US2774396A

US2774396A - Saw chain, tooth therefor and method of cutting

Info

Publication number: US2774396A
Authority: US
Inventors: Dewey E Gommel
Original assignee: Borg Warner Corp
Current assignee: Borg Warner Corp
Priority date: 1951-02-19
Filing date: 1951-02-19
Publication date: 1956-12-18
Anticipated expiration: 1973-12-18

Description

Dec. 18, 1956 D, GOMMEL 2,774,396

SAW CHAIN, TOOTH THEREFOR AND METHOD OF CUTTING Filed Feb. 19, 1951 Z1 24 m DANE OF GAJN 15' P flaw I JNVENTOR.

4 fizz/Wit 621101154 2 Ilia. 6'. 9770/21 29.

United States Patent SAW CHAIN, TOOTH THEREFOR AND METHOD OF CUTTING Application February 19, 1951, Serial No. 211,742 21 Claims. (Cl. 143-135) The present invention relates to chain saws and more particularly to an improved form of saw chain, a novel form of tooth for use therein and a novel method of kerf cutting which may most advantageously be practiced through the use of a saw chain embodying that novel form of tooth.

A primary object of the invention is to improve the operation of chain saws and to improve the method by which such tools, or comparable devices, cut their way through the work to which they are applied. More particularly, it is an object of the present invention to form a kerf by taking alternate cuts from opposite sides of such a kerf, each such cut severing, from the bottom of the kerf, a chip having a maximum thickness adjacent one wall of the kerf, and tapering to zero thickness as it retreats from that kerf Wall, so that each cut completely detaches a chip from the bottom of the kerf. Preferably, such under-cutting is effected by a tool Whose chipforming blade passes beneath the severed chip, leaving that chip substantially undisturbed in the bottom of the kerf for subsequent scavenging removal by a following tool.

A further object of the invention is to provide an improved tooth, finding its primary utility in a chain saw, as an element of the chain used therein, such tooth being so shaped and positioned, as it is moved through the work, as to sever from the bottom of the kerf in which it operates, a chip of the character above described. A further object of the invention is to improve saw chains by the incorporation therein of a series of teeth of the character just described, certain of said teeth defining one wall of the kerf while the others of such teeth define the opposite wall of the kerf, such two types of teeth preferably being arranged alternately in the chain.

Further objects of the invention will appear as the description proceeds.

To the accomplishment of the above and related objects, my invention may be embodied in the form illustrated in the accompanying drawings, attention being called to the fact, however, that the drawings are illustrative only, and that change may be made in the specific construction illustrated and described, so long as the scope of the appended claims is not violated.

Fig. l is a fragmental side elevation of a portion'of a saw chain constructed in accordance with the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a plan view, drawn to'an enlarged scale, of a cutter-carrying link constructed in accordance with my invention;

Fig. 3 is a side elevation thereof;

Fig. 4 is a front elevation thereof;

Fig. 5 is a rear elevation thereof; and

Fig. 6 is a diagrammatic view, drawn to an enlarged scale, and illustrating the manner in which teeth constructed in accordance with the present invention will alternately remove from the bottom of the kerf chips of the character above described.

Chain saws, when first conceived and put into useiin the forests, primarily for felling, limbing and bucking timber, utilized chains provided with a longitudinally arranged series of scoring teeth closely similar, both functionally and structurally, to the teeth of an ordinary hand saw. As the art developed, very gradually at first, taker teeth, intended to dig into the bottom of a kerf and to scrape chips ahead of them to the outlet end of the kerf, were introduced into the series of scratcher or scoring teeth previously known; and this departure improved the action of chain saws. These raker teeth were closely similar, in structure and function, to the raker teeth which had long been conventionally used in one-man and twoman cross cut saws.

A radical innovation came into the art with the development of the type of chain saw including a tooth having a sharpened shank running in, and defining, a side wall of the kerf to be formed, and carrying, at its end remote from the chain, a sharpened toe, projecting away from that wall of the kerf, and adapted and intended to undercut a chip from the bottom of the kerf, said toe sliding beneath the chip and leaving it, substantially undisturbed in the bottom of the kerf, for subsequent scaveninging by a following tool.

