US2773070A - Catalytic process for producing alkylene carbonates - Google Patents
Catalytic process for producing alkylene carbonates Download PDFInfo
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- US2773070A US2773070A US318082A US31808252A US2773070A US 2773070 A US2773070 A US 2773070A US 318082 A US318082 A US 318082A US 31808252 A US31808252 A US 31808252A US 2773070 A US2773070 A US 2773070A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/40—Regeneration or reactivation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
- B01J31/0239—Quaternary ammonium compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
- C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
- C07D317/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D317/34—Oxygen atoms
- C07D317/36—Alkylene carbonates; Substituted alkylene carbonates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
- B01J2231/34—Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N
- B01J2231/341—1,2-additions, e.g. aldol or Knoevenagel condensations
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts
Definitions
- This invention reljate s to the production of alkylene carbonates by the reaction of, alkylene oxides with Carlhon dioxide, and more particularly to'such processes in which catalysts are employed for catalyzingthe reaction, especially the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon dioxide to form ethylene carbonate.
- nvention is to provide such process in which the reactants and Qatalystare supplied @Qntinuously to the reaQtion'zonm-the; reaction products are continuously Withdrawn from the reaction zone and the catalyst and unreacted reactants removed from the reaction products and recycled to 'the reaction zone.
- alkylene oxides are reacted with carbon dioxide in the presence of ammonium halides having the formula where X is any ha id ion a d R Beat-1R3; and Remay' each be hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkaryl, orvarallcyl in any combination or in any two of the radicals R1, R2, R3 and R4 may be interconnected to term with thebasi'c nitrogen atom a ringot the pyridine, pipe pyro n py ol e, m p li et or. iomorphc ihe series.
- the alkyl group contains from-lip carbon a ms; h a yl' g oup is phenyl or h n lkeny roup co ain item 2 't 2!) carbon the alkaryl gr up s an kyl! substituted Phcn naphtliyl in which the allgyl group contains tem 119 4 carbon atoms and the aralkyl group is an allgyl group n a g f m 1' o 4 a bon. a oms. sub titu by phenyl or naphthyl' radical. v
- alkylene oxides hichmsy be smpldysd. n the reaction are those of the oxirane's'ystem.
- the alkylene oxides employed have a structural formula:
- ethylene oxide is. the most im- PQ ta t mmercial y; with p opylene ox de probab y i c mm rcia mam-tame V V
- the reaction is carried out at a; temperature Qffrom a d un er a p essu e otlmcr than 3.00 pounds per square inch gauge. preferablytrom about 1,000 to about 5,000 P unds; P fl lfil f inch gauge.
- the reaction may be conducted either batchvvise or continuously.
- the catalyst may; be continuously introduced in solution form.
- batches or the alkylene oxide andthe catalyst may be'introduce'd into an autoclave or bomb type .ofrea'ctor, the desired pressure built up by introducing carbon dioxide and the reaction mixture agitated while being heated to the reaction temperature and maintained under a superatrnospheric pressure of carbon dioxide- Irrespeetiveof Whether a batch or cou-v tinuous procedure is followed, each unit weight of reaetants and reaction products r'esult-ing therefroni is main.- taine'd at reactiontemperature and pressure for from 1 to minutes, preferably from 30 to 60 minutes.
- time inter-val is referred to herein as the wreac t igron time
- the alkylene oxide and carbon dioxide are mixed in proportions to provide an excess of carbon dioxide over and above the stoichiometric amount required for; re- -ti'd This w my beef he art s 0t item 1% to 500% by weight.
- An excess of alkylene oxide, should be avoided because results in undesired byproducts, V
- T mo um hal e may be 'obtainicd as. such from any desired manner;
- tetra substituted ammoniumf halide so as to avoid reaction'b ctweep-the alkylene oxide and the active hydrogen atoms of an incqmpletely substituted ammonium radical otthe'ca lystg
- preferred catalysts maybe" n toned y mmo um mi e t t smi Y1 a bromide, benziyltriethyl ammonium bro m y l, be produced hcatiu a tertiary amine with an alligl b i ehus; from t. hyl hi b nzy m a- "bs zyl f st yl' 1 '7 h ammdnium ca ly t ma be Purified y .c
- the amount of catalyst used in general should be from 0.1% to 10%, preferably from 1 to 5% based on the weight of the reaction mixture. In general, the greater the catalyst concentration, within these limits, the more rapid and complete the reaction.
- ammonium halide includes compounds in the polygauge. After 30 minutes, the pressure has fallen to 1,400 pounds per square inch gauge, and the autoclave is cooled to room temperature and 517 parts of reaction mixture removed, which melts at 35 C. This is vacuum distilled at about 5 mm. pressure, and 512 parts of waterwhite ethylene carbonate, with a melting point of 36 C., is obtained. This amounts to a 97% yield on the basis of the ethylene oxide charged into the autoclave.
- Example II This example is similar to Example I; however, the catalyst employed is tetraethyl ammonium iodide.
- the catalyst employed is tetraethyl ammonium iodide.
- reaction mixture is continuously withdrawn, flashed ,to remove unreacted carbon dioxide and alkylene oxide which are compressed and returned to the reactor.
- the residue from the flashing treatment is subjected to distillation to separate the alkylene carbonate from the catalyst solution. Residual catalyst solution or slurry may be returned directly to the reactor.
- the catalyst may be accomplished by distilling off most of the ethyl- ,r pressure of 1950 C. and 2,600 pounds per square inch ene carbonate or other solvent such as the tertiary alcohol and adding acetone to the vresidue.
