron.
  • H cos wt may be considered as the real portionof H e
  • Equations 8 then can he written; considering p and 0 as infinitely small quantitiesoftthe first order and neglecting the second order'terms: 1
  • electrons should. he, propagated with a velocity closetto u sli htly s a r t an, t at or the. el ctrons, simila ly n heea eof hepr nt v i th amplifiedmave sbou clha e anane'nla tr uensy w cl set to butsl sh ll Smaller ha then tu al nutat eni qu ney (lithe-Zeke n nsen e as-t o tinuously brake? thisnuta ieasi fi automation, e ayeet the first Equation. .11 V
  • Equation 13 In order to have a maximum coupling between the magnetic moment M and the magnetic field H,, 0 should be selected close to 90, i. e. sin 0 close to unity. There results, then, from Equation 13, that $2 should be close to 9, which, from Equation 9 gives the value of the D. C. field H (9 is assumed to be one of the data of the problem).
  • Equation 9 gives the value of the D. C. field H (9 is assumed to be one of the data of the problem).
  • Equation 10 also shows that H should be very large.
  • the cavity 2 should have a very large magnification factor for voltage; to this effect, the ferrite, rod in which the losses occur should have a very small diameter.
  • An amplifier for ultra-high frequency waves and operable in series between two cylindrical wave guides having a common axis and propagating said waves according to the TE mode comprising a cylindrical hollow resonator having its axis common with the axis of said guides and coupled to said guides, said resonator including a rod of insulating material of very high magnetic permeability arranged along its axis, means for impressing upon said rod 21 direct-current magnetic field parallel to said axis and means for exciting in said resonator an auxiliary circularly polarised TM wave, the frequency of which is lower than the frequency of said Waves to be amplified, said insulating material being a ferromagnetic material characterized by a resonance frequency and said resonator being tuned to the frequency of said auxiliary wave, the latter frequency substantially coinciding with the ferromagnetic resonance frequency of said material for a predetermined rotational direction of said circularly polarized waves.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)
  • Hall/Mr Elements (AREA)

Description

March 4, E958 AMPLIFYIN MAR E United States Patent AMPLIFYING CIRCUIT FOR MICRO-WAVES, ESPECIALLY NHLLIMETER WAVES Georges Robert Pierre Mari, Paris, France Application December 14, 1954, Serial No. 475,078 Claims priority, application France December 28, 1953 4 Claims. (Cl. 179171) The present invention relates to amplifying circuits for amplifying micro-wave signals, and more particularly to amplifiers for amplifying signals whose wave lengths are in the order of millimeters.
Briefiy, a circuit of the invention consists essentially of a rod of ferrite, or of a dielectric material having a very high magnetic permeability. A D. C. magnetic field is directed along the axis of the rod and the rod is situated along the axis of a cavity, cylindrical in shape, into which electromagnetic energy is injected in the form of a TM wave polarized circularly and having a frequency very definitely lower than that of the wave to be amplified. For instance if it is desired to amplify a Wave having a frequency of 50,000 mc./s. a frequency of the order of 5,000 mc./s. will be taken as a frequency for the circularly polarized wave.
The ultra high frequency wave to be amplified is propagated before and after amplification, in circular coaxial guides, coaxial with the ferrite rod, in the shape of a TE wave. The energy exchange is effected through the medium of the motions in the direction of the spin of electrons. The circularly polarized wave with a relatively low frequency imparts energy to the electrons located in the ferrite rod and the direction of their spin has a precession motion accompanied by a mutation motion imparted thereto. The ultra high frequency Wave is amplified by deriving energy from the mutation motion of the electrons. in the present specification and for greater convenience in expression, the wave having a relatively low frequency shall be called the supply wave.
The invention will be better understood from the detailed description which will next be given in connection with the appended drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 represents a perspective view of an amplifier circuit in accordance with the invention.
