US278285A

US278285A - somes

Info

Publication number: US278285A
Authority: US
Publication date: 1883-05-22
Anticipated expiration: 1900-05-22

Description

IIe/Vent r 5 Sheets-Sheet 1.

Patented MaJ v 22,1883.

.M m0 C R w 0 A N EI -R u .Dm R N.

(No Model.)

(No Model.) l 5 sheets-sheet s.

D. E. SOMES.

` RBPRIGERATOR GAR. l No. 278,285. Patented May 22,1888;

I III II IIIIIWIIIII IIII III

III

. (N0 Model.) 5 sheets-sheet 4.

` D.`E. SOMES. REPRIGERATOR GAR, y No. 278,285. r Patented May 22,1883.

l www N. PETERS, Phuwmhagmmr. wuhmon, n. C.

To all whom it may concerti;-

l t i .i and `ot' storing,

UNITEDI STATES PATENT Gatica..

DANIELnsoiviEsoF wAsHiNeToN, DIsTRioT or ooLUMerA.

4REFalci;aAToa- CAR-- SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 278,285, dated-May 22, 1883.

` Application filed January 24, 18S?. (No model.) l m Beit known that I, DANIEL E.;SOMES, a citizen of the UnitedStates of America, residing at Washington,in the District of Columbia, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Refrigerator-Cars, of which the following is a specification, reference being had therein to the accompanying drawings.

The objectot'lmy invention isto furnish a comprehensive. system of refrigerating d and `preserving fresh meats, sh, fruits, flowers,

and other articles and substances that are `liable to rapid dlecompositionor fermentation, transporting, shipping', and transferring such articles and substances withoutexposingthem toan impure atmosphere, or to temperatures `that. can pose` them; andthe inventionconsists in im-` i `proved processes t and *improved mechanical devices for extracting the heat from the articles tobe preserved and conducting` it to ice or otherirefrigerating material through metal "f--`-lic bars, posts, plates, hooks, and other metallic mediums.

It also consists in thecombination and use.

of improved devices for excluding heat from inclosed chambers or spaces.

The inventionfnrt-her consists in improved organized automatic mechanism for producing `continuouszcircuits of-air through and around t Hice andithrough a preserving-room,circulating around articles to be'preserxed, andeonveyin g impurities arising therefrom and depositing c. themin thedrip-.Watentobe carried off through thetrap, as well as refrigerating said articles.

My inve-ntionafurther consists in the con-4 i struction and application of` automaticr mech- :mism for the admission and exit of air. The various devices. and processes j herein described, and `particularly pointed outgand combinedinthe claims,areesp'eciallyapplica? refrigerators new` in bleto refrigerator cars, ships, store-houses, and other; refrigeratin g structures. 'Air is a poor conductor of heat and cold, and when it constitutes a conducting medium between the articles refrigerated and the ice the process of refrigeratin g isa slow and. imperfectzwhen ice aloneisnseth therair being manydegrees even in wellfconstructe'd.` To overcomezthis,

warmerthan the ice,

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`ltliiiicultyofbringingthe temperature down to able freeze or decom-` a degree necessary lo preservefresh meats and fruits, salt has been used inr connection with ice; butthe process is expensive'and unreli-` since the temperature is always iiuctuat-` ing. Air-blasts forced by machinery alternately th rough the ice and against the articles refrigerated have been extensively used with and without salt; named above hold Besides, chinery is liable to break down or otherwise get out of order, involving the loss oi"v whole car-loads and cargoes of valuable freight. Another serious objection is thelfact that the. blasts ot air cause Vrapid ,evaporation ot' the A juices of the meats and fruits, loss of flavor, as well as loss shrinkage.

but the same-objections good .against this process.` it is more expensive, and themaand consequent of weight from I will now proceed to describe. my refrigerator car. and storehouses, and the processes of `preserving perishable articlesand substances therein.