- the catalyst is almost completely insoluble in acetone and precipitates, as a fine, light colored mass of crystals. Impurities, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycols are readily soluble in acetone and are thus easily removed with this solvent.
- Example I the reaction conditions of elevated temperatures and pressure were maintained as long as continuing reaction was evidenced by decreasing pressure. When pressure became constant, the reaction was assumed to have gone as'far as it would, and the reactor was cooled and emptied Example I 2.64 parts of tetraethyl ammonium bromide are placed in a stainless steel autoclave, which is then evacuated. 264-parts of ethylene oxide are then charged into the autoclave," following which carbon dioxide is pressured into the autoclave to build up a pressure of 500 pounds per square inch at-40" C. and provide an excess of carbon dioxide over and above the stoichiometric amount required for the reaction. The reactor is then sealed, and heatis applied until the temperature reaches 200 C.
- Example 111 Example IV 132 parts of ethylene oxide and 1.32 parts of triethylammonium bromide are charged into an electrically heated rocking autoclave, and carbon dioxide is then admitted until the pressure (at C.) is 600 pounds per square inch. The amount of carbondioxide introduced is well in excess of the stoichiometric equivalent of the ethylene oxide present. Agitation is commenced, and the autoclave is heated to 185 C. Pressure rises to a maximum of 1,450 pounds per square inch. After six minutes the autoclave is cooled and discharged. The crude product amounts to 254 parts, a yield of about 96%.
- Example V V 264 parts of ethylene oxide, 5.28 parts of phenyltrimethylammonium iodide, and 10 parts of ethylene carbonate solvent for the catalyst are charged into an electrically heated autoclave, and carbon dioxide in stoichiometric excess is introduced until the pressure (at 40 C.) is 600 pounds per square inch gauge. Agitation and heating are commenced, and maximum temperature and autoclave, and then a stoichiometric excess of carbon dioxide is admitted to the autoclave until the pressure reaches 600 pounds per square inch at 40 C. Agitation and heating are commenced. The temperature is allowed to rise to 248 C., and the maximum pressure reached e is 1,700 pounds per square inch. After 6 minutes at 248" C., the reaction vessel is cooled, vented, anddischarged. . The crude productamounts to 484 parts, in-
- Example VII 246 parts of ethylene oxide, 5.3 parts of ammonium chloride, and 10 parts of ethylene carbonate solvent for the catalyst are placed in an electrically heated rocking autoclave, and a stoichiometric excess of carbon dioxide is introduced into the autoclave until the pressure reaches 600 pounds per square inch at a temperature of 40 C. Agitation and heating are commenced, and the temperature rises to 223 C., with they pressure rising to amendmum of 2,700 pounds per squarerinch. After 2 minutes at. 223 C., the mixture is cooled andremoved from the reactor. The crude product weighs 381 parts, indicating ayiel'd of about 69%.
- Example VIII 100 parts of cyclohexene oxide and 2 parts of tetraethyl ammonium bromide are charged into an electrically heated rocking autoclave. A stoichiometric excess ofcarbon dioxide is. added until the pressure reaches 600 pounds. per square inch at 40 C. Agitation is commenced, and the autoclave. is heated to l80 -190 C., at which temperature the pressure reaches a maximum of 925-pounds per square inch.
- Example IX 100 parts of isobutylene oxide and 1 part of tetraethyl ammonium bromide are heated in a stirred autoclave with an excess of carbon dioxide for 2 hours at 170 to 180 C. During this heating, the pressure varies between 1,000 and 1,500 pounds per square inch.
- the crude product is distilled in vacuo, 126 parts of isobutylene carbonate distill 01f between 80 and 90 C. under a pressure of 5 mm. Hg.
- the product is water-white, freezes at 25.8 C., boils at 224 C. at 760 mm. Hg, has a refractive index. at C. of 1.4152, and a specific gravity (30 C./30 C.) of 1.1125.
- Example X Two parts of cetyl pyridinium bromide and 200 parts of ethylene oxide are placed in a stainless steel rocking autoclave provided with an electric heating jacket and the system is pressured to 800 pounds per square inch with a stoichiometric excess of carbon dioxide.. Agitation is commenced and the temperature is raised to 185 C. and kept at that temperature for one-half hour, after which the system is allowed to cool to-room temperature and the reaction mixture discharged. The crude reaction product amounts to 395 parts. By distillation 385 parts of ethylene carbonate are obtained (96% of theoretical), and a light tan crystalline residue is left which consists largely of cetyl pyridinium bromide which is suitable for reuse.
- Example XII 4 parts of dimethyl p-toluidine hydrochloride and 288 parts of isobutylene oxide are placed in a stainless steel rocking autoclave and pressured with a stoichiometric excess of carbon dioxide until the pressure reaches 850 pounds per square inch. Heating and shaking. are com-' menced and the temperature is allowed to reach 195 C.,
- ExampleXl ll 3.8 parts of dimethyl piperidinium bromide and 196 parts of cyclohexene oxide are placed in a stainless steel rocking autoclave. provided with a heating jacket, pres sured with a stoichiometric excess of COz-at 900 pounds per square inch and heated with agitation to a temperature of 195 C. After one hour at this temperature the autoclave is cooled and the contents discharged. 275 parts of crude product are obtained which on distillation in vacuo gives 40 parts of unreacted' cyclohexene oxide and 164 parts of cyclohexene carbonate boiling at 91 to 95 C. at a pressure of 3 to 4 mm.'Hg. Thus, the yield is 58% on the basis of the cyclohexene oxide charged into the autoclave, and about 72% on the basis of the cyclohexene oxide not recovered as such.