That following tool was, functionally, not only a scavenger but also a depth gauge for the next tooth of the chain having a portion running in the plane of the same wall of the kerf. That depth gauge was so positioned as to ride upon the kerf bottom surface newly formed by the preceding tooth toe, which had undercut a chip. In the earliest chain of this type, two undercutting tools were carried by a single link of the chain, one defining one wall of the kerf and having a toe extending toward the opposite kerf wall, and the other defining an opposite wall of the kerf and having a toe extending, toward the firstnamed kerf wall, far enough to overlap the path of the toe of the first-named tool. The two cutters, thus working together on a common link, and with their toe edges disposed in a common plane, were expected to loosen a chip completely from the kerf bottom and to define a new bottom lying in a common plane, upon which the following scavenger and depth gauge might ride.

As the commercial art developed, it was discovered that it was feasible, and in some respects desirable, to rearrange this specific tooth grouping and to make up a chain consisting solely of cutters of the character described above, each cutter being carried upon a separate link, and including a depth gauge for each cutter.

In one such form of chain, the depth gauge for each tooth travels in the plane of the body of the link which carries that tooth. The shank of that tooth is ofiset outwardly from that plane to define a kerf wall, while the toe of that tooth traverses that plane and projects therebeyond toward the opposite wall of the kerf. That toe will undercut a portion of the kerf bottom extending from that kerlfl wall more than half way toward the opposite kerf wa The depth gauge for the next following tooth, which following tooth is of opposite hand, will ride, not on the new bottom formed by the toe of the preceding tooth, but on the kerf bottom formed by the toothahead of the next preceding toothin other words, the tooth of the same hand. Consequently, during operation of such a. chain, the kerf bottom, at any point in its length, will be made up of two surfaces lying in difierent, parallel plane with a step defined between those two planes. I

It follows that, with such a chain, no tooth ever com pletely separates or disengages a chip from the kerf bottom. Instead, each tooth lifts a flap, severed from one wall of the kerf, but connected, at its edge remote from that kerf wall, by an integument of substantial breadth and thickness, to a flap severed, by the next preceding tooth, from the opposite wall of the kerf, and similarly A known chain embodying another form of teeth will r 2 P rform sqmewh t mila a n nee he h'theoth flr i ine; ar ai h inkj d s' sr heyi e f e k fwa ls, g he ooth we. hi hain q o a e-r 12 hey d n -i nmp y par ch psthe 'kerfbot-tom.

According to the present invention, an entirely different kind of; actionis produced, Instead of undercutting, in planes perpendicular to the plane Of the cutter-carrying link body, I undercut in planes oppositely inclined at -acute;angles to thatbody plane; andmy cutters are. of such extent that;the undercutting edge of each cutter,- in- .terseets the plane of travel of the'undercutting. edge of the next preceding cutter, whereby each cutter completely separates from the kerf bQttomachi-phaving maximum thickness -acljacent, thekerf-wall in which travels one element of the cutter, andtaperingto zero thickness as such chip retreatsofromthat wall. 7 p

Additionallmdarrange my depth.--gauges, withrespe'ct to theirya'ssociated cutters, in. such a fashion that each depth, gauge travels, upon a surface definedby. the next preceding :cutter, thereby more satisfactorily and. effectively maintaining uniformity of. depth of cut among the several teeth of the chain.

7 7 Referring more particularly to the drawings, it will be seen ,tha't'I', have shown asection of chain, indicated generally by the reference numeral 10, and comprising center link Hadaptedto travel in the usual cutter bar channel, joinedby sidelinks13 and cutter links 12. In the illustrated embodiment of my invention, the cutter links act as side links; 'butitwill be obvious that many of the advantagesof the present inventiomcould be attained in achain in which the. cutters anddepth gauges'are. carried upon center links of the chain.

All: of the cutter links'in the chain are identical, except-that one half .such cutter links areright-hand constructions, whileethe'other half of such cutterlinks are left-hand constructions. Right-hand and left-hand cutter links, according tothe present invention, hear an allochiral relation .to .each. other; andright-hand links-and 'lefEhandIlinksare' arranged in alternation in thechain, according to the preferred embodimentof my invention.