Figure lis a plan view of the top or roof ofa 'can Fig. 2 isa vertical longitudinal section of the car, on line yy of Fig..l. ]1`ig.3 is a plan view of the interior ofthecar with the top removed. Fig. @tis an enlarged view of ai swivel-hook and a section of a notched and perforated bar `on which the hook is hung. Fig. 5 is aside View of a hook without a swivel- `joint. Fig. `6 represents a screen for protect-A ingthe open ends ofthe vertical pipes shown in Fig. 8. Fig; 7 shows an elbow otapipe for connecting the vertical with the horizontal pipes. Fig.8is a perspective ton Vof an icebox constructed ofnietallic pipes with metallic bars placed between the pipes, the. surrounding walls not shown. tional plan view of an ice-box, ends ofthe vertical pipes and horizontalmetallic bars connected to the'metallic front wall of the ice-box, and the manner of attaching thel bars thereto, andalso a horizontal bars. Fig; `post sustaining a horizontal bar the front wall ofthe ice-box. View ot a sleeper placed between the metallic pipes, which, together with the pipes, formithe grate of the ice-box. i Fig.` 12 represents a sec tion; of the front side of- 'thel metallic ice-box, with openings and sectional view ot' a skele- Fig. 9 is a see-` showin g the top cross bar resting on l0 represents a metallic` and bracing Fig. `1l is a side doors at the lower part.4

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' made air-tigh t.

Fig.`13 shows a modilicationot' my improved car or refrigerator, having an ice-box in one Iend only. Fig. 14 `represents an automatic ventilator for the admission of outside air to the ice-box. Fig. 15 represents an ice box or room two or more stories high, and constructed of metallic pipes, with the casing and registers left off or not shown. `Fig.16 represents a row of these ice boxes or crates, constructed of metallic pipes with surrounding casings, and registers for regulating the volume of air that tiows into the top-openings and outof the'botl,tom openings, and metallic beams which form connections between metallic` boxes, and also serve as beams on which to hang meat. Fig. 17 represents a plan view of a store-house containingrows of metallic refrigerating-boxes,

railway-tracks, and turn-tables. Fig. 18 rep resents a post and beam composed of wood and metal. Fig. 19 shows an end of a refrigeratl 'ing storehouse with doors for the admission and exit o f cars. Fig. 20 is a side elevation of a store-house with openings for the admission ot' ice. Fig. 2l represents metallic receptaclesofvarying sizes, so selected and arranged as to completely till va room or given space. Fig. 22 represents a scuttle in the top or rootl of a car or other structure to admit ice and other articles. Fig. 23 is a detail plan view of a series of ice-boxes, c, connected by metallic beams j'. Fig. 24 represents two perforated boxes, each being made so 'as to conform to the shape ot' a quarterot' beef or lamb or'other kind of meat. v`Nhen the irregular vsides of these boxes are placed together they form a rectangle or' a square. Fig. 25 is a vertical section of one of the ice-boxes 12,-taken Online a' a', Fig. 23,'showing a non-conducting casing inclosing walls and grating, the said walls and grating being composed' of metallic pipes.

The walls, roof, and' oor of the car, building, or other structure are made double or multiple, with spaces between them, which are rlhe walls, it' not made vof metal or lined with it, are lined withA paper or cloth,.which should be saturated with a strong solution of vitriol or copperas to prevent the fabric from rotting. The fabric may then be coated with copal, shellac, or other varnish, or parafiine, to make it air-tight and water-proof. rI he bottom of the spaces in the walls ofthe car and storehouse and the spaces in the tioors and roof are covereda quarter of an inch or so in depth with copal or other hard varnish, poured intothem while warm. This varnish should be ot' a kind that will not become limpid or plastic by the heat ot' the sun. Before the varnish becomes cold, iinely-powdered `carbonate of lime or chalk, or plaster-of-paris,

or soapstone is sifted upon it to make a solid foundation. The spaces above this foundation are filled with the substances above named, or withv charcoal, or mixtures of the substances named. The side walls of the carvconstitute thejtwo sides of the preserving-room BV-and the end-walls ofthe ice-boxes, while the front or tine from side to side.

