US2788464A - Traveling wave electron discharge devices - Google Patents

Traveling wave electron discharge devices Download PDF

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Publication number
US2788464A
US2788464A US465513A US46551354A US2788464A US 2788464 A US2788464 A US 2788464A US 465513 A US465513 A US 465513A US 46551354 A US46551354 A US 46551354A US 2788464 A US2788464 A US 2788464A
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United States
Prior art keywords
helix
gas
envelope
wave
propagating structure
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US465513A
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard H Geiger
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TDK Micronas GmbH
International Telephone and Telegraph Corp
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Deutsche ITT Industries GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/16—Circuit elements, having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube and interacting with the discharge
    • H01J23/24—Slow-wave structures, e.g. delay systems
    • H01J23/30—Damping arrangements associated with slow-wave structures, e.g. for suppression of unwanted oscillations

Definitions

  • This invention' ⁇ relatesy tolV traveling wave. electron' discharge devices and more. particularly to gas discharge devices for introducing a ⁇ circuit loss along the path; of a. traveling wave in such ⁇ electron discharge devices to prevent both undesirable oscillations and propagating modes. ⁇ therein.
  • lt is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide an improved' ⁇ means for introducing a circuit loss in theV path of the radio frequency Wave of a trave1- ing wave device so as to prevent self-sustainingy oscillations and yet obtain high gain and maximum. output power.
  • offthis invention i's theutilnation of. a: gaseous discharge device: having an electronw density. upon, ionization such. that. the ⁇ collision: frequency ofthe electrons therein is. approximately' equal to the angular frequency ofthepropagjating microwaveA energy to intel?- ccptpart of thel highs ⁇ frequency field ofy the. propagated energy with at minimum 0f. reflection! or. radiation of the radio'frequency energy and Whiehfwill. absorbW the microwave energy in azminimul'trI axialfdi'stancefalong the prop agating ⁇ structure.
  • Another feature ofthisinvention ⁇ is theprovision ⁇ of a ⁇ gas discharge device having an envelope of annular.-like crosssection, the ends of which aretapered radially relative; to the propagating structure, disposed concentrically about ⁇ the propagating structure andV within they field.. of the microwavey energy transmittedV on' the: propagating structure.
  • Fig. 1I is) ⁇ a ⁇ diagrammatic representation. of. a.- traveling wave electron discharge device incorporating a gas dis" charge attenuat'or, in accordance withthisr invention;l
  • Fig. 2 ⁇ is an ⁇ enlargedlongitudinal crossf section of the gas discharge device of Fig. l;
  • Fig, 4 is a longitudinal cross-sectional View of. another embodiment of this invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a cross-sectibnal" view taken along liner 5-.5 of, 4;'
  • FIGs. 6, 7,', 81 and 9 areA longitudinall crossesectional views, partially diagrammatic, of"still ⁇ other embodiments of," this invention.
  • FIG. l1() is a diagrammatic illustration of a traveling wave, electron discharge device incorporating. ⁇ stillanother embodiment of this invention.
  • a' discharge device' adapted to beV used as an amplifier at microwave frequencies.
  • The. arrangement shown comprises an electron beam: tuhe including an evacuated'envelope 1.
  • the ⁇ envelope 1 may be composed of a low-loss insulatedmaterial, such as glass or quartz, ora suitable metal havingnon-magnetic properties.
  • the envelope 1 is provided at onel end" with al hnown type of elect-'ron gun Zlforproducihg an electron beam' or stream of either the pencil typeorhollowtype:
  • the electron beami emerging from gurr 2" in the illustrated embodiment ⁇ is; of the pencil type and travels along a path substantially axially of. envel'opel.
  • Electrode 6 serves to collect the electrons arriving at the end of envelope 1 after passage through the helical propagating vstructure 4. While the propagating structure of the traveling wave tube is herein shown and described as being a helical transmission line, the propagating structure need not necessarily be limited to such a helical structure, but may include transmission lines composed of baflles and similar devices.
  • the helix 4 is wound to haveV a length of a plurality of wavelengths at the frequency to be amplied along its axis.
  • the helix is supported to provide a rectilinear structure coaxial of the axis of envelope 1 by a nonconductive structure shown in this instance to comprise a series of non-conductive rods 7 equally spaced around the circumference thereof.
  • a non-conductive tubing coextensive with the length of the helix may be substituted for the rods.
  • the rods or tubing may be composed of a suitable ceramic material disposed between the helix 4 and the envelope 1 and positioned axially of envelope 1 by discs 8 and 9 disposed at the extremities of the helix and in a transverse relation with respect to envelope 1.