Figure 2 is a geometrical diagram utilized in explaining the operation of the circuit in Figure 1.
The amplifying circuit comprises a cylindrical cavity 2 along the axis of which a ferrite rod 3 is located. The cavity 2 is coupled with an input circular guide 4 through which the energy to be amplified arrives and with an output circular guide 5 through which the amplified energy comes out. The two guides 4 and 5 are coaxial with the cavity 2.
A permanent magnet, or an electromagnet, 6 makes it possible to apply a D. C. magnetic field H to the ferrite rod, parallel therewith. This magnet has the shape of a U and the two side branches of the U are pierced, near their ends, with two circular holes 7 and 8 which have the same diameter as the guides 4 and 5 and which are extensions of the latter. Inside the holes 7 and 8, radial fins are arranged, 9 and 10 respectively, of ferromagnetic material, which, on the one hand, ensure the continuity of the magnetic circuit and, on the other hand, constitute mode filters for the TE wave to be amplified.
In the cavity, the wave to be amplified is guided by the rod 3 (i. e. the" larger portion of its energy is localized in the rod and in the immediate vicinity thereto) in the form of a magnetic field with an ultra high frequency H located inside the rod and directed along its axis, and of an electric field in which the lines of force are circles concentric with the rod and the intensity of which decreases very rapidly when the distance to the rod increases.
The cavity 2 is coupled, through a slot 11 with a rectangular guide 12, the axis of which is perpendicular to that of the cavity 2. This guide is energized by a micro-- wave oscillator tube 13 which generates the supply wave with an angular frequency 9.
The cavity 2 is dimensioned so as to resonate with two i TM waves of angular frequency 9 in the vicinity of the cut-off frequency of a circular wave guide having a diameter equal to that of the said cavity. The two TM waves have magnetic fields (considered at points of the Oz axis of the cavity) of equal magnitudes, but perpendicular frequency of the cavity 2 is equal to 9, it is sufficient to introduce into the cavity energy with an angular frequency 9 through the slot 11 for this energy to be in the shape of a circularly polarized wave inside the cavity. The magnetic field l-l of this wave rotates with the angular frequency 9 about the axis of the cavity 2.
The magnetizing of the ferrite is related to the orientation of the particles, nuclei or electrons, having a magnetic moment M equal to one or to an integral number of Bohrs magnetons, and a kinetic moment I equal to A2 (h/21r), 11 being Plancks constant. 'The directions of the magnetic and kinetic moments of an electron are identical. Magnetism is caused by unsaturated electron layers in which an electron remains in excess, with its magnetic moment not compensated. Under the action of so-called Weiss forces, allthe magnetic moments, not compensated, of the electrons, have a tendency for being oriented parallel to one another. These Weiss forces found an explanation in wave mechanics and are a consequence of Diracs electron spin theory.
The electron which has a very large kinetic moment with respect to the torques applied thereto, reacts like a gyroscope. The energy is supplied to the precession motion by the rotating magnetic field H of the waves having an angular frequency [2. The electromagnetic wave to be amplified, with an angular frequency w, is amplified at the expense of the mutation motion of the electron. Its magnetic field H verying at the angular frequency a; which is that of the nutation motion, the braking of the mutation motion causes, by a gyroscopic effect, a varialocated in the ferrite and the axis Oz is directed along the 7 common direction of the axis of the ferrite rod and of the D. C. magnetic field, H
If the electron is moving in any kind of motion, the calculations which follow are not affected since they consider only the motion about the center of gravity.