' boxes when the ice is too densely packed. The

walls, D', Fig. 2,ofv the ice-boxes form the ends of the preserving-room. The walls D are made of metal or of metallic frame with metal lining. rllhe metallic beams D2 are supported on metallic posts D3 or on the front walls, 1). The ceiling F ot' the preserving-room'is a few inches below the ceiling of the car, and its length is divided by a narrow central opening rlhese two divisions ot' the ceilings F extend fromv the centralopen-A ing to the ice-boxes and rest upon the front walls thereof', forming two lines, G, which conduct the air from the preservingroom through the central opening to the ice-boxes. A partition running through the central opening and extending below the ceiling F divides the said openings and thetlnes G. This willV prevent back-drafts and eddies in the latter, and tendv toward an equal division in the airv as it leaves thcpreservingroom on its passage to the ice-boxes. The'under sides of the ceilings Fare preferably made to slope slightly vtoward .the ice-boxes to facilitate the horizontal currents as they move toward the openings. In the lower part of the front wall, 1)ot' the ice-boxes are openings, to permit the air to pass freely from the ice-noxes to the preservingroom. These openings are provided with Y door'sd, Fig. 12, for regulating the volume ot' 95 air, and are made to slide vertically, -or are hinged. rIheend walls ofthe carforni the back walls of theiceboxes, against which the vertical pipes l rest or lean. rBhe vertical pipes connectl with the horizon tal pipes,which form the grate of the ice-box, and are intendroo ed to come in contact with the ice and to conduct and refrigerate such air as fails to lind its wayeasily through the mass ofice intheice-l moisture inthe air is condensed to water asit passes through these cold pipes, and, in theform of drops or small streams, discharges itselt through the open ends of the horizontal pipes, or through holes in the under side of said pipes, and makes its wayto, the tra-p and is carriedoi'f with the drip-water. rlhebars E2 are interposed. between the horizontal pipes, in this instance, as shown, which servo to help sustain the ice. and to receive most of its blow as it is'dropped into the ice-box, the bars being higher than the pipes. The bars have notches n, as shown, which grasp the sills ot'A the ice-boxes and hold them `in place. Beneath thevgrate is a deiiector, a, sloping toward the .preserving-room, to facilitate the. movement of the air-current and directthe drip-water to a gutter, c', near the lower edge of the detlector. The gutter is made to extendy the whole length of the grate and to incline to r 25 ward one end, or from each end toward the center ofthe detiector, where it meets the trap which conducts the drip-water to the outside of thel car.A Metallic pipes E, Fig. 8, and bars E2, that form the grate, stretchfrom sill to sill' 13o of the ice-boxes transversely over the deectorand gutter, the pipes uniting with the Verti IIO emacs' t t d 'a cal pipesthat extend up thebach wallet'l the ice-box.

` It is important to make the car as nearly `as possible air-tight, in order to prevent the es cape and waste-of cold air and the admission of warm air. I thereforeprefer tohave the 1 interior and alsothe spaces lined with sheet metal, or the latter may be lined, as herein already set forth.

All thejoints of the scuttles and doors are made tight by means ot' rubber tubes or strips, preferably with black rubber.

` lhe exterior of the car should have la thick t coating ot' white-lead or zinc paint. The lead or zinc paint should be pure and mixed with bleached linseed-oil, and Aall thejoints and inf t "fterstices ofthe wallspu ttied up withputty, preferably ot'. the same material.

After the paint is thoroughly dried, two or threecoats ot'coachvarnish should be applied. This coating, being white, will mitigate the effects ol' the sun upon the car, and will also exclude any Warm air thatmight otherwise find its wayinto the The varnish will and rain. The preservingroom" is used for the transportation or storage ot' fresh meats. rlhe v carcassesor quarters arehung upon the hooks,

which are movable and `held in place by the `notches or pins. t The spaces on the floor bey t neath the suspended'quarters are utilized by perforated metallic receptacles, in which are packedcnt` meats, fruits, poultry, eggs, andi other articles. i These receptacles are made of "any convenientshape, and while they may vary in size,their dimensions are such that "Vwhenpacked side' by side in rows, if proper- `ly selected, will completelyljll'thespaces between the sides and ends of the preservingroom or any `given space, which prevents displacement `in `starting or-stoppingthe car. Fig. 2l` represents aspace nine `feet long lilled with these receptacles of varied sizes, as

indicated by figures. These receptacles, being perforated so that the perforations register "with" each other, will readily permit currents or air to pass through them and irom one to t anotherlwhen the `sides of the boxes are in close contact, and, being made ot' metal and connected withother metal conductors which lead to and are in contactwith the refrigerant, must rapidly' conduct the heat from the contents of the receptacles and refrigerate and position. When only a section ot' a car is used preserve them from fermentation and decoma partition is easily erected and made removable,`to be used at pleasure. The saidreceptacles, as well as the bars, posts, and such otherme'tallic conductors as are liable to come in Contact with articles of food, are nickel-plated orftinned,lwhile 4the metal that comes in t ,contact with ice maybe galvanized. The said freceptacles or the material of which they are the, openings or perforations have been made.