- Example XIV 5 parts of pyrrolidine hydroehlorideand 'parts of styrene oxide are treated as in the previous example with an excess of carbon dioxide at an initial pressure of 85 0 pounds per square inch and a temperature of C. Afterone hour at this temperature the reactor is cooled and 235 parts of crude product are obtained which yield' 220 parts of styrene carbonate onvacuum distilla-- tion at 0.1 mm. of mercury pressure. (Yield of 89%.)
- Example XVI Example XVII 4 parts of thiomorpholine hydrochloride and 220 parts of ethylene oxide are heated with an excess of CO2 under an initial pressure of 800 pounds per square inch to a temperature of 180 C. After one hour the autoclave is cooled to room temperature and the product removed.
- Example XVIII 4 parts of pyrroline hydrobromide and 216 parts of 1,2-butyleneoxide are introduced into a stainless steel rocking autoclave provided with a heating jacket.
- Example XX 10 parts of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide are placed in an autoclave with 105 parts of butadiene monoxide (vinyl ethylene oxide). Carbon dioxide in stoichiometric excess is introduced to an initial pressure of 800 pounds per square inch and the temperature is raised to 150 C. After one-half hour the reaction mixture is cooled and vinyl ethylene carbonate is obtained in yield of about 80%.
- butadiene monoxide vinyl ethylene oxide
- diallyl diethyl ammonium bromide and 290 parts of propylene oxide are placed in an autoclave into which excess carbon dioxide is introduced to an initial pressure of 800 pounds per square inch.
- the mixture is heated with agitation to a temperature of 175 C. and kept at this temperature for one hour. At the end of this time the mixture is cooled and 490 parts of crude product is removed. Ondistillation this yields 475 parts of very pure propylene carbonate, which amounts to 93% of theoretical.
- Example XXII parts of Dowex-Z a commercially available ionexchange resin containing quaternary ammonium chloride groups, are placed in a rocking autoclave provided with a heating jacket with 200 parts of ethylene oxide. Carbon dioxide in stoichiometric excess is introduced to an initial pressure of 850 pounds per square inch, and the autoclave is then heated with agitation until the temperature reaches 190 C. After one hour at this temperature, the autoclave is cooled and its contents removed. Vacuum distillation of the'product yields 327 parts of pure ethylene carbonate, which amounts to about 82% of theoretical. v
- the catalysts were used either without any solvent or with ethylene carbonate as the solvent. If desired, we may use other solvents.
- the ammonium halide catalysts in tertiary butanol solution; in such case, the ethylene carbonate product from the reactor will contain tertiary butanol in addition to ethylenecarbonate and ammonium halide catalyst.
- the tertiary butanol and ethylene carbonate may be recovered as easily separable fractions, leaving a residue of catalyst which may be redissolved in tertiary butanol or given a preliminary purification by acetone treatment as described above.
- Alkylene carbonates are useful as solvents, reagents, and chemical'intermediates. They dissolve many resins and polymeric materials, for example, polyamides' and acrylic polymers. They are useful in chemical synthesis forsubstituting a beta-hydroxyalkyl group in place of the active hydrogen atom of amines, alcohols, mercaptans, phenols, thiophenols, and carboxylic acids. carbonates of present. commercial interest are those containing from two to'ten carbon atoms in the l ylene Alkylene residue. At the present time, ethylene carbonate is of the greatest commercial importance.
- the process of preparing alkylene carbonates which comprises reacting an alkylene oxide with a molar excess of carbon dioxide at a temperature between and 225 C. and a pressure in excess of 300 pounds per square inch gauge in the presence of an ammonium halide catalyst selected from the group consisting of (a) compounds having the formula V V 7 R1 R4 I: N X Rz Rl in which X is an ion selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide, and R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each radicals selected from the group consisting of (1) hydrogen, (2) alkyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, (3) phenyl, (4) lower alkenyl (5) alkylphenyl in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and (6) phenyl-substituted alkyl radicals in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and (b) compounds having theabove noted formula in which
- X is an ion selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide
- R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each radicals selected from the group consisting of ('1) hydrogen, (2) alkyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, (3) phenyl, (4) lower alkenyl (5) alkylphenyl in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and (6) phenyl-substituted alkyl radicals in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and (b) compounds having the above noted formulain which R1 and Re have thevalues above noted, and in which R3 and R4 are interconnected to form with the basic nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring selected from-the group consisting of the pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, morpholine, and thiomorph
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Description
.Ufli' S a es P tm This invention reljate s to the production of alkylene carbonates by the reaction of, alkylene oxides with Carlhon dioxide, and more particularly to'such processes in which catalysts are employed for catalyzingthe reaction, especially the reaction of ethylene oxide with carbon dioxide to form ethylene carbonate.
