US2795082A - Method and apparatus for frost research - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for frost research Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2795082A US2795082A US428329A US42832954A US2795082A US 2795082 A US2795082 A US 2795082A US 428329 A US428329 A US 428329A US 42832954 A US42832954 A US 42832954A US 2795082 A US2795082 A US 2795082A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- plants
- conditions
- frosting
- heat
- cold
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
Definitions
- This invention relates to methods :and apparatus for frost research and has .particular reference to a laboratory method and apparatus for lfait-hfully duplicathigacertain freezing conditions encountered in nature. Thewirive'nition finds particular utility when employed in the study of the effects of frost and freezing conditions :on: plant life and in the investigation of frost prevention measures.
- the search for appropriate counter-measures liasbeen directed principally along two relatively divergentlines: i. e., the search for appropriate methods and procedures for preventing the occurrence of frosting or freezing conditions, and attempts to develop or breed frost-resistant strains of various types of plants and trees.
- Figure l is a vertical sectional view of an apparatus "whichis particularly adapted to the practice of the method of this invention by which there are :duplicated the frosting conditions normally occurring in nature;
- FigureI2 is a horizontal sectional'view of the apparatus shown in Figure 1';
- Figure 3 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken as indicated by the arcuate arrow? in Figure 1;
- Figure 4 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view illustrating an alternative form of construction ofa part of the apparatus shown .in Figure 1.
- the walls, roofs, and partitions are all well insulated so asto isolate from the outside atmosphere the interior spaces defined byv the rooms justmenti 0ned,-particularly the treatment room 18 and the cold room '19.
- Access to the three spaces 17,18, 19 may be had through appropriate access doors 20, 21, and 22.
- the rooms 18 and 19 are surmounted by the roof 14 which is made in the form of a gabled roof, the sides 14a and 14b of which meet each other at right angles at the apex or ridge 140.
- the partition 16 which is situated between the rooms 18 and 19 is terminated as shown in Figure l at a height substantially equal to the height of side Walls 11, 12 ofthe structure. All interior surfaces of the walls, partitions, and. roof within the rooms 18 and 19 are made highly reflective, as by being'covered with a layer 23 of highly reflective material such as aluminum foil.
- a refrigerated plate 24 preferablyl black in color
- the plate 24 Located beneath the plate 24 and in heat conducting association therewith are disposed a plurality of cooling coils 25.
- the coils 25 are connected, in the conventional manner tola refrigeration apparatus indicated generally in Figure 1 by the reference character 26.
- the plate 24 is refrigerated to a temperature of the order of --50 C. or 60 C.
- Plant life such as the plants illustrated at 27, 28 and 29 in Figure l, which are to be subjected to artificially created frosting conditions, are preferably grown outdoors in t relatively deep boxes such as are indicated at 30 in Figure 1.
- the boxes 30 containing the plants are brought into the treatment room 18 and placed on the floor as indicated in Figures 1 and 2.
- the plate 24 is refrigerated as described, heat is radiated upwardly by the plants 2729 and reflected from the inclined refleeting surfaces 23 to the refrigerated plate 24 along paths such as are represented by the broken lines 31 in Figure 1.
- the intensity of the radiation of heat from the plants 27--29 may be regulated by controlling the temperature of the plate 24 or, and preferably, by adjusting the exposed area of the refrigerated plate. This maybe accomplished conveniently through the use of movable shutters or screens 32 which may be so placed as to obscure a larger or smaller part of the plate 24 as desired.
- the window 33 is preferably made of a plurality of sheets of glass spaced from each other of heat between the cham- Surfacetemperatures of the plants under treatment may be ascertained by aflixing to the plants thermal responsive elements 34 connected as indicated by the lines 35 to remote indicating thermometers or equivalent apparatus indicated generally by the reference character 36.
- the apparatus described may be used also to investigate the behavior of plant life under frosting conditions accompanied by the direct impingement of a current of cold air.
- an air duct or passage 37 which communicates with the treatment room 18 at a relatively low elevation as indicated at 38 and which communicates with the cold room 19 at a plurality of different elevations as indicated at 39, 40 and 41.
- Each of the openings 38-41 is pro vided with a valve or damper to allow the intercommunication to be closed off entirely or established, as desired, between the opening 38 and a selected one or more of the openings 3941. Since there exists in the air within the cold room 19 a considerable temperature gradient, it is possible by appropriate choice of the openings 39-41 to achieve a certain selection of the temperature of the air to be directed through the opening 38 into the treatment room 18 and around the plants 27-29.