made shculd'have a coat of nickel or tin after This coating` will prevent corrosion and will not deleteriously affect the food.

follows: After the first side is pnt up, as above described, the opposite side should follow with the horizontal pipes arranged between the horizontal pipes connecting the vertical pipes of' the rst side. with the vertical pipes ofthe third and fourth Fig. 15 represents the interiorwalls of an The horizontal pipes connected i sides extend transversely across and above those ot' the first and second, thus forming two tiers of grate-bars for the ice to rest upon, whilet,

`the spaces between the bars permitcurrents of air to How through them on their way from' `'the mass of' ice to the preserving-room. Then this refrigerating apparatusis two stories or more high the second story is constructed in the same manner, being inside the first, and the third inside the second, and so on, with the pipes otl the outer walls sufficiently far apart to permit the elbows of the inner pipes to project beyond thc outer walls. By this arrangement the metallic conductors are multiplied and cooling-surface increased. V V V, Fig. 16, represent a series ot these metallic pipe boxes,with'non-conductingcasings liavingregisters u fn4 for regulating the currents of air, (the pipes notshown.) These registers arelattached to air-chambers u2, which inclose the ends of the pipes, and also openings intothe interior of the icebox. On opening the upper andllov'ver registers, "n" o4, currents of air ow from the upper air-chamber,e2, down through the vertical and through horizontal pipes,` and outfrom thc bottom air-chamber, n2, through the lower registers, e4, as indicatedv by the arrows. Other currents of air enter the interior of the ice-boxes e from the same upper airchamber, e2, through spaces between the vertical pipes, and pass `through the mass oi' icev andthe grating into achamber below the gratingandthrough the r'egisterse4l The ice-boxes have registers in their tops, also for the admis-` sionot' air to the interior of the boxes, when `large lots `ot' warm meat received into the" refrigerator store-house makeit necessary to ac-f celeratc refrigeration therein. The metallic beainsf, Fig. 16, are inserted through holesf, and' come in contact with the refrigeranhor with metal which is in contact with the ret'rig Aerant, and form`conuections between the dit'- ferent ice-boxes as good conductors of heat and `cold,so thatwhen meat or other articles are in contact with said beams,tor with hooks,

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links, rings, or the like, lwhich are "in contact with said beams, the heat which the articles contain will be rapidly conducted to the refrigerant. In some cases, however, it will be convenient to use one box only, with the outer ends -of the beams supported ou a post, D3, Fig. 16.

Fig'217 is a plan view ot' a store-house divided into two refrigerator and preserving rooms, with non-conducting walls and doors between them, the outer room being intended for storage of such articles as do not require the lowest preserving-temperature. The partition-wall serves to protect the inner storeroom from immediate contact with the outside air or heat, the outer doors being closed before the inner ones are opened. This store-house contains a series of ice-boxes, t, connected by metallic beamsf, the ice-boxes D, and preserving-rooms B B', herein described; also, railway-tracks O2 and turn-tables O', for the conveyance of articles liable to ferment or decom- 'pose from the action ot' heat-or cold or from an impure atmosphere.

' W, Fig. 19, is an end view of a store-house showing a section of multiple walls, with bolts l? to stay the walls, and also doors a for the admission of cars on a railway-track. (Shown in Fig. 17.) i

W2, Fig. 20, is a section of one side of a storehouse with multiple walls and spaces, the latter being filledy with non-conducting material, and openings b2 for the introduction ot ice.