7 React on of e hylene oxide with ar on, dioxid t P1 "c od um hy r xide n activate x-boo as the. t ly has een u gested; howev rtth sm t o s1 m sa i ctory fo a. n mber of: r aso chi f, o which i h i r sults in. poor yiel s of ethy e e carbona e ba ly contaminated with by-prod'ucts. I t It is an object of thisinvention to provide a catalytic prose s-- for roducing lkylen carbona es by r act ylsns id th carbo di xidct 'w i h prccess re-1 suits in n incre se in y eld, implified processin and products superior in puui yv 7 It is another object of this invention to provide such pro edu e in i h the ca lyst. may readily e recovered ii-la us ble orm, Still; another obje ct this; nvention is to provide such process in which the reactants and Qatalystare supplied @Qntinuously to the reaQtion'zonm-the; reaction products are continuously Withdrawn from the reaction zone and the catalyst and unreacted reactants removed from the reaction products and recycled to 'the reaction zone.
Other ohjects and advantages of this invention v vill be apparent from the following detailed description thereof, In accordance with this invention, alkylene oxides are reacted with carbon dioxide in the presence of ammonium halides having the formula where X is any ha id ion a d R Beat-1R3; and Remay' each be hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkaryl, orvarallcyl in any combination or in any two of the radicals R1, R2, R3 and R4 may be interconnected to term with thebasi'c nitrogen atom a ringot the pyridine, pipe pyro n py ol e, m p li et or. iomorphc ihe series. Preferably the alkyl group contains from-lip carbon a ms; h a yl' g oup is phenyl or h n lkeny roup co ain item 2 't 2!) carbon the alkaryl gr up s an kyl! substituted Phcn naphtliyl in which the allgyl group contains tem 119 4 carbon atoms and the aralkyl group is an allgyl group n a g f m 1' o 4 a bon. a oms. sub titu by phenyl or naphthyl' radical. v
' he alkylene oxides hichmsy be smpldysd. n the reaction are those of the oxirane's'ystem. Preferably; the alkylene oxides employed have a structural formula:
- e en ed s a in which and Z may y snt Qt h gr up a ky on aining fr m to 20 ca atq s lt-Y c n.- tain ng ont o ca bon oms v oal y co tai iug from 5 to 20 carbon atoms, alkenyl containing from 2 o l ca bon-atoms or halqa syl; qoh ain s tra s to M drummed n whi h any tw o t e r p W, and Z y e n rsaun sat d to form i h. h w arb n atoms sh n in the formula oath yclic ring. At the present time ethylene oxide is. the most im- PQ ta t mmercial y; with p opylene ox de probab y i c mm rcia mam-tame V V The reaction is carried out at a; temperature Qffrom a d un er a p essu e otlmcr than 3.00 pounds per square inch gauge. preferablytrom about 1,000 to about 5,000 P unds; P fl lfil f inch gauge. The reaction may be conducted either batchvvise or continuously. For example, the catalyst may; be continuously introduced in solution form. tllong with the alkylene oxide and the carbon dioxide under .desired pressure into one end of a rea tion vessel .andthe products of' reaction continuahy'available source or prgduc but-yl ammoniumbromide. These .c'at-a1ys tilte (NH'1)+ of mon h, d l-t ig ously withdrawn from the other end. A preferred sol yengiorthefoatalyst is. the alkylene carbonate react-ion prQdJtctlor a tertiary: alcohol, e. g, tertiary butyl or any! alcohol; Alternatively, batches or the alkylene oxide andthe catalyst may be'introduce'd into an autoclave or bomb type .ofrea'ctor, the desired pressure built up by introducing carbon dioxide and the reaction mixture agitated while being heated to the reaction temperature and maintained under a superatrnospheric pressure of carbon dioxide- Irrespeetiveof Whether a batch or cou-v tinuous procedure is followed, each unit weight of reaetants and reaction products r'esult-ing therefroni is main.- taine'd at reactiontemperature and pressure for from 1 to minutes, preferably from 30 to 60 minutes. time inter-val is referred to herein as the wreac t igron time The alkylene oxide and carbon dioxide are mixed in proportions to provide an excess of carbon dioxide over and above the stoichiometric amount required for; re- -ti'd This w my beef he art s 0t item 1% to 500% by weight. An excess of alkylene oxide, should be avoided because results in undesired byproducts, V
h efly l y n ide p lymers and creates some h n of an explosion hazard;
T mo um hal e may be 'obtainicd as. such from any desired manner;
des'; monies, a d Hid wh ch tend tQ 19mp s on hes. 9 eleme t di c. wh' h poseslan add cs ai ys s, as
prefer to start witha tetra substituted ammoniumf halide so as to avoid reaction'b ctweep-the alkylene oxide and the active hydrogen atoms of an incqmpletely substituted ammonium radical otthe'ca lystg As examples of preferred catalysts maybe" n toned y mmo um mi e t t smi Y1 a bromide, benziyltriethyl ammonium bro m y l, be produced hcatiu a tertiary amine with an alligl b i ehus; from t. hyl hi b nzy m a- "bs zyl f st yl' 1 '7 h ammdnium ca ly t ma be Purified y .c
tallization from a suitable solvent; in 'most' case's'aii aloo hol may be used for this purification. Methyl and ethyl alcohols are satisfactory for this purification in the case of most ammonium halides; however, a preferred solvent for tetraethylammonium bromide is tertiary butyl alcohol in which the catalyst is almost completely insoluble at room temperature, but in which it is quite soluble near the boiling point. Tertiary amyl alcohol is similarly well suited for this use.
The amount of catalyst used in general should be from 0.1% to 10%, preferably from 1 to 5% based on the weight of the reaction mixture. In general, the greater the catalyst concentration, within these limits, the more rapid and complete the reaction.