At its forwardend 14., each cutter link "12 carries a -depth gauge--15, and near its-rear end 16, each-such link carries a..tooth-indicatedgenerally by the reference numeral17. Each tooth comprises a portion 18.deflected laterally from the] plane of the link body and carrying,

at its outer end, a-slicingportion 19.- In the illustrated 'embodimen't'of nay-invention, the-toothsections 18-and l9aaresharply angularly related to each other;;-but-this is. not an essential feature of the invention even though I presently-consider the illustrated form to beoptirhum.

Essentially, it is only-necessary thatthere shall'be apor- *tionof'thetooth having a sharpened edgeto travel'in the plane of-onelateral boundary of the kerf, and aportion of th'e tooth having a'sharpened edge so: disposed as to undercut a chip having a maximum thickness adjacent such kerf wall and tapering 'to zero thickness as itretreats fro'm the'tooth wall. 7 r

As is -rn'ostclearly to be seen in Fig. ,5, the outermost 1 surface '20 of the portion or toe'19' of the tooth'17: is

transversely horizontal or perpendicular to the plane of thelink body. Longitudinally, that surface 20-is inclined rearwardlyv toward the link dy, as ismost clearly 'tobe seen in Fig. 3, The leading edge of the toe 19"is:l evel ed or otherwise shaped to define a chisel'edge 21 which, as V, is most clearly to be seen in Fig. 2, is inclined or raked rearwardly as it retreats from the position of maximum deflection of theshank-ISQ Because of this rake, and the downward and rearward inclination of thesurface 20,"th'e edge-2i is inclined downwardly or toward'the linkbody as it retreats from the point ofmaximum deflection of the shank-18, in'the manner illustrated-in-Fig 4; r

he, r a d ace crime, nl s seh elesl or otherwise shaped to define a chisel edge 22 which preferably'is rounded or recessed in the manner most clearly deflection of the tooth shank '18;"'and the outermost or active end 23 of said depth gauge terminates short of themaximum projection of-the tooth, so. that all of the edge 21, and the terminal portion of the edge 22, willlie beyond the endsurface 23 of the depth gauge to attack'the work. 7

As is clearlytolbeiseen in Figs. 2, 4, 5 and 6, the toe 19'extends from the point of maximum deflection of the shank 18 toward and to traverse the planeof thelink body. ;Preferably,j he. oe 1 f; o h r ghkha d d. left-hand links will, project far-enough to traverse-the medianplane of the chain inwhichtheyare assembled; but whether or. not they 'both traverse that plane, the toes of the right-hand links and the toes. of theleft-hand links must be of such relative extents that, when assemhlecLin a; chain, thetoe of each link willtravel inaplane 'intersectingzthe trayelplane of the toeof the'nextpreced- 'ing link, I w V lnFi'g. 6, -I,have diagrammatically illustratedtheac tioniofachain constructedin accordance withthepresent invention. The tooth illustrated inFig. 6 is shown makinga scoring cut, with its point 24,-to;deepen.the wall andwtapering. to..zero thickness in, the line "29' in which the-toe edge 21'; emerges through the;sur fa ce;- t0; defined by a. preceding teeth, of oppositehand, as said: 100th removedaschipil. .It will 'besee'n that 'saidzch pfil had its maXimumthicknessadjacent the, opposite kerfwwall 32,,

and tapered to zero thickness in the line 34. 'Itwillalso J be seenthattthedelpthrgauge end 23, for. the. illustrated .toothjstravelinggnotsupon' any surface defined by, a-. pre- I ceding, tooth. of-the .same hand with the illustrated, tooth, but .uponthe: surface 30 defined by the next ,prece'dlng tooth, which-wasof opposite-hand.

The tooth, of opposite hand, which immediatelyfollows i the illustrated tooth, wilLbe disposed with its depth; gauge riding upon'the surface .26, audits toe will. undercut a 1 new .chip .35 :toldefine anew. surface 236: emerging: through the surfacei 26in the'line 37.