A A, Fig. 1S, respectively represent acompound metallic and wooden post and a conip'ound metallic and wooden beam, when posts andbeamsofunusual strength are needed. The

metallic parts come in-contact with ice or with metal in contact with ice. The openings or scuttles b, Fig. 1, in the roof are for the admission ot' ice, though openings in the walls may be substituted. Thev svcuttles b are designed for the admission of articles to be preserved When they are found more convenient than side doors of the car. The casings C of theopenings have outWardly-projecting seats 116, which are made to fit tightly to the top ot' the root. The lower edges of the casings extend below the roof, and the upper edges above the lprojecting seats bfi. The removable covers b3are provided with dow nwardly-projecting flanges b4, which surround the upwardly-projecting edges above the seats and tit the seats tightly. An interior cover, b5, below the top one, is tightly tted to seats which project inwardly from the casing. This device protectsl the interior ot' the car from the introduction of air, dust, and storm.

Fig. 14 represents an automatic ventilator which embodies an air-duct, P, screens P2 at thc upper portion ot' the duet, and a valve, R, hung on trunnions or axes, and operates in an enlarged portion of the air-duct when the upper or lower end ot' theduct is necessarily small. The valve is not attached cna central i A Maese smaller on the side of the trunnions than on.

the other; butthe smaller side is thicker cris weightedv so as to 'be somewhat heavier than the larger side. A rest or seat projects from the inside ot' the walls of the'duct on a level with the upper surface ofthe valve, to prevent the larger side from rising above a common level, while another seat projects from the opposite wall of the duct on a level with the lower surface of the valve, toiprevent the smaller side from falling lbelow a common level. The

object of this device is to cause the air from without to automatically enter the ice-boxer some other desirable part ot' the refrigerator or car whenever a partial vacuum in the interior is caused by condensation'- or from other this Aapparatus is used in connection with a passenger-car or building or other structure requiring an outward current of air, an additional ductinay be supplied, with the seat S cause, and also to prevent the air from ilowing g outwardly through the same channel. When placed above the valve, the larger portion ot'- thevalve being heavier than the smaller por,-

:tion, but having no seat or stop above it. rlhis arrangement permits an upward and'outward current of air. As heat expands and cold con-- tracts the volume of air, a partial vacuum is `produced in an air-tight car or room by the falling temperature; hence [have applied this automatic mechanism in order to have a full ysupply of air in the preserving-room and ice-l box, and at the same time prevent an outward ow and loss ot' cold air. In this case the ventilator is located in or over the ice-box, to admit the air direetlyupon the ice, where it is relfrigerated beforeitenters the preserving-room. 1t may, however, be placed at any convenient- `point b v having a pipe to conduct the air to the ice-box.` i l When the boxes are charged for the first time, the icc in contact with the body of iron or other metal melts more rapidly and causes the temperature to fall many degrees lower than when it is in contact with Wood and other poor conductors of heat and cold; but when the temperature has fallen to within one or two degrees, ofthe freezing-point it will remain at Vthat point, with theconsumption ot'a smaller quantity of ice than when the temperature.

stands at any higher degree, even when the ice covering the metal is only a few inches thick; hence I'am enabled by means of the devices andV processes herein described to r'educe the temperature in a refrigerator to a degree where evaporation substantially ceases, and fermentation and decomposition are prevented, whereby fresh meats, fresh sh, fruits, and the like are preserved for many months with their natural juices and flavor held intact. The difference in weightfbetween metal IOO IOS

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and wood may'suggest an object-ion to the application of the devicesherein described to ycars and ships 5 butwhe'n the size is taken into account,.and the important fact that a `much line to the trnn'ni'ons, but is intentionally smaller quantity ot' ice is required to be car- `ried to produce not only as good results, but `better,ithe objection provesgroundless. Fury thermore, I have provided beams, posts, bars, and the like, as shown in Fig. 18, which are madel of woodand metal so combined that theV metallic portions are in contact with ice or Y with metallic articles in contact with ice, while the wooden portions serveas supports.

Having'thus described myinvention,what I claim as new, `and desire to secure by Letters Patent, isl 1. A refrigeratorcar provided with a me- ,tallio ice-box having a metallic grate, an inclosed cooling or preserving room having a ceiling beiow the ceiling of the car and above the front side of the ice-box, forming a flue bei. tween the said ceilings extending to an open-` e ing at the opposite endof the preserving-room,

andan opening in the front side, below the icee grate, substantially as and for'thepurpose set forth.