It will be understood that in the claims the reference to ammonium halide includes compounds in the polygauge. After 30 minutes, the pressure has fallen to 1,400 pounds per square inch gauge, and the autoclave is cooled to room temperature and 517 parts of reaction mixture removed, which melts at 35 C. This is vacuum distilled at about 5 mm. pressure, and 512 parts of waterwhite ethylene carbonate, with a melting point of 36 C., is obtained. This amounts to a 97% yield on the basis of the ethylene oxide charged into the autoclave.
Example II This example is similar to Example I; however, the catalyst employed is tetraethyl ammonium iodide. The
maximum temperature is 245 C. and the maximum pressure is 3,000 pounds per square inch gauge. The reactionstime is 15 minutes, and the yield of crude product amounts to 474 parts of material with a melting point of 34.9 C. Vacuum distillation gives 453 parts of a slightly'yellow product melting at 35 C. The yield acted with carbon dioxide in the presence of tetraethyl V ammonium bromide catalyst, and the product ethylene carbonate distilled off in a pure form, leaving behind a residue containing the catalyst which may be used again to catalyze the next batch. This property of the catalyst renders it particularly suited to continuous operation. Thus the reactants may be introduced continuously into a reactor from which a portion of the reaction mixture is continuously recirculated through the reactor. Another portion of this reaction mixture is continuously withdrawn, flashed ,to remove unreacted carbon dioxide and alkylene oxide which are compressed and returned to the reactor. The residue from the flashing treatment is subjected to distillation to separate the alkylene carbonate from the catalyst solution. Residual catalyst solution or slurry may be returned directly to the reactor. Once the process is in smooth operation, the amount of catalyst withdrawn from the reactor with the product is almost exactly balanced by the catalyst recovered from the product still and returned to the reactor; accordingly little fresh catalyst need be added to the reactor except occasionally to make up for losses. At times it may be desirable. to discard a small portion of the recovered catalyst stream to prevent accumulation of unwanted byproducts in the catalyst stream.
If. it is desired to repurify the catalyst after use, this may be accomplished by distilling off most of the ethyl- ,r pressure of 1950 C. and 2,600 pounds per square inch ene carbonate or other solvent such as the tertiary alcohol and adding acetone to the vresidue. The catalyst is almost completely insoluble in acetone and precipitates, as a fine, light colored mass of crystals. Impurities, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycols are readily soluble in acetone and are thus easily removed with this solvent.
The following examples illustrate the invention, but are not to be regarded as limiting it in any way. In these examples all parts are by weight. In Examples I-IX, the reaction conditions of elevated temperatures and pressure were maintained as long as continuing reaction was evidenced by decreasing pressure. When pressure became constant, the reaction was assumed to have gone as'far as it would, and the reactor was cooled and emptied Example I 2.64 parts of tetraethyl ammonium bromide are placed in a stainless steel autoclave, which is then evacuated. 264-parts of ethylene oxide are then charged into the autoclave," following which carbon dioxide is pressured into the autoclave to build up a pressure of 500 pounds per square inch at-40" C. and provide an excess of carbon dioxide over and above the stoichiometric amount required for the reaction. The reactor is then sealed, and heatis applied until the temperature reaches 200 C.
andfthe pressure reaches 2,250 pounds per square inch is thus about 86%, based on the ethylene oxide charged. Example 111 Example IV 132 parts of ethylene oxide and 1.32 parts of triethylammonium bromide are charged into an electrically heated rocking autoclave, and carbon dioxide is then admitted until the pressure (at C.) is 600 pounds per square inch. The amount of carbondioxide introduced is well in excess of the stoichiometric equivalent of the ethylene oxide present. Agitation is commenced, and the autoclave is heated to 185 C. Pressure rises to a maximum of 1,450 pounds per square inch. After six minutes the autoclave is cooled and discharged. The crude product amounts to 254 parts, a yield of about 96%.
' Example V V 264 parts of ethylene oxide, 5.28 parts of phenyltrimethylammonium iodide, and 10 parts of ethylene carbonate solvent for the catalyst are charged into an electrically heated autoclave, and carbon dioxide in stoichiometric excess is introduced until the pressure (at 40 C.) is 600 pounds per square inch gauge. Agitation and heating are commenced, and maximum temperature and autoclave, and then a stoichiometric excess of carbon dioxide is admitted to the autoclave until the pressure reaches 600 pounds per square inch at 40 C. Agitation and heating are commenced. The temperature is allowed to rise to 248 C., and the maximum pressure reached e is 1,700 pounds per square inch. After 6 minutes at 248" C., the reaction vessel is cooled, vented, anddischarged. .The crude productamounts to 484 parts, in-
dicating the yield is about 89%.
: f Example VII 246 parts of ethylene oxide, 5.3 parts of ammonium chloride, and 10 parts of ethylene carbonate solvent for the catalyst are placed in an electrically heated rocking autoclave, and a stoichiometric excess of carbon dioxide is introduced into the autoclave until the pressure reaches 600 pounds per square inch at a temperature of 40 C. Agitation and heating are commenced, and the temperature rises to 223 C., with they pressure rising to amendmum of 2,700 pounds per squarerinch. After 2 minutes at. 223 C., the mixture is cooled andremoved from the reactor. The crude product weighs 381 parts, indicating ayiel'd of about 69%.