Forthe firstztimeflnithepresentart,then,.I'have;devised J a saw chain tooth construction of such character that" eachftooth in; the chain. completely :separ'ates an: indie-1 pendent chip from the bottom of thesaw kerf as the toothimovesthroughthat kerf, the tooth further being ofsuch'character thatit slidesbeneath'the chip sounder cut, leavingrthe chipsubstantizilly undisturbedtin.thedrerf,

to be scavenged by the depth" gauge of ,themext following tooth; in. the. chain, :said next following v tooth :being of opposite handaand:beingguidedto'cut a chip .of-uniform maximum depth, hy-engagement ofits depthygange'with the newsurface-definedhy the-next preceding tooth. I e a Lclaim asmyinvention: V

'1. A saw chain comprising a plurality of pivotallye joinedlinks, certainofsaidlinksihaving formed thereon laterally-extending slicing eleme'nts extending :from one marginal edge of saidchain toward, and traversing the 1 longitudinal median planeof said-chain, said certain links being longitudinally spaeedinsaid chain and {some of them having their slicing elements extending from one marginal edge of said a chain while :others of them shave their 'slicing elements extending-from the v opposite marginal;edge-of-'sai d chain, said some-and othercertain 7 having their slicing elements dispo's ed so as' 'tointersect the path of the next precedingf slifcing felement str asf'to separate completely an independent-ehip-t-fromthe-an terial sawed, and a depth gauge for each slicing element positioned in said chain ahead of the corresponding slicing element to control the depth of cut of such slicing element comprising means defining an active end portion adapted to engage the surface of the material sawed created by the immediately preceding slicing element.

2. A saw chain comprising a plurality of pivotallyjoined links, certain of said links having formed thereon laterally-extending slicing elements extending from one marginal edge of said chain toward, and traversing, the longitudinal median plane of said chain, alternate ones of said slicing elements being of opposite hand and each slicing element being disposed so as to intersect the path of the next preceeding slicing element so as to separate completely an independent chip from the material sawed, and a depth gauge for each slicing element positioned ahead of its corresponding slicing element and behind a preceding slicing element of opposite hand, each such depth gauge, when said chain is in use, riding over a cut surface defined by said preceding slicing element to limit the depth of cut of said corresponding slicing element.

3. A saw chain. comprising a plurality of pivotallyjoined links arranged in a longitudinally-extending series, certain of said links carrying cutters, each of said cutters comprising a portion deflected laterally from the median plane of said chain and a portion traversing said median plane, said last-named portion of each cutter intersection the path of the corresponding portion of the next preceeding cutter whereby to separate completely an independent chip from the material sawed and a depth gauge for each cutter arranged in advance of its cutter and deflected laterally in a direction opposite the direction of deflection of the deflected portion of its cutter.

4. A saw chain comprising a plurality of pivotallyjoined links arranged in a longitudinally-extending series,

certain of said links carrying cutters, each of said cutters comprising a portion deflected laterally from the median plane of said chain and a portion traversing said median plane, said last-named portion of each cutter intersecting the path of the corresponding portion of the next preceeding cutter whereby to separate completely an independent chip from the material sawed and a depth gauge for each cutter arranged in advance of its cutter and deflected laterally in a direction opposite the direction of deflection of the deflected portion of its cutter, alternate cutters in said chain having their deflected portions deflected in opposite directions from said plane.

5. A saw chainlcomprising a plurality of pivotallyjoined links arranged in a longitudinal series, each of said links having a generally planar body and certain of said links carrying cutters, each of said cutters being formed to define a first portion projecting outwardly from its link body and deflected laterally from the plane of its body, and a second portion extending from the outer end of said first portion toward and traversing said body plane, and a depth gauge for each cutter having an outward projection less than that of said cutter first portion, each of said cutter portions having a forwardly-presented chisel edge, and the chisel edge of said second cutter portion inclining toward said link body as it recedes from said first cutter portion and intersecting the path of the corresponding edge of the next preceding cutter in the chain; successive cutters in said chain being of opposite hand.

6. A saw chain comprising a plurality of pivotallyjoined links arranged in a longitudinal series, each of said links having a body and certain of said links carrying cutters, each of said cutters being formed to define a first portion projecting outwardly from its link body and deflected laterally from the median plane of said' chain, and a second portion extending from the outer end of said first portion toward and traversing said median plane, and a depth gauge for each cutter, each such depth gauge being carried on the same link with its cutter and being oppositely laterally deflected from its link body, each 6 depth gauge having an outward projection less than that of said cutter first portion, each of said cutter portions having a forwardly-presented chisel edge, and the chisel edge of said second cutter portion inclining toward said link body as it recedes from said first cutter portion and intersecting the path of the chisel edge of the corresponding cutter portion of the preceding cutter.

