US2775867A - Ram jet engines - Google Patents

Ram jet engines Download PDF

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US2775867A
US2775867A US305795A US30579552A US2775867A US 2775867 A US2775867 A US 2775867A US 305795 A US305795 A US 305795A US 30579552 A US30579552 A US 30579552A US 2775867 A US2775867 A US 2775867A
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flame
flame holder
annular
fuel
ram jet
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US305795A
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Collins Whitney
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Continental Aviation and Engineering Corp
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Continental Aviation and Engineering Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K7/00—Plants in which the working fluid is used in a jet only, i.e. the plants not having a turbine or other engine driving a compressor or a ducted fan; Control thereof
    • F02K7/10—Plants in which the working fluid is used in a jet only, i.e. the plants not having a turbine or other engine driving a compressor or a ducted fan; Control thereof characterised by having ram-action compression, i.e. aero-thermo-dynamic-ducts or ram-jet engines

Definitions

  • This invention relates to ram jet engines and more particularly to combustion control and means for anchoring the flame in the high velocity air stream of a ram jet combuster.
  • FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of the combuster of a ram jet engine and showing the present improved type of flame holder in elevation.
  • Fig. 2 is an enlarged transverse sectional view through a ram jet combuster taken substantially on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 is an enlarged detailed sectional view of the flame holder taken at right angles to Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 4 is a transverse sectional view showing a modified arrangement of flame holders.
  • Fig. 5 is a transverse sectional view showing a further modified construction
  • Fig. 6 is a sectional view showing flattened type of ram jet engine assembled in an airplane wing.
  • the present piloted-flame holder for a ram jet engine is illustrated as being secured or otherwise centrally supported in the combuster 10, provided by the pipe 11.
  • the character A comprises inner and outer concentric flame holder rings 12 and 14 respectively, and is utilized as a means of anchoring the flame in the high velocity air stream flowing through the combustion chamber 10 in pipe 11.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates in detail the cross section of one of these annular piloted flame holders, it being noted that both devices 12 and 14 are similar in detail, the flame holder 12 merely being constructed smaller in diameter than the holder 14. A description of one will suflice for a complete understanding of the invention.
  • the annular pilot 15 is attached to the upstream vertex of a V-shaped gutter ring 16. Fuel is mixed with the air stream in pipe 11 upstream from the flame holder, and a small portion of this fuel and air mixture enters the opening 17 at the front end of the pilot. The velocity of the fuel mixture entering into the interior of the annular pilot ring is reduced before flowing around the baflle 18 and is ignited by the spark produced by the spark plug 19. The flaming gases pass through the opening 20 in the end of the annular pilot ring into the sheltered region of the V-shaped gutter flame holder where the main stream of fuel and air is ignited and the flame anchored. The spark plug is utilized only to initially ignite the fuel and air mixture, after which the pilot flame is maintained behind the batfle and acts as a continuous source of flame over the entire periphery of the main flame holder.
  • this unit not only initially ignites the high velocity stream of combustible mixture, but more significantly that it is instrumental in maintaining the flame on the flame holder under higher velocity, lower pressures, and a wider range of fuel-air mixture conditions than would otherwise be possible with the flame holder alone.
  • the pilot furnishes a stream of flaming gases to the sheltered region behind the flame holder and thus maintains the burning.
  • FIG. 4 While circular types of flame holders are desirable for my applications, this invention is by no means strictly limited to a circular construction.
  • Figs. 4 to 6 inclusive illustrate other modified constructions.
  • the V-shaped flame holders 22 of Fig. 4 may be of a radial construction joined together at the center and supported by an annular ring 24, which is in turn supported by brackets 26 or other suitable supports from the pipe 11.
  • the flame holders 30 are disposed parallel in a plane normal to the axis of the pipe 11 and supported by the transverse braces or struts 32, and these parallel V-shape troughs are preferably connected by a cross V-shaped gutter 34 to carry the flame from one flame holder to the other.
  • Fig. 4 illustrate other modified constructions.
  • the V-shaped flame holders 22 of Fig. 4 may be of a radial construction joined together at the center and supported by an annular ring 24, which is in turn supported by brackets 26 or other suitable supports from the pipe 11.
  • the flame holders 30 are disposed parallel in
  • the ram jet is constructed for assembly within an airplane wing structure 40 and comprises a flattened or transversely elongated pipe section 41 having a horizontally extending V-shaped flame holder 42 supported therein.
