US2745942A - Electrically heated mat and the like - Google Patents

Electrically heated mat and the like Download PDF

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US2745942A
US2745942A US362524A US36252453A US2745942A US 2745942 A US2745942 A US 2745942A US 362524 A US362524 A US 362524A US 36252453 A US36252453 A US 36252453A US 2745942 A US2745942 A US 2745942A
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mat
covers
strip conductor
sheets
flexible
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Irving M Cohen
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • H05B3/342—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs heaters used in textiles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • H05B2203/004—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using zigzag layout
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/014—Heaters using resistive wires or cables not provided for in H05B3/54
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/02—Heaters specially designed for de-icing or protection against icing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electrically heated mats or the like and more particularly to snowand icemelting mats or coverings.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved mat or other covering of the above-described character that shall not be subject to any of the before-mentioned disadvantages. This result is attained, in accordance with the invention, through the use of a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous fiat electrically conductive and heat-radiative path, appropriately loosely interposed between the mat covers.
  • a further object is to provide such a mat or other covering of vastly improved efficiency.
  • An additional object is to provide an electrically heated mat or other covering that lends itself to mass-production techniques, even with unskilled labor, and with a minimum of specialized equipment.
  • Fig. 1 of which is a perspective view of a mat or other covering constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the parts being shown broken away and expanded to illustrate details of construction;
  • Fig. 2 is a similar view of the mat in use upon a stairway; and
  • Fig. 3 is an expanded perspective view of a modification.
  • the mat of the present invention comprises a pair of longitudinally extending covers 1 and 3, preferably of flexible resilient insulating material, such as rubber or rubber substitutes.
  • the covers are shown exteriorly provided with ridges 5.
  • the ridges 5 in the upper cover 1 provide a tread surface for the mat, as more particularly shown in Fig. 2, and also assist in channeling off or draining water.
  • a frictional grip upon the stairs of Fig. 2, or upon the ground or other repository for the mat, is provided by the ridges 5 in the lower cover 3, and these ridges again serve to assist drainage.
  • the heating element of the present invention is in the form of a thin, planar strip conductor, preferably metal-foil a few thousandths of an inch thick.
  • Aluminum foil has been found quite satis factory for the purposes of the present invention.
  • Other flat strip conductors, however, such as the printed-circuit type, may also be employed, though metal foil appears to be the most economical at present.
  • the conductor is formed into a pair of symmetrical oppositely disposed longitudinal zigzag paths 10 and 11 to provide a continuous flat conductive path extending from a terminal 19 at the lower transverse edge of the mat in Fig. l, longitudinally along the mat in zigzag fashion, as at 10, to the oppositely disposed transverse edge of the mat within the roll in Fig. 1; and then, back longitudinally along the mat in zigzag fashion, as at 11, to a second terminal 21.
  • the strip conductor 10, 11 is secured to the flexible sheet 7 by adhesive 13, by tape, not shown, or by any other desired means.
  • the upper flexible sheet 9 prevents the strip conductor 10, 11 from contacting the upper mat cover 1.
  • the heating element 10, 11 is in the form of a thin, planar strip conductor, it does not impede the flexing of the mat, as do the prior-art wire conductors of substantial thickness. While such a strip conductor is more friable than a wire conductor, fracture of the strip conductor is prevented by loosely interposing the flexible sheets 7 and 9 between the covers 1 and 3. This is effected by constructing the sheets 7 and 9 of width less than the width of the covers I. and 3, and securing the covers 1 and 3 together, as by adhesive 13 or other means, along their longitudinal margins 2, 4 external to the longitudinal edges of the sheets 7 and 9. Further to limit the possibility of damage to the strip conductor it), 11 during the flexin.
  • the flexible sheets 7 and 9 are constituted of material such as paper, fabric, or appropriate plastic of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers 1 and 3, in order to provide for l ss bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing or use of the mat, and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductor it 11.
  • An additional insert or inserts such as an insulating sheet or sheets (not shown), corresponding to the sheet 9, may also be inserted, if desired, between the strip-conductor-carrying sheet 7 and the cover 3 of the mat.
  • the strip conductor not only do the above-described advantages follow from the use of the strip conductor, but a much more eflicient heating system is provided since all of the ilat surface area of the strip conductor 10, ll contributes heat to the mat covers. Fewer zigzag sections are thus required to distribute heat along the complete surface area of the mat than with wire conductors.
  • the electrical resistance of the strip conductor is high per unit length, the overall length of the strip conductor need not be very long to provide sufficient ance to prevent a short-circuit of the heating current fed into the pair of terminals 19 and 21 by a pair of wire conductors of an electric cable 17 connected thereto, as by solder.
  • the cable 17 may be plugged into any desired power source, such as the alternatingcurrent mains. Very short, as Well as very long, mats, and mats of any desired intermediate length, may therefore equally well be fabricated in accordance with the invention.
  • the edges of the mat are preferably bound by U-shaped insulating binders 15..
  • the arms of the binder 15, shown in Fig. 1, receive the edges of the covers 1 and .3 and the intermediate sheets 7 and 9.
  • the neck of the U of the binder is showntdisplaced from the edge of the mat .to provide .a channel 16 for receiving the currentproviding cable 17.
  • the binders 15 may be stitched or otherwise secured to the edges of the mat, and they may, if desired, be closed off with waterproofing tape or other apparatus, not shown.
  • a plurality of staggered strip conductors may be employed.
  • the plurality of strip conductors 1l-1l, lid-Ill and 25.0-23.3 are shown provided upon a plurality of successively disposed flexible sheets 7, it)? and 26'7", with each of the zigzag strip conductors being staggered to provide interlaced conductive paths.
  • the strip conductor in, ll is disposed between the flexible sheet 7 and the lower surface of the flexible sheet the strip conductor lltl, Zlll is displaced slightly to the right thereof and is disposed between the upper surface of the flexible sheet 197 and the lower adjacent surface of the flexible sheet 297.; and the strip conductor 210, 211 is displaced still further to the right, disposed between the upper surface of the flexible sheet 207 and the adjacent flexible sheet 9.
  • the mat is otherwise assembled in the same manner described in connection with the mat of Figs.
  • the cable conductor 17 is preferably connected in parallel with the pairs of terminals l -2l, lll9-l2l and 2l-22l of the respective zigzag strip conductors lltl-ll, lltlllll, and 2lt)211.
  • the zigzag strip conductors may be disposed on opposite surfaces of the same flexible sheet in the embodiments of Figs. 1 and 3.
  • a mat or the like comprising flexible resilient V longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed be tween the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the flexible sheets being provided substantially coplanar with its surface adjacent to the other flexible sheet with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path, the said other flexible sheet preventing contact between the strip conductor and the cover adjacent thereto, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductor, a pair of terminals disposed at the ends of the strip conductor, and connectors connected to the respective terminals for connecting a source of electric current to the terminals to heat the strip conductor.
  • a mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the flexible sheets being provided substantially coplanar with its surface adjacent to the other flexible sheet with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path extending from one transverse edge of the mat longitudinally along the mat to the oppositely disposed transverse edge and back longitudinally along the mat to the said one edge, the said other flexible sheet preventing contact between the strip conductor and the cover adjacent thereto, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductor, a pair of terminals disposed at the ends of the strip conductor at the said
  • a mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the flexible sheets being provided substantially coplanar with its surface adjacent to the other flexible sheet with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path extending from one transverse edge of the mat longitudinally along the mat to the oppositely disposed transverse edge and back longitudinally along the mat to the said one edge, the said other flexible sheet preventing contact between the strip conductor and the cover adjacent thereto, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bendlug strain upon the strip conductor, a pair of terminals disposed at the ends of the strip conductor at the said
  • a mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being adhesively secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges ofthe sheets, one of the flexible sheets being provided substantially coplanar with its surface adjacent to the other flexible sheet with an adhesivcly secured thin planar zigzag metal-foil strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path extending from one transverse edge of thernat longitudinally along the mat to the oppositely disposed transverse edge and back longitudinally along the mat to the said one edge, the said other flexible sheet preventing contact between the strip conductor and the cover adjacent thereto, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductor, a pair
  • a mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudiually extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a plurality of successively disposed juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets providing a plurality of successive pairs of adjacent surfaces of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the said surfaces of each pair of surfaces being provided substantially coplanar therewith adjacent to the other surface of the respective pair of surfaces with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous fiat conductive path, the zigzag strip conductors associated with the pairs of surfaces being staggered to provide interlaced conductive paths, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers dur ing the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductors, terminals connected to the ends of each strip conductor, and connectors
  • a mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the flexible sheets being provided substantially coplanar with its surface adjacent to the other flexible sheet with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path, the said other flexible sheet preventing contact between the strip conductor and the cover adjacent thereto, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductor, a pair of terminals disposed at the ends of the strip conductor near a transverse edge of the mat, a U- shaped insulating binder for receiving the said edge of the mat with the arms of the binder secured to the
  • a mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a plurality of successively disposed juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets providing a plurality of successive pairs of adjacent surfaces of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the said surfaces of.
  • each pair of surfaces being provided substantially coplanar therewith adjacent to the other surface of the respective pair of surfaces with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path extending from one transverse edge of the mat longitudinally along the mat to the oppositely disposed transverse edge and back longitudinally along the mat to the said one edge, the zigzag strip conductors associated with the pairs of surfaces being staggered to provide interlaced conductive paths, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductors, a pair of terminals connected to the ends of each strip conductor, a U-shaped insulating binder for receiving the said one edge of the mat with the arms of the binder secured to the covers and with the neck of the binder displaced from the said one edge of the mat to provide a channel, and an electric cable inserted within the channel and provided with connectors connected to the