7. The chain of claim 8 in which alternate cuttercarrying links in said chain have first cutter portions deflected equally and oppositely from said plane, whereby the depth gauge for each cutter, when said chain is in use, runs in a kerf-bottom surface defined by the second portion of the next preceding cutter.

8. The chain of claim 8 in which the free end of the chisel edge of said second portion of each cutter is closer to the pitch line of said chain than is the active end of the depth gauge associated with the next following cutter when said chain is in cutting operation.

9. A saw chain comprising a pivotally-connected series of links, certain of said links carrying cutters, each cutter having a first portion located in one lateral margin of the chain and a second portion extending more than half way from said one margin to the opposite margin of said chain, alternate cutters on said chain having their first portions oppositely disposed, and the second portion of each cutter intersecting the paths of movement of the second portions of cutters adjacent thereto in said chain. I

10. A tooth-carrying link for use in a saw chain, comprising a generally planar body, a depth gauge carried adjacent one end of said body, projecting therefrom, and laterally deflected in one direction from the plane of said body, and a cutter tooth carried adjacent the opposite end of said body and projecting generally in the same direction from said body, said tooth comprising a portion laterally deflected in the opposite direction from the plane of said body and a portion remote from said body and extending laterally from said deflected portion toward and traversing the plane of said body, both of said tooth portions being beveled to define cutting edges at their surfaces adjacent said depth gauge, and the free end of the cutting edge of said second-named portion being less remote from said body than is the opposite end thereof and being disposed so as to intersect the path of the corresponding portion of the next preceding cutter tooth in the chain.

11. A methed of kerf cutting which comprises the steps of making a generally rectilinear scoring cut to define a kerf boundary while undercutting a chip having a maximum thickness adjacent said boundary and tapering to zero thickness in a line substantially parallel with said boundary and located more than halfway from said boundary to an opposite boundary of said kerf, and subsequently making a second generally rectilinear scoring cut substantially parallel with said first-named scoring cut to define such opposite boundary, while undercutting a further chip having a maximum thickness adjacent said opposite boundary and tapering to zero thickness in a line substantially parallel with said boundaries and located more than halfway from said opposite boundary to said first-named boundary. Y

12. A method of kerf cutting which comprises the steps of making a generally rectilinear scoring cut to define one lateral boundary of a kerf While undercuttingia chip having a maximum thickness adjacent said boundary and tapering to zero thickness as it recedes from said boundary, and subsequently making a second generally rectilinear scoring cut, substantially parallel with said first-named scoring cut, to define an opposite boundary of such kerfwhile undercutting a second chip havingia maximum thickness adjacent said opposite boundary and tapering, as it recedes from said opposite boundary, to zero thickness in a line intersecting the surface defined by the undercutting of said first-named chip.

13. A method of kerf cutting which comprises the boundary, said'scoring'cut and said undercutting being efiected with asingletool which leaves s uch'chip substantially undisturbed; on the 'kerf, and subsequently makinga second' generally rectilinear scoring cut, subtantiallyparallel with said'first named scoringcut, to define an opposite boundary of such kerf while, undercutting a second chip having a maximum thickness adjacent said opposite'boundary andtapering, as it recedes from said opposite boundary, to zero'thickness in a line intersecting theis urface defined by the undercutting of said firstnamedchip, "said"second scoring cut and undercutting beingieifected with'a'second singletool which leaves such secondchip substantially undisturbed in the kerf.

14. A saw chain "comprising a pivotally-connected series of links,'certain of said links carrying a cutter extending from the body-of the link, each cutter having a first portion extending at an angleto the body of the link and located in one lateral margin of the chain and providedwith a'forWardly-presented'chisel edge and a second portion extending at'an'acute angle from the first portion and more than one-half way from saidone marg'into the opposite margin of said chain and having a forwardly-presented chiseledge, alternatecutters on'said chain having their first portions oppositely disposed to' positionthe chisel edge of the second portion of' each 'cutter to intersect the pathsof movement of the chisel edges of the'secon'd'portions-of the cutters adjacent thereto in said chain. r

15. A; saw chain comprising a pivotaily-connected series of 1inks',.certain of said links bearing cutters, each cutter havinga first portion provided with a forwardlypresented chisel "edge, each cutter'also having a second i portion connecting said first portion to the body of the link and provided'with a forwardly-presented chisel edge, said first portion extending more than half-way between opposite margins of the chain, alternate'cutters on said chain having'their second portions oppositely disposed andtheg-chiseledge of'the first portion ofeach cutter intersecting'the paths of movement of the chisel'edges of 7 thefirst portions of cutters adjacent thereto in said chain.