  • the exhaust gases travel generally normal to the plane of the sectional view of Fig. 6 and are exhausted out of the trailing edge of the airplane wing structure.
  • a piloted flame holder for a ram jet engine comprising a flame holder of V-shaped cross section disposed in a plane normal to the fuel-air flow through said engine and having its vertex pointing upstream of said fuel-air flow, and pilot burner means disposed adjacent to the vertex end of said flame holder, said flame holder having an opening at its vertex, said pilot burner discharging a continuous flame into the said flame holder opening and into the sheltered zone in said flame holder, said pilot burner means comprising an annular combustion chamber having an intake opening on the upstream edge thereof, and facing said fuel-air flow, baflle means within said combustion chamber to retard the velocity of the fuel and air mixture admitted thereto, the downstream edge of said burner secured to the upstream vertex edge of said flame holder, and ignition means in said burner to initiate combustion therein.
  • a piloted flame holder for a ram jet engine comprising an annular flame holder of V-shaped cross section disposed in a plane normal to the fuel-air flow through said engine and having its vertex pointing upstream of said fuel-air flow, and pilot burner means disposed adjaoent to the vertex end of said flame holder, said flame holder having an opening at its vertex, said pilot burner discharging a continuous flame into the said flame holder opening and into the sheltered zone in said flame holder, said pilot burner means comprising an annular tubular ring having a fuel-air mixture intake opening on the upstream edge thereof and facing said fuel-air flow, baflle means within said tubular ring to retard the velocity of the fuel and air mixture admitted thereto, the downstream edge of said annular burner secured to the upstream vertex edge of said flame holder, and ignition means in said burner to initiate combustion therein.
  • a piloted flame holder for a ram jet engine comprising an annular flame holder of V-shaped cross section disposed in a plane normal to the fuel-air flow through said engine and having its vertex pointing upstream of said fuel-air flow, and pilot burner means disposed adjacent to the vertex end of said flame holder, said flame holder having an opening at its vertex, said pilot burner discharging a.
  • said pilot burner means comprising an annular tubular ring having an intake opening on the upstream edge thereof and facing said fuel-air flow, baflle means within said tubular ring to retard the velocity of the fuel and air mixture admitted thereto, the downstream edge of said annular burner secured to the upstream vertex edge of said flame holder, and ignition means in said burner to initiate combustion therein, said ram jet engine comprising a pipe, said piloted flame holder substantially concentrically supported in said combuster pipe.
  • a piloted flame holder for a ram jet engine comprising an annular flame holder of V-shaped cross section disposed in a plane normal to the fuel-air flow through said engine and having its vertex pointing upstream of said fuel-air flow, and pilot burner means disposed adjacent to the vertex of said flame holder, said flame holder having an opening at its vertex, said pilot burner discharging a continuous flame into the said holder opening and into the sheltered zone in said flame holder, said pilot burner means comprising an annular tubular ring having an intake opening on the upstream edge of said fuel-air flow, battle means within said tubular ring to retard the velocity of the fuel and air mixture admitted thereto, the downstream edge of said annular burner secured to the upstream vertex edge of said flame holder, and ignition means in said burner to initiate combustion therein, said ram jet engine having a combuster pipe, said annular burner projecting a continuous annular flame onto said annular flame holder.
  • a ram jet engine having an elongated open end pipe section through which a combustible fuel-air mixture flows, and an annular flame holder assembly V-shaped in cross-section in a radial plane containing the axis of said pipe section, said flame holder assembly disposed substantially concentrically within said pipe in a plane normal to the axis of said pipe and said fuel air stream, and having an annular pilot burner secured to the upstream edge of said flame holder, said flame holder having an annular exhaust port and an annular inlet opening, said pilot burner constructed to register with the annular inlet opening of the flame holder whereby to discharge a continuous annular flame directly into the annular sheltered zone in said flame holder.
  • a ram jet engine having an elongated open end pipe section through which a combustible fuel-air mixture flows, and a plurality of concentric flame holders symmetrically disposed within said pipe section in planes normal to the axis of said pipe section and said fuel-air stream and having an annular inlet opening, each of said flame holders comprising an annular member V-shaped in cross-section in a radial plane containing the axis of said pipe section, said annular member having a sheltered zone facing downstream of the fuel air flow and an annular pilot burner aligned with and secured to at least one of the flame holders and constructed in registration with the annular inlet opening of the flame holder whereby to discharge a continuous annular flame directly into the sheltered zone in said flame holder.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)