Let 0; be an axis directed along the strai'ghtline of Patented Mar. 4, 1958 If, for a given direction of rotation of the electric field, the resonance angular intersection of the plane going through perpendicular to the common direction of the magneticv moment M and kinetic moment J, withtthe plane 0, any and O1; maxis in th ilat er Elena: t ri ht angle: w th he tt f- E V r" The field H rotating at angulanvelocitycauses. -nr cess o o =the dir bn the m ne i moment M z,--:S nee th e t om t c Wave to e amplified can exist 'in the cavity 2 onlyin; the shape TE i.. e. :has a magnetic field H which, alongfthe axis of the cavity ZTis directed along s aid axis, only the variation oti angle q between the axis-Ozand; the direction ofthe magnetic moment M is corrected'with the wave to he amplified, which makes it'ppssible to write t designata m -hw' a 1 1 j '0r=0 +'0 e1 (-1) (designating by 0 a complex quantity, the modulus and phase angle 'of'which are shown at the periodically varying part of angle 9).
'The' variation in nutati'on causes a variation in precession' and'one'may write, designating by 1,11 the precession angle (Fig. 2): V
and designating by 1/ thereal portion of b 'e (11 be ing a coinpleibquantity, the modulus and phase angletofv which are those of the periodically varying part'of 1,0).
The-components of the kinetic moment I and of the' magnetic moment M Thecomponentsot the derivative of the kinetic moment with respect -to time t, for the kinetic moment are'in this" same trihedron= The variations in the direction of the magnetic moment have, asa consequence; an energy radiation.
A portion of this energy isabsorbedby the atoms which constitute the crystal lattice of. the fenitein le form of" thermal agitation. Thisenergy loss will-he neglected in what follows. I a l The other portion is radiatedw outside the ferrite and constitutes the availablevenergy. Since,. as-we saw, only the'variation of angle 0 is coupled: with theradiation, the resulting braking torqueis directedaloug Oeand th valuef r will be'assigned to it, k being a constant and h lbe glplaee as a factor; for allowing later simplifications.
lumn g V r r 4: v r v In such conditions the resultingjol'fl ie of the torques exerted can be written:
The derivativeof-thekinetic-momentisequal to the resultant moment-tor the torques WhiQh..giVegidentifying the components (5) with the components (7), three equa-V tions, two of which are identical. v i V The following system of 7 equations is thus obtained:
The system of'Equations'8 can be transfor-medgtaking the following remarks into account:
The quotient of the moment of a torque by a ;kine tic;
moment has thedimensions of a frequency and we may 1 Further, H cos wt may be considered as the real portionof H e The system of Equations 8 then can he written; considering p and 0 as infinitely small quantitiesoftthe first order and neglecting the second order'terms: 1
S2,,(cotan 00-:
zqele n l iul Writing-the equality of the coeflicients of e in' the second of Equations 11; we obtain:
'Equating; the constant terms. in we obtain:
cotan.0o=. WP (113) Finally, equating the'coetlicients of 2 inthefirst Equat on 11 e-obt in amplified. atvthe expenseot the kinetic energy of the.
. electrons should. he, propagated with a velocity closetto u sli htly s a r t an, t at or the. el ctrons, simila ly n heea eof hepr nt v i th amplifiedmave sbou clha e anane'nla tr uensy w cl set to butsl sh ll Smaller ha then tu al nutat eni qu ney (lithe-Zeke n nsen e as-t o tinuously brake? thisnuta ieasi fi automation, e ayeet the first Equation. .11 V
In order to have a maximum coupling between the magnetic moment M and the magnetic field H,,, 0 should be selected close to 90, i. e. sin 0 close to unity. There results, then, from Equation 13, that $2 should be close to 9, which, from Equation 9 gives the value of the D. C. field H (9 is assumed to be one of the data of the problem). The condition This latter condition (17) gives, from Equation the value of the rotating field H S having a very large value of the order, for instance of 100,000 1r, Equation 10 also shows that H should be very large. As a result, the cavity 2 should have a very large magnification factor for voltage; to this effect, the ferrite, rod in which the losses occur should have a very small diameter.
In the above calculations, the losses have been neglected. These losses make it necessary to supply, at the angular frequency 9 a much larger power than that which the circuit makes it possible to obtain on the angular frequency w.