7 Example VIII 100 parts of cyclohexene oxide and 2 parts of tetraethyl ammonium bromide are charged into an electrically heated rocking autoclave. A stoichiometric excess ofcarbon dioxide is. added until the pressure reaches 600 pounds. per square inch at 40 C. Agitation is commenced, and the autoclave. is heated to l80 -190 C., at which temperature the pressure reaches a maximum of 925-pounds per square inch. After 1 /2 hours at this 1 temperature, the pressure falls to 775 pounds per square Example IX 100 parts of isobutylene oxide and 1 part of tetraethyl ammonium bromide are heated in a stirred autoclave with an excess of carbon dioxide for 2 hours at 170 to 180 C. During this heating, the pressure varies between 1,000 and 1,500 pounds per square inch. The crude product is distilled in vacuo, 126 parts of isobutylene carbonate distill 01f between 80 and 90 C. under a pressure of 5 mm. Hg. The product is water-white, freezes at 25.8 C., boils at 224 C. at 760 mm. Hg, has a refractive index. at C. of 1.4152, and a specific gravity (30 C./30 C.) of 1.1125.
Example X Two parts of cetyl pyridinium bromide and 200 parts of ethylene oxide are placed in a stainless steel rocking autoclave provided with an electric heating jacket and the system is pressured to 800 pounds per square inch with a stoichiometric excess of carbon dioxide.. Agitation is commenced and the temperature is raised to 185 C. and kept at that temperature for one-half hour, after which the system is allowed to cool to-room temperature and the reaction mixture discharged. The crude reaction product amounts to 395 parts. By distillation 385 parts of ethylene carbonate are obtained (96% of theoretical), and a light tan crystalline residue is left which consists largely of cetyl pyridinium bromide which is suitable for reuse.
Example XI 2.5 parts of octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Example XII 4 parts of dimethyl p-toluidine hydrochloride and 288 parts of isobutylene oxide are placed in a stainless steel rocking autoclave and pressured with a stoichiometric excess of carbon dioxide until the pressure reaches 850 pounds per square inch. Heating and shaking. are com-' menced and the temperature is allowed to reach 195 C.,
where it is kept for aperiod of one hour. The reactor is cooled and the contents removed. 400 parts of crude isobutylene carbonate are obtained. Distillation under reduced pressure .yields. 385 parts of very pure'isobutylene carbonate, a yieldof 83%.
ExampleXl ll 3.8 parts of dimethyl piperidinium bromide and 196 parts of cyclohexene oxide are placed in a stainless steel rocking autoclave. provided with a heating jacket, pres sured with a stoichiometric excess of COz-at 900 pounds per square inch and heated with agitation to a temperature of 195 C. After one hour at this temperature the autoclave is cooled and the contents discharged. 275 parts of crude product are obtained which on distillation in vacuo gives 40 parts of unreacted' cyclohexene oxide and 164 parts of cyclohexene carbonate boiling at 91 to 95 C. at a pressure of 3 to 4 mm.'Hg. Thus, the yield is 58% on the basis of the cyclohexene oxide charged into the autoclave, and about 72% on the basis of the cyclohexene oxide not recovered as such.
Example XIV 5 parts of pyrrolidine hydroehlorideand 'parts of styrene oxide are treated as in the previous example with an excess of carbon dioxide at an initial pressure of 85 0 pounds per square inch and a temperature of C. Afterone hour at this temperature the reactor is cooled and 235 parts of crude product are obtained which yield' 220 parts of styrene carbonate onvacuum distilla-- tion at 0.1 mm. of mercury pressure. (Yield of 89%.)
Example XV 5 parts of morphol'ine. hydrochloride and 260 parts 0 ethylene oxide are placed in an electrically heated rocking autoclave and a stoichiometric excess of carbon dioxide is introduced into'the autoclave until the pressure reaches 900 pounds per square inch. Agitation and heating are commenced andthe temperature is allowed to rise to 200 C. After one hour at this temperature the crude product is removed in the usual way and found to weigh 472 parts. Distillation'yields 452 parts of purified ethylene carbonate, a yield of about 87%.
Example XVI Example XVII 4 parts of thiomorpholine hydrochloride and 220 parts of ethylene oxide are heated with an excess of CO2 under an initial pressure of 800 pounds per square inch to a temperature of 180 C. After one hour the autoclave is cooled to room temperature and the product removed.
It is found to weigh 405 parts, and yields a very pure ethylene carbonate product by simple distillation, preferably under slight vacuum.
Example XVIII 4 parts of pyrroline hydrobromide and 216 parts of 1,2-butyleneoxide are introduced into a stainless steel rocking autoclave provided with a heating jacket. A
stoichiometric excess of carbon dioxide is introduced to an initial pressure of 700 pounds per square inch. Heating is commenced and the temperature is allowed to rise to 200 C. After one-half hour the reactor is cooled and the crude reaction mixture discharged and found'to weigh 337 parts. Distillation at 20 Hg gives 320 parts .qfLZ-butylene carbonate,'a yield of 92%.
Example XX 10 parts of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide are placed in an autoclave with 105 parts of butadiene monoxide (vinyl ethylene oxide). Carbon dioxide in stoichiometric excess is introduced to an initial pressure of 800 pounds per square inch and the temperature is raised to 150 C. After one-half hour the reaction mixture is cooled and vinyl ethylene carbonate is obtained in yield of about 80%.
Example, XXI
parts of diallyl diethyl ammonium bromide and 290 parts of propylene oxide are placed in an autoclave into which excess carbon dioxide is introduced to an initial pressure of 800 pounds per square inch. The mixture is heated with agitation to a temperature of 175 C. and kept at this temperature for one hour. At the end of this time the mixture is cooled and 490 parts of crude product is removed. Ondistillation this yields 475 parts of very pure propylene carbonate, which amounts to 93% of theoretical.