  • the helix 4 is joined to the input coupler 3 by an input impedance matching section 10 and the output coupler 11 by the output impedance matching section 12.
  • These matching sections are simply extensions of the helix in which the spacing between adjacent turns is increased along the circumference of the helix and act as tapered transmission lines to provide a wave transmission path of uniformly changing impedance from the relatively low impedance at the end of the couplers 3 and 11 to the relatively high impedance of the center portion of helix 4 with a minimum reflection of energy back to the signal source.
  • an input wave path represented by the dotted input waveguide 13 into which there is introduced the input wave signal to be amplified.
  • An output wave path shown as the output waveguide 14 serves to transfer the amplified output wave to a load circuit.
  • the wave from the input waveguide 13 and coupler 3 travels along the circumference of the helix 4 at a speed approximating that of light, but at a linear velocity along the axis of thetube which approximates or is slightly slower than the velocity of the electrons of the beam.
  • an interaction takes place whereby energy is transferred from the beam to the wave thereby greatly yamplifying the wave.
  • the wave launched upon the propagating structure consists of three components, an increasing component, a decreasing component and an .unattenuated component. It is, of course, realized that the resulting amplification is accomplished by the interaction between the increasing component of the wave and the electron beam.
  • the amplified wave reaches the output end of helix 4, it is transferred to the output waveguide 14 by means of output coupler 11.
  • the amplified wave reaches the impedance matching section 12 at .the output end of helix 4, even with an extremely favorable termination, at a given band of frequencies, there will still exist reflected waves at frequencies inside and outside the given band at the output end of the helix.
  • This reflected wave while it does not enter into the interaction with the electron stream, is propagated back along helix 4 toward the input end with attenuation.
  • the reflected wave will reach the input end of the helix 4 with attenuation equal to the circuit attenuation and will in turn be reflected back toward the output end of the helix.
  • the circuit attenuation in the past has been deliberately increased by the addition of an artificial loss along the helix so as to provide a dissipation of the reflected wave which served to increase the range of useful amplification. rli ⁇ he introduction of a lossy material in the form of aquadag, however, reduced the gain and power output of the traveling wave device.
  • an artificial loss is introduced along a portion of the helix 4 which will increase the range of useful amplification, but which will not reduce the gain and power output of the traveling wave device.
  • the artificial loss of this invention introduced in juxtaposition to helix 4 is provided by gas discharge device 15.
  • a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of my gas discharge device 15 is illustrated as comprising an annular envelope 16 disposed to be in contact with the support rods or tubing 17 of the helical propagating structure 4.
  • the inner surface of envelope 16 is brought as close as possible to the electromagnetic field present about the helix.
  • the envelope 16 is filled with a suitable noble gas, such as helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon, and is in some manner caused to ionize to function as an attenuator for the propagating structure of a traveling wave electron discharge device.
  • a gaseous discharge plasma may act as a propagating medium for microwave and if the electron density of the discharge plasma is adjusted so that the collision frequency of the electrons of the gas is approximately equal to the angular frequency of the propagating microwave energy, the plasma absorbs the microwave energy.
  • the degree of absorption is determined by the magnitude and distribution of the electron density in the radio frequency elds. Therefore, it has been discovered that if a gaseous discharge plasma is located close to the turns of a helical structure, such as helix 4, where the electromagnetic ield distribution is at a maximum between the turns of a helix, effective absorption or attenuation will occur.
  • Discharge device 15 is provided with anodes 18 and 19 which in turn are placed across a potential source 20, as illustrated in Fig. l, which when switch 21 is closed, will establish a potential difference between electrodes 18 and 19 of suflicient value to ionize the gas within envelope 16 to produce a discharge plasma of sufficient electron density whose collision frequency is approximately equal to the angular frequency of the propagated energy such that an absorption or attenuation of the energy will take place.
  • Envelope 16 is provided with ends 22 which are tapered radially with respect to the helix to reduce reflections from the glass envelope 16 and the discharge plasma.
  • the characteristic of the loss medium of this invention is such that most of the electromagnetic energy in the propagating structure is absorbed, and the signal is transmitted through the loss section by the modulation signal energy in the electron stream.
  • the electromagnetic wave is re-excited in the lossless section of the propagating structure by the modulated electron beam.
  • the location of discharge device 15 is a predetermined distance from the input end of structure 4 such that the equation CN0-3 is satisfied, where C is the gain parameter relating the degree of interaction between the electron beam and electromagnetic wave propagated along the propagating structure and N is the number of wavelengths from the input end.