16. A saw chain comprising a pivotally-connected series of links, certain of said links carrying cutters, each cutter having a shank located in one lateral margin of the chain and provided with a forwardly-presented chisel edge and a toe extendinglaterally of said shank and more than half-way from said one margin to the opposite mar- -gin of 'said' chain and having a forwardly-presented chisel V edge,"alternatecutters on, said chain having their shanks oppositely disposed'with the chisel edges of the-toes disposedat anan'gle to each other and the chisel edge of the toe of each' cutter intersecting thepaths of movement of the chisel edges of the toes of cutters adjacent thereto in said "chain.

1 7;A sawr'chain comprising a; plurality of links, first means-on certain of said links defining cutters extending inwardly toward themedian plane of said chain from'one lateral margin thereof, second means on other of said links defining cuttersgextending inwardly toward the medianplaneof said chain from the other lateral margin thereof, 'means disposing said certain and other links altern-atelyand spaced longitudinally of said chain,'said. firs't 'and second means each being disposed so as to respectivelydntersectthe path 'of the other whereby to respectively separate completely an independent chip from the material' 'sawed,adepthegauge on each of said certain links: comprising means defining I an active end portion body and a portion remote from said body integral with and "extending'laterally from said deflected portion toward 7 oneness adapted to-enga-ge-thesurface of the material; sawedcre-i atedby the;immediatelyprecedingicutter, and "a depth gauge on eachofsaidfother links comprising means definingan active end; portion adapted to engage thefsurface of the material sawed created by the immediately a preceding cutter.

having a forwardly presented chisel edge, and'the'chise l,

edge of said second'cutter'portion incliningtoward said link body as it recedes fromsaidfirst'cutter portion and intersecting the path of the corresponding :edge' of'the next preceding cutter in the chain, successive cutters in said chain being of opposite hand.

p 19. A tooth-carrying'link for use in a saw chain, comprising a body, a depth gauge carried adjacent one end of said body projecting therefromand laterally' deflected from'the plane of said body,'anda cutter tooth carried bysai d body spaced from said depth gauge and projecting I 'generallyinthe same direction fromsaid body,'said tooth comprising a portion defiected from the plane of said and traversingthe plane of -said'body, both.of said tooth portions being beveled to define cutting edges at their respective surfaces facing said depth gauge, and'the free end' of the cutting edge. of said second-named portion being less remotefrom said body than'is the. oppositeend thereof andbeing disposed so as to intersect thep'ath of the corresponding portion of the neXt preceding cutter tooth in the chain. a 20. A'saw chain comprising a plurality of pivotally' joined links arranged in a longitudinal series, each of'said links having a generally, planar body" and certain of said links having cutting means *formed' thereon, each of 'said cutting means comprising a portion deflected laterally from the median plane of the chain and a portion disposed so as to traverse the median plane of the chain, each of said last-named portions intersecting the path of the corresponding portion of the next preceding cutter, and a depth gauge corresponding to each of said cutting means and disposed in advance thereof.

21. A'saw chain comprising a plurality of pivotally" joined links arranged in a longitudinalseries, each of said links having a generally planar body and certain 'of said links having cutting means formed thereon, successive cutting means being'ofithe opposite hand and each of'said cutting means comprising a portion deflected laterally from the median plane ofthe chain and a portion disposed so as totr'averse the median plane of {the chain, each of said last-named portions intersecting the ,pathof the corresponding portion, of the next preceding cutter, and a depth gauge corresponding to each of said cutting means and disposed in advance thereof; 7

UNITED STATES PATENTS References Cited in the file of this patent 2,326,854 Hassler Aug. 17,1943 2,508,784 Cox a" s May '23, 1950 2,515,550 'Ciba' July 18, 1950 2,622,636 Cox' '..Dec. 23, 1952 2,652,076