There will now be obvious to those skilled in the art many modifications and variations utilizing the principles set forth and realizing many or all of the objects and advantages of the invention but which do not depart essentially from the spirit of the invention.
What is claimed is: t
1. An amplifier for ultra-high frequency waves and operable in series between two cylindrical wave guides having a common axis and propagating said waves according to the TE mode, comprising a cylindrical hollow resonator having its axis common with the axis of said guides and coupled to said guides, said resonator including a rod of insulating material of very high magnetic permeability arranged along its axis, means for impressing upon said rod 21 direct-current magnetic field parallel to said axis and means for exciting in said resonator an auxiliary circularly polarised TM wave, the frequency of which is lower than the frequency of said Waves to be amplified, said insulating material being a ferromagnetic material characterized by a resonance frequency and said resonator being tuned to the frequency of said auxiliary wave, the latter frequency substantially coinciding with the ferromagnetic resonance frequency of said material for a predetermined rotational direction of said circularly polarized waves.
2. An amplifier as claimed in claim 1, wherein said material is a ferromagnetic ferrite.
3. An amplifier as claimed in claim 1, wherein said auxiliary wave is applied to said resonator by means of an auxiliary guide coupled tosaid resonator.
4. An amplifier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the frequency of said auxiliary wave is about one-tenth of the frequency of the waves to be amplified.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,644,930 Luhrs et al. July 7, 1953 FOREIGN PATENTS 511,649 Belgium June 14, 1952 OTHER REFERENCES Bell System Journal, vol. 31, pp. 22-26, January 1952.
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Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2908878A (en) * 1955-05-27 1959-10-13 Robert F Sullivan Microwave switching device
US2945744A (en) * 1958-02-14 1960-07-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetic materials
US2950442A (en) * 1956-08-30 1960-08-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Passive signal intensifier
US2951216A (en) * 1956-12-17 1960-08-30 Hughes Aircraft Co Reflectionless microwave filter
US2958045A (en) * 1960-10-25 anderson
US2963661A (en) * 1956-05-09 1960-12-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Wave guide filter
US2965863A (en) * 1956-06-19 1960-12-20 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetic tuned cavity resonator
DE1098049B (en) * 1958-05-28 1961-01-26 Nat Res Dev Mixing arrangement for microwaves using a ferrite rod
US2970274A (en) * 1958-03-21 1961-01-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Solid state amplifier
US2976492A (en) * 1961-03-21 Solid state maser
US2978649A (en) * 1957-05-20 1961-04-04 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Solid state microwave device
US2980870A (en) * 1954-02-15 1961-04-18 Gen Precision Inc Microwave field rotator
US2981894A (en) * 1961-04-25 scovil
US2997673A (en) * 1958-06-13 1961-08-22 Hughes Aircraft Co Microwave filter
US3001141A (en) * 1961-09-19 Source
US3014184A (en) * 1958-08-18 1961-12-19 Hughes Aircraft Co Ferrite parametric amplifier
US3018443A (en) * 1958-05-20 1962-01-23 Rca Corp Parameric amplifier with lower frequency pumping
US3022466A (en) * 1957-11-07 1962-02-20 weiss
US3064214A (en) * 1958-12-30 1962-11-13 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave ferrite switch
US3064201A (en) * 1962-11-13 Damon
US3066263A (en) * 1957-02-15 1962-11-27 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Gyromagnetic parametric amplifier
US3072890A (en) * 1958-12-15 1963-01-08 Ibm Electron spin echo storage system
US3072859A (en) * 1959-12-01 1963-01-08 Ibm Four spin flip maser with single maser action