- reflection of the heat radiated upwardly from the plants 27 -29 may be obtained through the use of a plurality of totally reflecting transparent prisms 42 secured to the inner surfaces of the sloping roof portions 14a and 14b in the manner illustrated in Figure 4.
- this invention provides a method for producing artificially and under controlled conditions low temperature conditions of freezing and frosting duplicating the conditions encountered in nature. Attention is directed particularly to the use of the refrigeratedplate 24 as a radiation sink disposed in an adjoining chamber and at a relatively low elevation and in cooperative relation with a pair of inrclined reflectors disposed above the plant. life being treated and above the refrigerated plate. It is by this construction that heat radiated from the plants is caused the frosting condition encountered in nature.
- a method of subjecting plan-ts to frosting conditions comparable to those occurring in nature which consists in establishing a cold surface in horizontally spaced relation to said plants and at substantially the same elevation, said cold surface having a temperature below zero centigrade, substantially confining on four sides and below the air surrounding said plants, reflecting to said cold surface along paths of diiferent lengths heat energy radiated from said plants, vertical radiation being directed along the paths of minimum length, and adjusting the area of said cold surface exposed to said reflected heat energy to thereby control the rate of loss of heat by said plants.
- an enclosure comprising a floor surrounded by upstanding walls; a partition extending upwardly from said floor dividing the interior of said enclosure into two open-topped chambers; a body disposed in one of said chambers near the floor thereof; means for refrigerating said body; and a pair of oppositely inclined reflectors disposed above said chambers for reflecting to said body along paths of different lengths heat energy radiated from plants placed in the other of said chambers, said reflectors being disposed to provide a minimum path length for vertical radiation.
- said enclosure comprises a building
- said reflectors are defined by the under surface of a gabled roof over said chambers positioned with the ridge thereof over and aligned with said partition.
- An apparatus which includes in one of said walls a transparent window to permit visual observation of said plants during treatment.
- said body comprises a horizontal plate having an area substantially equal to the area ofv the floor of said other chamber.
- An apparatus which includes a shutter means for adjusting the area of said plate exposed to radiant heat energy reflected by said reflectors.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Greenhouses (AREA)
Description
June 11, 1957 "r. o. LAINE 2,795,082
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FROST RESEARCH Filed May 7, 1954 fEY- 23 31 J51 -a 11 J m 1 31 33 18 I -19- I i1 36 35 34 7 41 24 2c as as 3 III/III :i I H IN VEN TOR. 75mm 0. Lfl/NE Jimmy;
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FROST I ,RE'SEARCH Tauno-O. Laine, Fontana, Calif.
ApplicationMay'7, 1954,1SerialNo. 428,329 12Claims. .(Cl. 475,8)'
This invention relates to methods :and apparatus for frost research and has .particular reference to a laboratory method and apparatus for lfait-hfully duplicathigacertain freezing conditions encountered in nature. Thewirive'nition finds particular utility when employed in the study of the effects of frost and freezing conditions :on: plant life and in the investigation of frost prevention measures.
The periodic though relatively infrequent occurrence of freezing and frosting conditions in normally mild'. olimates presents to the horticulturist a real and continuing problem. Such occasional frosts cause great damage-1o growing crops and under unusually extreme conditions oftentimes destroy not only the currentcrop but inflict Severe damage and substantially destroy the growing plants. Because the destruction 20f crops because .of severe frosts presents to the .horticulturist a severe economic problem, .a considerable amount of work has been done in the past and is presently being done in the development of preventive measures designed to minimize this economic loss. 7
The search for appropriate counter-measures liasbeen directed principally along two relatively divergentlines: i. e., the search for appropriate methods and procedures for preventing the occurrence of frosting or freezing conditions, and attempts to develop or breed frost-resistant strains of various types of plants and trees.
Research along the lines indicated has beendistinctly hampered by the lack of appropriate facilities for producing the necessary environmental conditions for carrying forward the investigation. To attempt to conduct such investigations in connection with the periodic frosting'conditions occurring in nature is both time consuming and of vdoubtful value. The vagaries of changing: climatic conditions, coupled with the fact that such frosting conditions occur only a few times each year in the relatively mild climates, prevent the carrying forward. of a continuing and uninterrupted program of research. Furthermore, the geographical locations within which such research maybe conducted are distinctly limited. Finally, it is of course impossible to elfec-t any substantial control over naturally occurring frosting conditions, with the result that is substantially impossible to investigate methodically the effects of variations in the various conditions and circumstances desired to be studied.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for frost research which permits the production and control of frosting conditions faithfully duplicating the conditions encountered in nature;
It is also an object of this invention to provide a method and'apparatus of the character set forth in the preceding paragraph wherein plant life may be subjected to such frosting conditions, and wherein observations and meas- "ice ...-metho.d and apparatus of the character hereinabove re- .ferred to wherein the radiation of heat from the plants is caused to be most intense in the vertical direction, as
:in nature.