  • Provision of an input portion of helix having a length corresponding to the aforesaid equation insures that the electron stream becomes sufciently excited according to the radio frequency sigynal at the input such that an electromagnetic wave is re-excited in the output portion of the helix after encountering the attenuator.
  • This re-excited wave in turn annalisa interacts with the modulated beam in a continnousrnanner as the wave.
  • the gas within discharge device l5 would be ionized by providing suflicient power inthe radio frequency fields of the waves propagated on the helix, such as occurs in TR devices. ⁇
  • This effect can be greatly enhanced. by utilizing the longitudinal magnetic field generated by magnet 5 if the magneticlieldxis the gyroresonant eld for the electrons of the gas at: the microwave frequency or" the waveson thehelix.
  • the intiuence.l of gas plasma: on microwave energy? andthe gyroresonant effect therein is described in ⁇ greater detail: in the copending application of L. Goldstein etY al., Serial No: 232,1-48,.led lune i8, 195i.
  • Device l5 includes an ⁇ annular-like envelope ⁇ including a metallic base material ZSinSertedlin a glass envelope 24E and secured thereto ⁇ by meansof a1 glass-to-metal seal at 25.
  • the cold cathode material 25 is disposedon the inner surface of base metal-23 andhas applied' thereto-a pulsed potential from source4 27.
  • thefhelix. 4 functions essentially as a ground, ⁇ plane whereby electrons emitted from! material 26l will be accelerated back to material 26- for bombardment thereof toproduce secondary emissioni for ionization of the gas within ⁇ device 15.
  • the cross section of device 1-5 is an ⁇ annular-like triangular configuration, the inner dimension'of the: gas device envelope being substantiallytangential to the ⁇ turns of helix 4 to dispose the gas plasma in a stronger field regionof: the field adjacent the helical'propagating structure.
  • Device 1S having an annular glass envelope ⁇ 16 has its inner wall 23y configured in a manner to-provide a spiral flute 29 to receive the turns of the helix ⁇ therein and thereby position the gas plasma in a ⁇ stronger field region of the field about helix 4. It is contemplated that the tluting of envelope 16 would engage the first turns of a helix and when revolved about the axis thereofl would thread itself onto the helix for appropriate positioning'.therealong.
  • Theztapered ends of envelope ⁇ lr may be sweated to a glass tubing la in a. manner to provide: a.A continuous rectilinear support for helix 4..
  • FIGs. 8 and 9 other embodiments of my gas discharge attenuator are shown for use with a traveling wave electron discharge device of thefhollow electron beam type wherein the gas discharge ⁇ devicel isdisposed axially within the helix* 4.
  • the principle of absorption by a gas plasma is the same in these embodimentsy as itis in the previous embodiments.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates that the helix l is supportedon rods 32 concentric with the hollow electron beam.
  • Gas tube 3l' is inserted internally of the'rods 32 and as close to the maximum field region of the helical structure asis practical. It is contemplated that the gas tube. be concentrated ina. relativelyl short portion ofthe helical. propagating structurevbutnot necessarily limitedto ⁇ sucha concentration.
  • Fig. 10 illustrates the combination of a gas discharge device 33 similar to the discharge device 15.illust-rated in Fig. 4 and a traveling wave electron discharge ⁇ device ⁇ including a vacuum envelopesll havinga relatively small diameter enclosure utilized as thesupport ⁇ for helix 4,1as well as theA vacuum enclosure.
  • the discharge device 33 for attenuating the waves ⁇ propagated ⁇ on helix 4,v is disposed about the vacuum envelope 3 ⁇ 4 andincorporatedas an integral part of the ⁇ metalpackaging shell ⁇ 35/ employed to protect the envelope 34 against breakage and shock hazards.
  • the average radio frequency power. 'that can, be: absorbed by the gas discharge attenuator oftv this invention is generally limited by the material ofthe closure orI envelope, the electron density of the discharge plasma, the collision frequency of the electrons in the gas. and the proximity of the gas plasma to the radio frequency. fields surrounding the propagating structure. Absorption of average radio frequency powers in the order of several l0() watts would not be unreasonable. This method of producing the necessary cold lossof a helixor. other slow wave structure is more adaptable than present techniques to high power pulse tubes where the peak pulse powers may be large. ln addition, the gas tube attenuator can be air or liquid cooled to increase the power absorption limit of the device.
  • a traveling wave electron discharge device having a slow wave propagating structure for transmission of radio frequency energy therealong and means to project a beam of electrons parallel to the axis of said propagating structure for interaction with the electromagnetic field of the radio frequency energy transmitted by said propagating structure; an attenuator disposed adjacent said propagating structure for absorption of radio frequency energy propagated therealong, said attenuator comprising a gaseous discharge device disclosed in juxtaposition to the electromagnetic field of said propagating structure whereby ionization of the gas of said gaseous discharge device attenuates the energy propagated along said propagating structure.