Description

Jan. 1, 1957 w. COLILINIS 7 6? RAM JET ENGINES Filed Aug. 22, 1952 1N EN TOR.
United States Patent Ofiice 2,775,867 Patented Jan. 1, 1957 RAM JET ENGINES Whitney Collins, Detroit, Mich., assignor to Continental Aviation & Engineering Corporation, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Virginia Application August 22, 1952, Serial No. 305,795
6 Claims. (Cl. 60-39.72)
This invention relates to ram jet engines and more particularly to combustion control and means for anchoring the flame in the high velocity air stream of a ram jet combuster.
Many devices and experiments have been used in an attempt to hold the flame in ram jet combusters. Many such devices have been developed, and many have been quite successful, but room for improvement is quite evident to those skilled in such research. All seek to construct a device where the flame may be maintained under higher air flow velocity, lower pressures and under a wider range of fuel-air mixture conditions.
It is an object of the present invention to anchor the flame in the high velocity air stream of a ram jet combuster by constructing a flame holder that is vastly improved in construction and operation over such devices as now known and used.
Other objects and advantages will be made evident as the description progresses, and for a more detailed understanding of the present invention, reference may be had to the accompanying drawing illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein like parts refer to like parts throughout the several views, and in which Fig. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of the combuster of a ram jet engine and showing the present improved type of flame holder in elevation.
Fig. 2 is an enlarged transverse sectional view through a ram jet combuster taken substantially on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is an enlarged detailed sectional view of the flame holder taken at right angles to Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is a transverse sectional view showing a modified arrangement of flame holders.
Fig. 5 is a transverse sectional view showing a further modified construction, and
Fig. 6 is a sectional view showing flattened type of ram jet engine assembled in an airplane wing.
The present piloted-flame holder for a ram jet engine is illustrated as being secured or otherwise centrally supported in the combuster 10, provided by the pipe 11. The character A comprises inner and outer concentric flame holder rings 12 and 14 respectively, and is utilized as a means of anchoring the flame in the high velocity air stream flowing through the combustion chamber 10 in pipe 11.
It is found to be practical in many applications to provide a plurality of such annular ring-like piloted flame holders. Fig. 3 illustrates in detail the cross section of one of these annular piloted flame holders, it being noted that both devices 12 and 14 are similar in detail, the flame holder 12 merely being constructed smaller in diameter than the holder 14. A description of one will suflice for a complete understanding of the invention.
The annular pilot 15 is attached to the upstream vertex of a V-shaped gutter ring 16. Fuel is mixed with the air stream in pipe 11 upstream from the flame holder, and a small portion of this fuel and air mixture enters the opening 17 at the front end of the pilot. The velocity of the fuel mixture entering into the interior of the annular pilot ring is reduced before flowing around the baflle 18 and is ignited by the spark produced by the spark plug 19. The flaming gases pass through the opening 20 in the end of the annular pilot ring into the sheltered region of the V-shaped gutter flame holder where the main stream of fuel and air is ignited and the flame anchored. The spark plug is utilized only to initially ignite the fuel and air mixture, after which the pilot flame is maintained behind the batfle and acts as a continuous source of flame over the entire periphery of the main flame holder.
The advantages of this unit are that it not only initially ignites the high velocity stream of combustible mixture, but more significantly that it is instrumental in maintaining the flame on the flame holder under higher velocity, lower pressures, and a wider range of fuel-air mixture conditions than would otherwise be possible with the flame holder alone. At these critical velocities and pressures, where flame blowout would normally be imminent, the pilot furnishes a stream of flaming gases to the sheltered region behind the flame holder and thus maintains the burning.
While circular types of flame holders are desirable for my applications, this invention is by no means strictly limited to a circular construction. Figs. 4 to 6 inclusive illustrate other modified constructions. The V-shaped flame holders 22 of Fig. 4 may be of a radial construction joined together at the center and supported by an annular ring 24, which is in turn supported by brackets 26 or other suitable supports from the pipe 11. In Fig. 5, the flame holders 30 are disposed parallel in a plane normal to the axis of the pipe 11 and supported by the transverse braces or struts 32, and these parallel V-shape troughs are preferably connected by a cross V-shaped gutter 34 to carry the flame from one flame holder to the other. In Fig. 6 the ram jet is constructed for assembly within an airplane wing structure 40 and comprises a flattened or transversely elongated pipe section 41 having a horizontally extending V-shaped flame holder 42 supported therein. The exhaust gases travel generally normal to the plane of the sectional view of Fig. 6 and are exhausted out of the trailing edge of the airplane wing structure.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the spirit of the invention or from the scope of the appended claims.
I claim:
1. A piloted flame holder for a ram jet engine comprising a flame holder of V-shaped cross section disposed in a plane normal to the fuel-air flow through said engine and having its vertex pointing upstream of said fuel-air flow, and pilot burner means disposed adjacent to the vertex end of said flame holder, said flame holder having an opening at its vertex, said pilot burner discharging a continuous flame into the said flame holder opening and into the sheltered zone in said flame holder, said pilot burner means comprising an annular combustion chamber having an intake opening on the upstream edge thereof, and facing said fuel-air flow, baflle means within said combustion chamber to retard the velocity of the fuel and air mixture admitted thereto, the downstream edge of said burner secured to the upstream vertex edge of said flame holder, and ignition means in said burner to initiate combustion therein.
2. A piloted flame holder for a ram jet engine comprising an annular flame holder of V-shaped cross section disposed in a plane normal to the fuel-air flow through said engine and having its vertex pointing upstream of said fuel-air flow, and pilot burner means disposed adjaoent to the vertex end of said flame holder, said flame holder having an opening at its vertex, said pilot burner discharging a continuous flame into the said flame holder opening and into the sheltered zone in said flame holder, said pilot burner means comprising an annular tubular ring having a fuel-air mixture intake opening on the upstream edge thereof and facing said fuel-air flow, baflle means within said tubular ring to retard the velocity of the fuel and air mixture admitted thereto, the downstream edge of said annular burner secured to the upstream vertex edge of said flame holder, and ignition means in said burner to initiate combustion therein.
3. A piloted flame holder for a ram jet engine comprising an annular flame holder of V-shaped cross section disposed in a plane normal to the fuel-air flow through said engine and having its vertex pointing upstream of said fuel-air flow, and pilot burner means disposed adjacent to the vertex end of said flame holder, said flame holder having an opening at its vertex, said pilot burner discharging a. continuous flame into the said flame holder opening and into the sheltered Zone in said flame holder, said pilot burner means comprising an annular tubular ring having an intake opening on the upstream edge thereof and facing said fuel-air flow, baflle means within said tubular ring to retard the velocity of the fuel and air mixture admitted thereto, the downstream edge of said annular burner secured to the upstream vertex edge of said flame holder, and ignition means in said burner to initiate combustion therein, said ram jet engine comprising a pipe, said piloted flame holder substantially concentrically supported in said combuster pipe.
4. A piloted flame holder for a ram jet engine comprising an annular flame holder of V-shaped cross section disposed in a plane normal to the fuel-air flow through said engine and having its vertex pointing upstream of said fuel-air flow, and pilot burner means disposed adjacent to the vertex of said flame holder, said flame holder having an opening at its vertex, said pilot burner discharging a continuous flame into the said holder opening and into the sheltered zone in said flame holder, said pilot burner means comprising an annular tubular ring having an intake opening on the upstream edge of said fuel-air flow, battle means within said tubular ring to retard the velocity of the fuel and air mixture admitted thereto, the downstream edge of said annular burner secured to the upstream vertex edge of said flame holder, and ignition means in said burner to initiate combustion therein, said ram jet engine having a combuster pipe, said annular burner projecting a continuous annular flame onto said annular flame holder.
5. A ram jet engine having an elongated open end pipe section through which a combustible fuel-air mixture flows, and an annular flame holder assembly V-shaped in cross-section in a radial plane containing the axis of said pipe section, said flame holder assembly disposed substantially concentrically within said pipe in a plane normal to the axis of said pipe and said fuel air stream, and having an annular pilot burner secured to the upstream edge of said flame holder, said flame holder having an annular exhaust port and an annular inlet opening, said pilot burner constructed to register with the annular inlet opening of the flame holder whereby to discharge a continuous annular flame directly into the annular sheltered zone in said flame holder.
6. A ram jet engine having an elongated open end pipe section through which a combustible fuel-air mixture flows, and a plurality of concentric flame holders symmetrically disposed within said pipe section in planes normal to the axis of said pipe section and said fuel-air stream and having an annular inlet opening, each of said flame holders comprising an annular member V-shaped in cross-section in a radial plane containing the axis of said pipe section, said annular member having a sheltered zone facing downstream of the fuel air flow and an annular pilot burner aligned with and secured to at least one of the flame holders and constructed in registration with the annular inlet opening of the flame holder whereby to discharge a continuous annular flame directly into the sheltered zone in said flame holder.
References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,385,833 Nahigyan Oct. 2, 1945 2,508,420 Redding May 23, 1950 2,520,388 Earl Aug. 29, 1950 2,529,506 Lloyd et al Nov. 14, 1950 2,540,594 Price Feb. 6, 1951 2,625,788 Neikirk et al J an. 20, 1953 2,625,795 Brzozowski Jan. 20, 1953 2,659,195 Bolanovich Nov. 17, 1953 2,667,741 Price Feb. 2, 1954
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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2937501A (en) * 1955-07-13 1960-05-24 Sud Aviation Combustion devices for ram-jet engines
US2944398A (en) * 1954-10-20 1960-07-12 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Combustion chamber for jet propulsion motors
US2946191A (en) * 1954-04-12 1960-07-26 Nl I Voor Vliegtuigontwikkelin Ramjet for a rotating member such as a rotor or propeller of an aircraft
US2950763A (en) * 1955-11-22 1960-08-30 Hiller Aircraft Corp Jet driven rotor
US2963864A (en) * 1957-06-26 1960-12-13 Fairchild Engine & Airplane Flame stabilization by corona discharge
US3002352A (en) * 1957-11-12 1961-10-03 United Aircraft Corp Flameholder construction
US3126198A (en) * 1964-03-24 Heating device