It:is also1an object of this invention to provide a meth- 0d and apparatus of the character set forth in the preceding paragraphs wherein the environmental conditions characteristic of natural frosting conditions are duplicated by .the minimization of air movement and convection, and by the creation of a temperature inversion involving a layer of relatively warm air above the plants.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent upon a study of the following specification read in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Figure l is a vertical sectional view of an apparatus "whichis particularly adapted to the practice of the method of this invention by which there are :duplicated the frosting conditions normally occurring in nature;
FigureI2 is a horizontal sectional'view of the apparatus shown in Figure 1';
Figure 3 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken as indicated by the arcuate arrow? in Figure 1; and
Figure 4 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view illustrating an alternative form of construction ofa part of the apparatus shown .in Figure 1.
There .is illustrated in the accompanying drawings an apparatus which is particularly adapted to the practice of the method of this invention by means :of which there are produced and controlled frosting conditions duplicating those-"encountered in nature. The frosting conditions most {commonly encountered in nature in those geographical areas normally .suited to horticultural activities result-from the radiation of heat by plants and 'by the earth into the' cold :of outer space. In cultivated fields the bare earth .is largely covered by growing crops with the result I that the heat radiation and consequent cooling occurs urements may be made without disturbing the-plants or It is an additional object of this invention to provide: a
principally through the growing plants.
Sincerin'ost of the heat radiation which produces the declining temperatures resulting in frosting conditions comes from the growing plants, the plants cool first. The air in immediate contact with the plants is cooled by conduction and being heavier than the surrounding air remains hovering near the ground and the plants as arelatively thin layer of cold air. Immediately above this there is encountered'a layer of warm air having a normal temperature gradient reaching the extremely cold air encountered at high altitudes. This temperature inver- =moms-involving a layer of relatively cold air in the immediate vicinity of the plants and surmounted by a layer :ofwarmer air, is characteristic of the frosting conditions usually encountered at night in normally mild climates.
Another circumstance characteristic of naturally occurring frosting conditions is that the radiation of heat is most intense in the upward direction. It is important in producing artificial frosting conditions to cause the prinindicatedin Figure 2, and is, by means of partitions 15 and :16, divided into three'rooms or chambers; i. e. an
.to minimize the conduction bers 17 and 18.
Access to the three spaces 17,18, 19 may be had through appropriate access doors 20, 21, and 22.
As is best shown in Figure 1, the rooms 18 and 19 are surmounted by the roof 14 which is made in the form of a gabled roof, the sides 14a and 14b of which meet each other at right angles at the apex or ridge 140. The partition 16 which is situated between the rooms 18 and 19 is terminated as shown in Figure l at a height substantially equal to the height of side Walls 11, 12 ofthe structure. All interior surfaces of the walls, partitions, and. roof within the rooms 18 and 19 are made highly reflective, as by being'covered with a layer 23 of highly reflective material such as aluminum foil.
Near the floor 'of the cold room 19 there is placed a refrigerated plate 24, preferablyl black in color, and
a covering substantially the entire floor area of the cold room 19. Immediately beneath the plate 24 and in heat conducting association therewith are disposed a plurality of cooling coils 25. The coils 25 are connected, in the conventional manner tola refrigeration apparatus indicated generally in Figure 1 by the reference character 26. By operating the refrigeration apparatus26 and circulating a coolant through the coils 25, the plate 24 is refrigerated to a temperature of the order of --50 C. or 60 C.
Plant life such as the plants illustrated at 27, 28 and 29 in Figure l, which are to be subjected to artificially created frosting conditions, are preferably grown outdoors in t relatively deep boxes such as are indicated at 30 in Figure 1. When it is desiredto subject the plants 27-29 to frosting conditions, the boxes 30 containing the plants are brought into the treatment room 18 and placed on the floor as indicated in Figures 1 and 2. When the plate 24 is refrigerated as described, heat is radiated upwardly by the plants 2729 and reflected from the inclined refleeting surfaces 23 to the refrigerated plate 24 along paths such as are represented by the broken lines 31 in Figure 1. Since the side walls of the rooms 18 and 19 are also provided with interior reflective coatings, a certain amount of heat will be radiated obliquely from the plants 2729 and after multiple reflections will reach the refrigerated plate 24. The intensity of this radiation is, because of the longer path and multiple reflections, less intense than the vertical radiation indicated by the broken lines 31, and in this respect duplicates the radiation conditions encountered in nature.