  • a device wherein the gas of said gaseous discharge device is selected from the group comprising helium, neon, argon, lcrypton and xenon.
  • a device wherein the gas of said gaseous discharge device is xenon confined at several mm. Hg pressure.
  • a device wherein said propagating structure includes a helical transmission line and said gaseous discharge device includes a capillary tube interwoven with said helical transmission line for disposition between adjacent turns thereof thereby placing the ionized gas of said gaseous discharge device in the maximum field region of the electromagnetic field of said helical transmission line.
  • a device wherein said gaseous discharge device is disposed longitudinally of said propagating structure and the outer surface of said gaseous discharge device is tapered radially with respect to said propagating structure at the extremities thereof.
  • a device according to claim l, wherein said propagating structure has a substantially annular cross-section and said gaseous discharge device is disposed within said propagating structure.
  • a device according to claim 6, wherein said gaseous discharge device is cylindrical, the outer surface of which cooperates in supporting said propagating structure.
  • said gaseous discharge device includes an envelope of annular-like ,cross-section disposed concentrically about said propagating structure.
  • a device wherein the annularlike cross-section of said envelope is substantially triangular for disposition of the ionized gas of said gaseous discharge device in closer proximity to the maximum field region of the electromagnetic field of said propagating structure.
  • a device wherein said propagating structure includes a helical transmission line and the inner surface of said envelope includes a spiral groove thereon for engagement with the turns of said helical transmission line to dispose the ionized gas of said gaseous discharge device in closer proximity to the maximum field region of the electromagnetic field of said helical transmission line.
  • a traveling wave electron discharge device having a slow wave propagating structure for transmission of radio frequency energy therealong, means to project a beam of electrons parallel to the axis of said propagating structure for interaction with the electromagnetic field of the radio frequency energy transmitted by said propagating structure, and a magnet concentric to and substantially coextensive with said propagating structure provide a longitudinal magnetic field to maintain the electrons of said beam parallel tti-the axis of said propagating structure for substantially the entire length thereof; an attenuator disposed adjacent said propagating structure for absorption of radio frequency energy propaga'ted therealong, said attenuator comprising a gaseous discharge device disposed in juxtaposition to the electromagnetic field of said propagating structure and means including the intensity of the magnetic field of said magnet to ioniZe the gas of said gaseous discharge device for maximum attenuation of the energy propagated along said propagating structure.
  • a traveling wave electron discharge device having a conductor in the form of a helix for propagation of radio frequency energy therealong, dielectric material disposed about and substantially coextensive with said helix to provide a rectilinear propagating structure, means to project a beam of electrons axially of said helix for interaction with the electromagnetic field of the radio frequency energy propagated along said helix; an attenuator disposed adjacent said helix for absorption of radio frequency energy propagated therealong, said attenuator comprising an annular glass envelope disposed to surround said dielectric material and in a coupling relation with the electromagnetic field of said helix for a given axial length thereof, the extremities of said envelope being tapered radially with respect to said helix, a high electron density gas enclosed within said envelope, electrodes disposed within said envelope and a source of potential coupled to said electrodes to establish a difference of potential therebetween to ionize said gas for attenuation of the energy propagated along said helix.
  • a traveling wave electron discharge device having a conductor in the form of a helix for propagation of ratio frequency energy therealong dielectric material disposed about and substantially coextensive with said helix to provide a rectilinear propagating structure, means to project a beam of electrons axially of said helix for interaction with the electromagnetic field of the radio frequency energy propagated along said helix; an attenuator disposed adjacent said helix for absorption of radio frequency energy propagated therealong, said attenuator comprising an envelope of annular-like cross-section disposed to surround said dielectric material and in a coupling relation with the electromagnetic field of said helix for a given axial length thereof, a high electron density gas enclosed within said envelope, said envelope including in the outer wal-l thereof a central portion disposed between two glass end portions, said central portion including a metallic base material coated with a suitable cold-cathode material sealed to each of said end portions, said end portions being tapered radially with respect to said he
  • a traveling wave electron discharge device having a conductor in the form of a helix for propagation of radio frequency energy therealong, input means to couple radio frequency energy to the input of said helix, output means to couple radio frequency energy from the output of said helix, dielectric material disposed about said helix extending from the input end and the output end of said helix to a given central portion of said helix to co operate in providing a rectilinear propagating structure, a magnet concentric to and substantially coextensive with said propagating structure to provide a longitudinal magnetic iield to maintain the electrons of said beam parallel to the axis of said propagating structure for substantially the entire length thereof, means to project a beam of electrons axially of said helix for interaction with the electromagnetic tield of the radio frequency energy propagated along said helix; an attenuator disposed in said given central portion for absorption of radio frequency energy propagated therealong, said attenuator comprising an an nular glass envelope disposed to be
  • a traveling wave electron discharge device having a metallic helix for propagation of radio frequency energy therealong, dielectric material disposed about and substantially coextensive with said metallic helix to provide a rectilinear propagating structure, means to project a o beam of electrons axially of said metallic helix for inter action with the electromagnetic field of the radio frequency energy propagated along said metallic helix; an attenuator disposed adjacent said metallic helix for absorption of radio frequency energy propagated therealong, said attenuator comprising a capillary tube in the form or a glass helix disposed to be intermediate the turns of said metallic helix having the same helical diameter as said metallic helix, and a high electron density gas enclosed in said tube whereby the ionization of said gas provides maximum attenuation of the energy propagated on said metallic helix.