Example XXII parts of Dowex-Z, a commercially available ionexchange resin containing quaternary ammonium chloride groups, are placed in a rocking autoclave provided with a heating jacket with 200 parts of ethylene oxide. Carbon dioxide in stoichiometric excess is introduced to an initial pressure of 850 pounds per square inch, and the autoclave is then heated with agitation until the temperature reaches 190 C. After one hour at this temperature, the autoclave is cooled and its contents removed. Vacuum distillation of the'product yields 327 parts of pure ethylene carbonate, which amounts to about 82% of theoretical. v
. In the foregoing examples, the catalysts were used either without any solvent or with ethylene carbonate as the solvent. If desired, we may use other solvents. A particularly suitable solvent for our preferred catalyst, tetraethyl ammonium bromide, is tertiary butanol. At temperatures near its boiling point, tertiary butanol easily dissolves 10-15% of its weight of tetraethyl ammonium bromide. Unlike primary and secondary alcohols, tertiary alcohols do'not react at all readily with ethylene oxide, and may therefore-be employed as reaction' solvents for ethylene oxide. Accordingly, we may employ the ammonium halide catalysts in tertiary butanol solution; in such case, the ethylene carbonate product from the reactor will contain tertiary butanol in addition to ethylenecarbonate and ammonium halide catalyst. By distillation of this mixture the tertiary butanol and ethylene carbonate may be recovered as easily separable fractions, leaving a residue of catalyst which may be redissolved in tertiary butanol or given a preliminary purification by acetone treatment as described above. p
.Alkylene carbonates are useful as solvents, reagents, and chemical'intermediates. They dissolve many resins and polymeric materials, for example, polyamides' and acrylic polymers. They are useful in chemical synthesis forsubstituting a beta-hydroxyalkyl group in place of the active hydrogen atom of amines, alcohols, mercaptans, phenols, thiophenols, and carboxylic acids. carbonates of present. commercial interest are those containing from two to'ten carbon atoms in the l ylene Alkylene residue. At the present time, ethylene carbonate is of the greatest commercial importance.
It will be noted that the use of the catalyst embodying this invention not only results in,a. material improvement in yield, but in the ready recovery of the catalyst in a reusable condition. Moreover, in view of the fact that the catalyst is readily separable from the reaction mixture in a reusable form, this. invention lends itself to continuous operation, the reactants and catalyst being continuously supplied to the reactor; thereaction product continuously withdrawn from the reactor, and the catalyst removed from the reaction mixture thus withdrawn and returned. to the reactor.
vIt is to be understood that .this invention is not restricted to the present disclosure, except as defined by the appended claims.
What is claimed is: p
l. The process of preparing alkylene carbonates which comprises reacting an alkylene oxide with a molar excess of carbon dioxide at a temperature between and 225 C. and a pressure in excess of 300 pounds per square inch gauge in the presence of an ammonium halide catalyst selected from the group consisting of (a) compounds having the formula V V 7 R1 R4 I: N X Rz Rl in which X is an ion selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide, and R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each radicals selected from the group consisting of (1) hydrogen, (2) alkyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, (3) phenyl, (4) lower alkenyl (5) alkylphenyl in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and (6) phenyl-substituted alkyl radicals in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and (b) compounds having theabove noted formula in which R1 and R2 havethe values above noted, and in which R3 and R4 are interconnected to form with the basic nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of the pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, morpholine, and thiomorpholine series.
2.'The' process of producing ethylene carbonate which comprises reacting ethylene oxide with carbon dioxide at in which X is an ion selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide, and R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each radicals selected from the group consisting of ('1) hydrogen, (2) alkyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, (3) phenyl, (4) lower alkenyl (5) alkylphenyl in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and (6) phenyl-substituted alkyl radicals in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and (b) compounds having the above noted formulain which R1 and Re have thevalues above noted, and in which R3 and R4 are interconnected to form with the basic nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring selected from-the group consisting of the pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, morpholine, and thiomorpholine series; l
3. A process according-to claim 2 in which the catalyst is tetraethylammonium iodide. I
, 4. A process according to claim 2 in which the catalyst istriethylammonium bromide.
' 5. A process according to claim 2 in which the catalyst is ammoniumbro mide'. V p
' 6. process according to claim '2 in which the catalyst is ammonium chloride.
7. A process according to claim 2 in which the catalyst is tetraethylammoninm bromide.
8. The process of manufacturing alkylene carbonates which comprises continuously supplying to a reaction zone maintained at a temperature between 100 and 250 C. and under a pressure of at least 300 pounds per square inch gauge a solution of an ammonium halide catalyst selected from the group consisting of (a) compounds having the formula I in which X is an ion from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide, and R1, Rz,'R3, and R4 are each radicals selected from the group consisting of .(1) hydrogen, (2) alkyl containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, (3) phenyl, (4) lower alkenyl, (5) alkylphenyl in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and (6) phenyl-substituted alkyl radicals in which the alkyl group contains from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and (b) compounds having the above noted formula in which R1 and R2 have the values above noted, and in which R3 and R4 are interconnected to form with the basic nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of the pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, morpholine and thiomorpholine series. I