The intensity of the radiation of heat from the plants 27--29 may be regulated by controlling the temperature of the plate 24 or, and preferably, by adjusting the exposed area of the refrigerated plate. This maybe accomplished conveniently through the use of movable shutters or screens 32 which may be so placed as to obscure a larger or smaller part of the plate 24 as desired.
It will at this point he observed that the frosting conditions produced by the apparatus thus far described duplicate the. frosting conditions encountered in nature in that movement. Furthermore, since the. refrigerated plate 24 is located in an adjacent room and at a level no higher than that of the plants 27--29, there are substantially no alr currents produced by convection. As a consequence,
the temperature inversion characteristic of natural frost- '1I1g conditions is produced in the treatment room 18.
Behavior of the plants during frosting conditions may be observed from the observers room 17 through a window 33 placed conveniently in the partition 15. As-is indicated in the drawing, the window 33 is preferably made of a plurality of sheets of glass spaced from each other of heat between the cham- Surfacetemperatures of the plants under treatment may be ascertained by aflixing to the plants thermal responsive elements 34 connected as indicated by the lines 35 to remote indicating thermometers or equivalent apparatus indicated generally by the reference character 36.
The apparatus described may be used also to investigate the behavior of plant life under frosting conditions accompanied by the direct impingement of a current of cold air. To this end, there is provided within the partition 16 an air duct or passage 37 which communicates with the treatment room 18 at a relatively low elevation as indicated at 38 and which communicates with the cold room 19 at a plurality of different elevations as indicated at 39, 40 and 41. Each of the openings 38-41 is pro vided with a valve or damper to allow the intercommunication to be closed off entirely or established, as desired, between the opening 38 and a selected one or more of the openings 3941. Since there exists in the air within the cold room 19 a considerable temperature gradient, it is possible by appropriate choice of the openings 39-41 to achieve a certain selection of the temperature of the air to be directed through the opening 38 into the treatment room 18 and around the plants 27-29.
According to a modification of the invention, reflection of the heat radiated upwardly from the plants 27 -29 may be obtained through the use of a plurality of totally reflecting transparent prisms 42 secured to the inner surfaces of the sloping roof portions 14a and 14b in the manner illustrated in Figure 4.
From the foregoing it will be observed that this invention provides a method for producing artificially and under controlled conditions low temperature conditions of freezing and frosting duplicating the conditions encountered in nature. Attention is directed particularly to the use of the refrigeratedplate 24 as a radiation sink disposed in an adjoining chamber and at a relatively low elevation and in cooperative relation with a pair of inrclined reflectors disposed above the plant. life being treated and above the refrigerated plate. It is by this construction that heat radiated from the plants is caused the frosting condition encountered in nature.
to be radiated principally in the vertical direction while convection currents resulting from contact of the air with the cold surface is prevented. This results in the establishment of the temperature inversion characteristic of It will he observedthat the apparatus described permits complete control of the frosting conditions to which the plant life is subjected and also permits direct observation of the behavior of the plants while, at the same time, temperature readings of the surface of the plants may be obtained at any desired locations through appropriate placement of the thermal responsive element 34.
While a preferred embodiment of this invention has been illustrated and described herein, the invention is not to be limited to the details so shown and described, except as defined in the appended claims.
I claim:
1. The method of subjecting plants to frosting conditions comparable to those occurring in nature which consists in establishing a cold surface in horizontally 'spaced relation to said plants and at substantially the same elevation, said cold surface having a temperature I below zero centigrade, substantially confining on four sides and below the air surrounding said plants, and refleeting to said cold surface along paths of different lengths heat energy radiated from said plants, vertical radiation being directed along paths of minimum length.
2. The method of subjecting plants to frosting conditions comparable to those occurring in nature, which consists in establishing a cold surface in horizontally 4 spaced relation to said plants and at substantially the same elevation, said cold surface having a temperature substantially below zero centigrade, insulating said plants agamstithe conduction of heat toward and away from said plants, establishing in the atmosphere above said plants a temperature gradient characterized by a general reduction in temperature with altitude and having at least one temperature inversion to thereby prevent conduction of heat by convection away from said plants, and reflecting to said cold surface heat energy radiated upwardly from said plants.