  • a traveling Wave electron discharge device having a conductor in the form of a helix for propagation of radio frequency energy therealong, dielectric material disposed within and substantially coextensive with said heiix to provide a rectilinear propagating structure, means to project a hollow beam of electrons parallel to the axis of said helix for interaction with the electromagnetic field of the radio frequency energy propagated along said helix, said helix being disposed within said beam of electrons; an attenuator disposed adjacent said helix for absorption of radio frequency energy propagated therealong, said attenuator comprising a cylindrical envelope disposed within said dielectric material to be in a coupling relation with the electromagnetic field of said helix for a given axial length thereof, the extremities of said envelope being tapered radially with respect to said helix, and a high electron density gas enclosed within said tube whereby the ionization of said gas provides attenuation of the energy propagated along said helix.
  • a traveling Wave electron discharge device having conductor in the form of a helix for propagation of radio frequency energy therealong, means to project a holiow beam of electrons parallel to the axis of said helix for interaction with the electromagnetic hield of the radio frequency energy propagated along said helix, said helix being disposed within said beam of electrons; au attenuator disposed adjacent said helix for absorption of radio frequency energy propagated therealong, said attenuator comprising a cylindrical envelope disposed within said dielectric material and in a coupling relation with the electromagnetic field of said helix for a given axial length thereof, the extremities of said envelope being tapered radially with respect to said helix, and a high electron density gas enclosed in said tube whereby the ionization of said gas provides attenuation of the energy propagated along said helix, said envelope cooperating to support said helix over said given axial length.

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2882441A (en) * 1955-08-12 1959-04-14 English Electric Valve Co Ltd Travelling wave amplifier tubes
US2924739A (en) * 1956-03-29 1960-02-09 Itt Traveling-wave electron discharge device
US2930932A (en) * 1957-04-01 1960-03-29 Roger White Electron Devices I Electromagnetic wave phase shifter
US2933637A (en) * 1953-06-05 1960-04-19 Telefunken Gmbh Traveling wave tube
US2934674A (en) * 1956-02-07 1960-04-26 Itt Traveling-wave electron discharge device
US2970240A (en) * 1958-10-01 1961-01-31 Hughes Aircraft Co Liquid-cooled traveling wave tube
US3188506A (en) * 1959-11-23 1965-06-08 Machlett Lab Inc Cathode ray tube with signal plate connected to contact ring having envelope diameter
FR2971120A1 (fr) * 2011-02-04 2012-08-10 Jerome Ignace Tavera Crochet de traction pour gros gibier

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2933637A (en) * 1953-06-05 1960-04-19 Telefunken Gmbh Traveling wave tube
US2882441A (en) * 1955-08-12 1959-04-14 English Electric Valve Co Ltd Travelling wave amplifier tubes
US2934674A (en) * 1956-02-07 1960-04-26 Itt Traveling-wave electron discharge device
US2924739A (en) * 1956-03-29 1960-02-09 Itt Traveling-wave electron discharge device
US2930932A (en) * 1957-04-01 1960-03-29 Roger White Electron Devices I Electromagnetic wave phase shifter
US2970240A (en) * 1958-10-01 1961-01-31 Hughes Aircraft Co Liquid-cooled traveling wave tube
US3188506A (en) * 1959-11-23 1965-06-08 Machlett Lab Inc Cathode ray tube with signal plate connected to contact ring having envelope diameter
FR2971120A1 (fr) * 2011-02-04 2012-08-10 Jerome Ignace Tavera Crochet de traction pour gros gibier

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