US3076149A (en) * 1959-09-15 1963-01-29 Hughes Aircraft Co Coupled-cavity traveling-wave parametric amplifier
US3078419A (en) * 1958-03-24 1963-02-19 Gen Electric Ferromagnetic amplifier and frequency converter
US3090012A (en) * 1958-07-31 1963-05-14 Gen Electric Microwave ferrite parametric amplifier using frequency doubling and lower frequency pump
US3244993A (en) * 1962-02-06 1966-04-05 Raytheon Co Electronically adjustable spin-wave delay line and parametric amplifier
US3379985A (en) * 1966-02-09 1968-04-23 Nippon Electric Co High frequency magnetic amplifier employing "attractive exchange interaction" between spin waves
US3504303A (en) * 1967-05-04 1970-03-31 Japan Broadcasting Corp Reentrant cavity type circulator

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE511649A (en) * 1951-05-26
US2644930A (en) * 1949-03-24 1953-07-07 Gen Precision Lab Inc Microwave polarization rotating device and coupling network

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2644930A (en) * 1949-03-24 1953-07-07 Gen Precision Lab Inc Microwave polarization rotating device and coupling network
BE511649A (en) * 1951-05-26

Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2981894A (en) * 1961-04-25 scovil
US2976492A (en) * 1961-03-21 Solid state maser
US3001141A (en) * 1961-09-19 Source
US2958045A (en) * 1960-10-25 anderson
US3064201A (en) * 1962-11-13 Damon
US2980870A (en) * 1954-02-15 1961-04-18 Gen Precision Inc Microwave field rotator
US2908878A (en) * 1955-05-27 1959-10-13 Robert F Sullivan Microwave switching device
US2963661A (en) * 1956-05-09 1960-12-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Wave guide filter
US2965863A (en) * 1956-06-19 1960-12-20 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetic tuned cavity resonator
US2950442A (en) * 1956-08-30 1960-08-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Passive signal intensifier
US2951216A (en) * 1956-12-17 1960-08-30 Hughes Aircraft Co Reflectionless microwave filter
US3066263A (en) * 1957-02-15 1962-11-27 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Gyromagnetic parametric amplifier
US2978649A (en) * 1957-05-20 1961-04-04 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Solid state microwave device
US3022466A (en) * 1957-11-07 1962-02-20 weiss
US2945744A (en) * 1958-02-14 1960-07-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Magnetic materials
US2970274A (en) * 1958-03-21 1961-01-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Solid state amplifier
US3078419A (en) * 1958-03-24 1963-02-19 Gen Electric Ferromagnetic amplifier and frequency converter
US3018443A (en) * 1958-05-20 1962-01-23 Rca Corp Parameric amplifier with lower frequency pumping
DE1098049B (en) * 1958-05-28 1961-01-26 Nat Res Dev Mixing arrangement for microwaves using a ferrite rod
US2997673A (en) * 1958-06-13 1961-08-22 Hughes Aircraft Co Microwave filter
US3090012A (en) * 1958-07-31 1963-05-14 Gen Electric Microwave ferrite parametric amplifier using frequency doubling and lower frequency pump
US3014184A (en) * 1958-08-18 1961-12-19 Hughes Aircraft Co Ferrite parametric amplifier
US3072890A (en) * 1958-12-15 1963-01-08 Ibm Electron spin echo storage system
US3064214A (en) * 1958-12-30 1962-11-13 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave ferrite switch
US3076149A (en) * 1959-09-15 1963-01-29 Hughes Aircraft Co Coupled-cavity traveling-wave parametric amplifier
US3072859A (en) * 1959-12-01 1963-01-08 Ibm Four spin flip maser with single maser action
US3244993A (en) * 1962-02-06 1966-04-05 Raytheon Co Electronically adjustable spin-wave delay line and parametric amplifier
US3379985A (en) * 1966-02-09 1968-04-23 Nippon Electric Co High frequency magnetic amplifier employing "attractive exchange interaction" between spin waves
US3504303A (en) * 1967-05-04 1970-03-31 Japan Broadcasting Corp Reentrant cavity type circulator

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CH335422A (en) 1958-12-31
FR1096655A (en) 1955-06-23
DE949349C (en) 1956-09-20
BE534335A (en)

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