3. A method of subjecting plan-ts to frosting conditions comparable to those occurring in nature, which consists in establishing a cold surface in horizontally spaced relation to said plants and at substantially the same elevation, said cold surface having a temperature below zero centigrade, substantially confining on four sides and below the air surrounding said plants, reflecting to said cold surface along paths of diiferent lengths heat energy radiated from said plants, vertical radiation being directed along the paths of minimum length, and adjusting the area of said cold surface exposed to said reflected heat energy to thereby control the rate of loss of heat by said plants.
4. The method of subjecting plants to frosting conditions comparable to those occurring in nature, which consists in refrigerating to a temperature substantially below zero centigrade a black body horizontally spaced from said plants and disposed at substantially the same elevation, insulating said plants to prevent the conduction of heat away from said plants, interposing a barrier between said plants and said body to prevent radiation of heat from said plants directly to said body, and disposing above said plants and above said body oppositely inclined reflecting surfaces to reflect toward said body along paths of different lengths heat energy radiated from said plants, and positioning said reflecting surfaces to provide a minimum path length for vertical radiation.
5. In an apparatus for subjecting test specimens to frosting conditions comparable to those occurring in nature, the combination of: means defining a treatment space for receiving said specimens; a cold body positioned at one side of said space and at substantially the same elevation as the lowermost portion of said space; means insulating said cold body and said specimens against conduction of heat therebetween; and reflector means above said treatment space for reflecting to said body heat energy radiated upwardly from said specimens.
6. In an apparatus for subjecting test specimens to frosting conditions comparable to those occurring in nature, the combination of: means defining a treatment space for receiving said specimens; a cold body positioned at one side of said space and at substantially the same elevation as the lowermost portion of said space; means insulating said cold body and said specimens against conduction of heat therebetween; means establishing in the atmosphere above said specimens, a temperature gradient characterized by a general reduction in temperature with altitude and having at least one temperature inversion to thereby prevent conduction of heat by convection away from said specimens; and reflector means above said treatment space for reflecting to said body heat energy radiated upwardly from said specimens.
7. In an apparatus for subjecting plants to frosting conditions comparable to those occurring in nature, the combination of: an enclosure comprising a floor surrounded by upstanding walls; a partition extending upwardly from said floor dividing the interior of said enclosure into two open-topped chambers; a body disposed in one of said chambers near the floor thereof; means for refrigerating said body; and a pair of oppositely inclined reflectors disposed above said chambers for reflecting to said body along paths of different lengths heat energy radiated from plants placed in the other of said chambers, said reflectors being disposed to provide a minimum path length for vertical radiation.
8. An apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said enclosure comprises a building, and wherein said reflectors are defined by the under surface of a gabled roof over said chambers positioned with the ridge thereof over and aligned with said partition.
9. An apparatus according to claim 7 which includes in one of said walls a transparent window to permit visual observation of said plants during treatment.
10. An apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said partition has a passage providing for the flow of air between said chambers, and wherein valve means are provided for closing said passage.
11. An apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said body comprises a horizontal plate having an area substantially equal to the area ofv the floor of said other chamber.