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2385833A (en) * 1943-01-27 1945-10-02 Kevork K Nahigyan Fuel vaporizer for jet propulsion units
US2508420A (en) * 1948-09-21 1950-05-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Combustion apparatus
US2520388A (en) * 1946-11-21 1950-08-29 Power Jets Res & Dev Ltd Apparatus for supporting combustion in fast-moving air streams
US2529506A (en) * 1944-04-15 1950-11-14 Power Jets Res & Dev Ltd Burner for liquid or gaseous fuels
US2540594A (en) * 1946-08-23 1951-02-06 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Ram jet engine having variable area inlets
US2625795A (en) * 1946-02-26 1953-01-20 Thermal Res And Engineering Co Combustion stabilization means for high-velocity air streams having a pilot burner and a streamline igniter grill
US2625788A (en) * 1948-12-15 1953-01-20 Mcdonnell Aircraft Corp Flame holder and fuel nozzle supporting mechanism for ram jet engines
US2659195A (en) * 1948-11-01 1953-11-17 Mcdonnell Aircraft Corp Flame holder and fuel distributing mechanism for ram-jet engines
US2667741A (en) * 1946-08-23 1954-02-02 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Fuel injection and burner system for reactive propulsion power plants

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2385833A (en) * 1943-01-27 1945-10-02 Kevork K Nahigyan Fuel vaporizer for jet propulsion units
US2529506A (en) * 1944-04-15 1950-11-14 Power Jets Res & Dev Ltd Burner for liquid or gaseous fuels
US2625795A (en) * 1946-02-26 1953-01-20 Thermal Res And Engineering Co Combustion stabilization means for high-velocity air streams having a pilot burner and a streamline igniter grill
US2540594A (en) * 1946-08-23 1951-02-06 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Ram jet engine having variable area inlets
US2667741A (en) * 1946-08-23 1954-02-02 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Fuel injection and burner system for reactive propulsion power plants
US2520388A (en) * 1946-11-21 1950-08-29 Power Jets Res & Dev Ltd Apparatus for supporting combustion in fast-moving air streams
US2508420A (en) * 1948-09-21 1950-05-23 Westinghouse Electric Corp Combustion apparatus
US2659195A (en) * 1948-11-01 1953-11-17 Mcdonnell Aircraft Corp Flame holder and fuel distributing mechanism for ram-jet engines
US2625788A (en) * 1948-12-15 1953-01-20 Mcdonnell Aircraft Corp Flame holder and fuel nozzle supporting mechanism for ram jet engines

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3126198A (en) * 1964-03-24 Heating device
US2946191A (en) * 1954-04-12 1960-07-26 Nl I Voor Vliegtuigontwikkelin Ramjet for a rotating member such as a rotor or propeller of an aircraft
US2944398A (en) * 1954-10-20 1960-07-12 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Combustion chamber for jet propulsion motors
US2937501A (en) * 1955-07-13 1960-05-24 Sud Aviation Combustion devices for ram-jet engines
US2950763A (en) * 1955-11-22 1960-08-30 Hiller Aircraft Corp Jet driven rotor
US2963864A (en) * 1957-06-26 1960-12-13 Fairchild Engine & Airplane Flame stabilization by corona discharge
US3002352A (en) * 1957-11-12 1961-10-03 United Aircraft Corp Flameholder construction

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