9. A process according to claim 8 in which X is the chloride ion.
10. A process according to claim 8 in which X is the bromide ion.
11. A process according to claim 8 in which X is the iodideion.
12. A process according to claim 8 in which the catalyst is tetraethylammonium bromide.
13. A process according to claim 8 in which the alkylene oxide employed is ethyleneoxide and in which the catalyst is fed to the reaction zone as a solution in ethylene carbonate.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 7 FOREIGN PATENTS 740,366 Germany Oct.. 19, 1943 Prichard June 20, 1950
Claims (1)
1. THE PROCESS OF PREPARING ALKYLENE CARBONATES WHICH COMPRISES REACTING AN ALKYLENE OXIDE WITH A MOLAR EXCESS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AT A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 100 AND 225* C. AN A PRESSURE IN EXCESS OF 300 POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH GAUGE IN THE PRESENCE OF AN AMMONIUM HALIDE CATALYST SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (A) COMPOUNDS HAVING THE FORMULA
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US3277118A (en) * | 1958-05-29 | 1966-10-04 | Gaba Ag | Quaternary ammonium fluorides |
US3535342A (en) * | 1968-02-07 | 1970-10-20 | Dow Chemical Co | Process for making alkylene carbonates |
US3535341A (en) * | 1968-02-07 | 1970-10-20 | Dow Chemical Co | Process for making alkylene carbonates |
US3923842A (en) * | 1974-06-28 | 1975-12-02 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Preparation of oxirane compound from the corresponding olefin via the cyclic carbonate ester |
FR2412543A1 (en) * | 1977-12-22 | 1979-07-20 | Union Carbide Corp | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AN ALKYLENE CARBONATE |
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US4233221A (en) * | 1979-10-24 | 1980-11-11 | The Dow Chemical Company | Ethylene carbonate process |
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EP0080658A1 (en) * | 1981-12-02 | 1983-06-08 | Bayer Ag | Process for producing cyclic 1,2-cis diols from cyclic 1,2-epoxides |
JPS6245584A (en) * | 1985-08-16 | 1987-02-27 | ヘキスト・アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト | Production of 2-oxo-1, 3-dioxolane |
US4786741A (en) * | 1982-11-15 | 1988-11-22 | Scientific Design Company, Inc. | Preparation of alkylene carbonates |
US4841072A (en) * | 1981-12-02 | 1989-06-20 | Scientific Design Company, Inc. | Preparation of alkylene carbonates |
US4877886A (en) * | 1987-06-19 | 1989-10-31 | Union Carbide Chemicals And Plastics Company Inc. | Process for the production of alkylene carbonate |
US5023345A (en) * | 1981-12-02 | 1991-06-11 | Scientific Design Company, Inc. | Preparation of alkylene carbonates |
US5091543A (en) * | 1990-10-15 | 1992-02-25 | Arco Chemical Technology, Inc. | Preparation of cyclic carbonates using alkylammonium and tertiary amine catalysts |
US5095124A (en) * | 1990-09-10 | 1992-03-10 | Isp Investments Inc. | Process for the preparation of alk-1-enyl ether cyclocarbonate |
US5138073A (en) * | 1981-12-02 | 1992-08-11 | Scientific Design Company, Inc. | Preparation of alkylene carbonates |
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US2891073A (en) * | 1957-11-08 | 1959-06-16 | Dow Chemical Co | Polyepichlorohydrin bis |
US3277118A (en) * | 1958-05-29 | 1966-10-04 | Gaba Ag | Quaternary ammonium fluorides |
DE1135490B (en) * | 1958-10-24 | 1962-08-30 | Basf Ag | Process for the production of alkylene carbonates |
US2994705A (en) * | 1958-12-08 | 1961-08-01 | Pure Oil Co | Preparation of cyclic alkylene carbonates in the presence of organic phosphonium compounds |
US2993908A (en) * | 1958-12-16 | 1961-07-25 | Pure Oil Co | Preparation of cyclic alkylene carbonates |
US3025305A (en) * | 1959-04-21 | 1962-03-13 | Sinclair Refining Co | Cyclic carbonate from olefin |
DE1169459B (en) * | 1960-06-09 | 1964-05-06 | Basf Ag | Process for the production of alkylene carbonates |
US3535342A (en) * | 1968-02-07 | 1970-10-20 | Dow Chemical Co | Process for making alkylene carbonates |
US3535341A (en) * | 1968-02-07 | 1970-10-20 | Dow Chemical Co | Process for making alkylene carbonates |
US3923842A (en) * | 1974-06-28 | 1975-12-02 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Preparation of oxirane compound from the corresponding olefin via the cyclic carbonate ester |
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US5023345A (en) * | 1981-12-02 | 1991-06-11 | Scientific Design Company, Inc. | Preparation of alkylene carbonates |
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US4877886A (en) * | 1987-06-19 | 1989-10-31 | Union Carbide Chemicals And Plastics Company Inc. | Process for the production of alkylene carbonate |
US5095124A (en) * | 1990-09-10 | 1992-03-10 | Isp Investments Inc. | Process for the preparation of alk-1-enyl ether cyclocarbonate |
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US5179214A (en) * | 1991-09-23 | 1993-01-12 | Texaco Chemical Company | Process for manufacturing alkylene carbonates |
US5283356A (en) * | 1992-08-03 | 1994-02-01 | Texaco Chemical Company | Process for manufacturing alkylene carbonates using metal phthalocyanine catalysts |
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US6387223B1 (en) | 1998-10-07 | 2002-05-14 | Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation | Alkylene carbonate process |
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