12. An apparatus according to claim 11 which includes a shutter means for adjusting the area of said plate exposed to radiant heat energy reflected by said reflectors.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 805,801 Kline Nov. 28, 1905 2,193,921 Gibbons Mar. 19, 1940 2,243,931 Webster June 3, 1941 2,289,809 Sherwood July 14, 1942 2,336,733 Hull Dec. 14, 1943 2,408,867 McCollum Oct. 8, 1 946 2,547,367 Booth Apr. 3, 1951 2,651,503 Mills Sept. 8, 1953 FOREIGN PATENTS 400,791 Great Britain Nov. 2, 1933 138,406 Sweden Dec. 9, 1952
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US428329A US2795082A (en) | 1954-05-07 | 1954-05-07 | Method and apparatus for frost research |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US428329A US2795082A (en) | 1954-05-07 | 1954-05-07 | Method and apparatus for frost research |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2795082A true US2795082A (en) | 1957-06-11 |
Family
ID=23698423
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US428329A Expired - Lifetime US2795082A (en) | 1954-05-07 | 1954-05-07 | Method and apparatus for frost research |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2795082A (en) |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US805801A (en) * | 1905-06-07 | 1905-11-28 | Rudolph D Kline | Cultivation of mushrooms. |
| GB400791A (en) * | 1932-12-02 | 1933-11-02 | Tomas Dvorak | An installation for influencing the growth of plants |
| US2193921A (en) * | 1937-11-17 | 1940-03-19 | Walter E Gibbons | Insulator |
| US2243931A (en) * | 1941-06-03 | Radiant heat absorbing means | ||
| US2289809A (en) * | 1940-07-30 | 1942-07-14 | Servel Inc | Refrigeration |
| US2336733A (en) * | 1939-04-28 | 1943-12-14 | Gen Motors Corp | Refrigerating apparatus |
| US2408867A (en) * | 1942-07-22 | 1946-10-08 | Mccollum Thelma | Means for utilizing radiant heat in aircraft |
| US2547367A (en) * | 1946-03-13 | 1951-04-03 | Henry Booth Methods Corp | Method and apparatus for testing fabrics |
| US2651503A (en) * | 1950-12-02 | 1953-09-08 | Reflectotherm Inc | System of radiant heat exchanging |
-
1954
- 1954-05-07 US US428329A patent/US2795082A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2243931A (en) * | 1941-06-03 | Radiant heat absorbing means | ||
| US805801A (en) * | 1905-06-07 | 1905-11-28 | Rudolph D Kline | Cultivation of mushrooms. |
| GB400791A (en) * | 1932-12-02 | 1933-11-02 | Tomas Dvorak | An installation for influencing the growth of plants |
| US2193921A (en) * | 1937-11-17 | 1940-03-19 | Walter E Gibbons | Insulator |
| US2336733A (en) * | 1939-04-28 | 1943-12-14 | Gen Motors Corp | Refrigerating apparatus |
| US2289809A (en) * | 1940-07-30 | 1942-07-14 | Servel Inc | Refrigeration |
| US2408867A (en) * | 1942-07-22 | 1946-10-08 | Mccollum Thelma | Means for utilizing radiant heat in aircraft |
| US2547367A (en) * | 1946-03-13 | 1951-04-03 | Henry Booth Methods Corp | Method and apparatus for testing fabrics |
| US2651503A (en) * | 1950-12-02 | 1953-09-08 | Reflectotherm Inc | System of radiant heat exchanging |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Marion et al. | Open‐top designs for manipulating field temperature in high‐latitude ecosystems | |
| Liou | Influence of cirrus clouds on weather and climate processes: A global perspective | |
| Wisniewski et al. | Use of a hydrophobic particle film as a barrier to extrinsic ice nucleation in tomato plants | |
| Kozai et al. | Light transmission and photosynthesis in greenhouses | |
| Okada et al. | Pre-air-conditioned temperature gradient chambers for research on temperature stress in plants | |
| US2795082A (en) | Method and apparatus for frost research | |
| Robotham et al. | A controlled environment room for producing advective white or black frost conditions | |
| Fuller et al. | A chamber for the simulation of radiation freezing of plants | |
| Maynard et al. | Managing the environment in high tunnels for cool season vegetable production | |
| JP3202608B2 (en) | Underground temperature measurement method and temperature control method of vegetation board | |
| Aston et al. | Frost room design for radiation frost studies in Eucalyptus | |
| Granberg et al. | Radiative and aerodynamic effects of an open pine shelterwood on calm, clear nights | |
| Sutherland et al. | Remote sensing of thermal radiation from an aircraft—An analysis and evaluation of crop-freeze protection methods | |
| WO2020122094A1 (en) | Method for controlling temperature of vegetation ground | |
| Marcellos | A plant freezing chamber with radiative and convective energy exchange | |
| Done-Currie et al. | The effects of thermoregulatory behaviour on the heat loss from shorn sheep as measured by a model ewe for micro-climate integration | |
| Wang et al. | Enhancing food production in hot climates through radiative cooling mulch: A nexus approach | |
| CN208227848U (en) | It is a kind of can fast construction automatic low-temp environment simulation temperature control canopy | |
| Boyaci et al. | Determination of the Vertical Distribution Pattern of Indoor Climate Parameters in the Greenhouse Heated in the Winter Period | |
| JP3515504B2 (en) | Temperature control method of vegetation board | |
| JP7370436B1 (en) | How to control the temperature of the vegetation substrate | |
| Frith | Frost protection in orchards using air from the temperature inversion layer | |
| Braud | Cold protection for Louisiana strawberries | |
| CN212813095U (en) | Plant factory structure | |
| Westin et al. | Active control of infrared signature: system implementation in a ground vehicle |