2,. A refrigeratorcar provided with a mee tallic icefbox, a metallic grate, an inolosed cooling or preserving room `having a central `transverse opening in its ceiling, ues between e said ceiling and the ceiling of the car, meta-l- 4lic beams connected with the ice-box, and metallic hooks or links connected with the beams,

` e, substantially as andfor the purpose set forth.

f 3. In a refrigeratingapparatus, an ice box Q having its grate constructed of hollow metallic bars, and solid metallic bars interposed bel tween said hollow bars, substantially as and g c for the purpose set forth. l

,e having itsgrate constructed of hollow metalflic bars and solid metallic bars alternately arranged, vertical hollow bars connected with` p4. In a refrigeratingapparatus, au` ice box said hollow grate-bars, an upper opening `and a lower opening for the admissionand exit of ,e air, and means for regulating the volume of i air, substantially as and for the forth- `5. In a refrigerating apparatus, an ic'efbox purpose set or room having its walls constructed of metal- `lic pipes connected with horizontal pipes,

1 which form the grate of the ice-box, a casing surrounding said pipes, with openings for the admission ,and exit `of air,and means for regu- `lating it, substantially as and forthelpurpose beclosed before the doors between the apartments are opened on the `admission or exit of refrigerator-cars, substantially as and for the `purpose set forth.

8. A store-house constructed withAnon-conducting walls and roof, a series of metallic refrigerator-boxes, constructed and arranged, substantially as herein described, within said storchouse, metallic beams inV contact with the metallic walls of the ice-boxes, ,railway- "tracks, and turn-tables within said store-house, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

9. A store-house constructed with non-con-Y ducting walls, roof, and door, a series of metallic refrigerator-boxes and preserving-rooms provided with metallic beams extending from thel interiorof said refrigerator-boxes into thejpreserving-rooms, metallic hooks or theirequivalents in contact with said beams, safes within said store-house for storing and preserving articles liable to be injuriously affected by hea-t or frost, and railway-tracks and turn-tables within said store-house, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. t

10.` In-a refrigerator, a preserving-room with non-conducting walls, floor, and roof, metallic posts D3, longitudinal metallic beams D2, and cross-beams K, in combination with iiues G G and ice-boxes D D, provided with vertical and horizontal air-pipes, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. e t

l1. Ina refrigerator, an ice-box having vertical metallic air-pipes d, which line the non-conducting walls of the icebox, horizontal metallic pipes and bars constituting'the ice-grate, openings in the walls of the icebox above and IOO below the grate for receiving and discharging l ar-`currents, and means for regulating the exitcurrents, substantially as and for the purpose setforth.

12. In an ice-box, the combination of `vertical and horizontal metallic pipes connected together, an air-.chamber below said pipes, a non-conductingiuclosingcasing,abeltor beam surrounding the pipes, having openings to receive the upper ends ot` said pipes and openings foradmitting air to the mass ot' ice, sub

stantially as and for the purpose set forth.

]3. In an icc-box, the combination of the non-conducting outer walls, Q, inner walls, d,

composed ot' metallic pipes, the belt Q2 for staying said pipes, and having'apertures for air-currents, the `tir-chamber "o2, and the registers c4, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

`14. In a refrigerator, an icc-box having hollow metallic grate-bars providedwithaperturesin their lower sides for the exit ot' air and condensed vapors, substantially as and t'orthe purpose set forth.` Y

1-5. 1n a refrigerator, a detlector, a, having a gutter, a', integral therewith,larranged on theiioor of the refrigerator, for directing aircurrents4 into the preserving-room and `conducting. the drip-water to the trap, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

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j 16. An improvement in linings for double, or multiple walls, roofs, or oors, consisting of a textile fabric having been saturated with a so lution of copperas and coated with paraffin@- 18. An improvement in linings for walls,4

roofs, and floors, consisting of paper having been saturated with a solution of copperas, substantiallyv as and for the purpose set forth.

. 19.1An improvement in linings for walls, roofs, and ioors, consisting of paper havingv been saturated with a solution of copperas and varnished, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

20. An improvement in linings for walls, roofs, and floors, consisting of a textile fabric having been saturated with a solution of copperas and varnished, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

21. An improvement in linings for walls, roofs, and floors, consisting ofpaper having been saturated with asolution of copperas and coated with parafne, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

22. An improvement in packing for spaces between walls, floors, and roofs of refrigeratorstructures, consisting of a thin layer of varl nish and powdered chalk at the bottom of said varnish and powdered chalk at the bottom of said spaces and powdered charcoal above said layer, substantially7 as and for the purpose set forth.

l 24. An improvement in packing for spaces in walls,iioors, and roofs of refrigerator-structures, consisting of a thin layer of varnish and chalk at the bottom of the spaces and a mixtureofchalk and charcoal above said layer, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

25. An improvement in packing for spaces in walls, tloors,and roofs of rcfrigeratorstructures, consisting of a thin layer of varnish and soapstone at the bottom of said spaces and powdered charcoal above said layer, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

26. An improvement in packing for spaces in walls,iioors, and roofs-of refrigerator-structures, consisting of a thinlayer of varnish and plaster-of-paris at the bottom of said spaces and a mixture of charcoal and chalk above said layer, 'substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

27. An improvement in packing for spaces f in walls,ioors, and roofs of refrigerator-structyspaces and a mixture of chalk and charcoal above said layer, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

2S. A refrigerator-car having non-conducting walls and roof provided with coatings of white paint and varnish applied to the exterior of said walls and roof', whereby the heat of the sun is mitigated, the surface'of the car made impervious to water and air, and the lfriction of the atmosphere lessened when the car is in motion, substantially as andy for the purpose set forth. t

29. An improvement in a scuttle-in the roof of a car or deck of a vessel,consisting of a casing, C', which surrounds the openings b', a seat, be, a removable cover or lid, b3, having a dan ge, b4, and an interior lid, b5, and its supportingseat, substantially as and for the purpose sct forth.

3G. An automatic ventilator having a horizontal valve with journals which turn in bearings arranged aside from the central line of the valve, leavin g a larger portion of the valve on one side of the journals or bearings than on the opposite side, in combination with an air-duct, substantial] y as and for the purpose set` forth.

31.1An automatic ventilator having an airduct and a valve ywith its journals arranged aside from its central line,leavin g a larger portion of the valve on one side of the journals than on the other, the smaller portion being slightly heavier than the larger portion, and provided` with a seat to prevent it from falling below a common level, while the 'larger portion of the valve is free to fall and the smaller to rise whenever there is a greaterairpressure downward than upward within the air-duct, whereby the valve is opened for the ad mission of air and automatically closed bythe heavier IOO 32. In a ventilator, the automatic valve R, i

in combination with the enlarged portion of the air-duct P and seat S', substantially as and for the purpose set forth.v

33. In a ventilator, the automatic valve R, in combina-tion with the enlarged portion of the air-duct P and the screens l?2 P2, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

34. Receptacles having openingsl in their walls, saidcpenings being arranged so as to register with each other when the sides of the receptacles are in close contact, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

35. Receptacles having openings in their tops and bottoms, said openings being made so as to register with each other when the top of `one receptacle is in close contact with the bottom of another, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

36. Nickel-plated metallic receptacles having perforated Walls, said perforations being arranged .so as to register with each other when-the sides of thc receptacles are in close p contact, substantially as `and for the purpose set forth.

Y 37. .Nickel-plated metallic receptacleshaving perforated tops and bottoms, said perforationsbeing made so as to register with each perforations `being made so as to register with each other when the sides of the receptacles are in close contact and the top of one receptacle is in contact with the bottom of another, `substantiallpr asand for the purpose set forth..-

39. An improvement in supports for suspended fresh meats, .consisting of nickell "plated hooks,links, or rings, in combination `with nickel-plated 'bars in contact with a re frigerant, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

40. An improvement Vin supports for suspended meats and other articles of food which contain moisture, consisting of metallic bars.

their equivalent,in combination with metallic bars, pipes, posts, or other metallic material in contact with a refrigerant, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

In testimony whereof I aflix my signature in presence of two Witnesses.

u DANIEL E. SOMES.

Witnesses:

F. G. SoMEs, M. HENRY.