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  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Description

May 15, 1956 l. M. COHEN ELECTRICALLY HEATED MAT AND THE LIKE 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 18, 1953 INVEN TOR. //2 v//v0 m. COflE/V ATTORNEYS y 15, 1956 l. M. COHEN 2,745,942
ELECTRICALLY HEATED MAT AND THE LIKE Filed June 18, 1953 2 s s 2 United States Patent ELECTRICALLY HEATED MAT AND THE LIKE Irving M. Cohen, Winthrop, Mass. Application June 18, 1953, Serial No. 362,524 7 Claims. (Cl. 219-46) The present invention relates to electrically heated mats or the like and more particularly to snowand icemelting mats or coverings.
It has heretofore been proposed to dissipate snow or ice from a surface, such as a driveway or a flight of outdoor stairs, by covering the surface with a mat or other covering provided interiorly with relatively thick wire conductors through which an electric current is passed. The heat generated by the current passing through the wire conductors elevates the temperature of the mat or other covering and melts the individual snow or sleet particles as they impinge upon the mat or other covering, thereby preventing the accumulation of snow or ice.
These prior-art proposals, however, have been impractical and disadvantageous for several reasons. In the first place, but little of the surface area of the usually cylindrical wire conductors radiates heat in the desired direction, thus rendering these devices relatively inefficient; second, a large number of back-and-forth bends in the wire conductors is required not only to provide an adequate heat distribution over the mat, but, also, to present sufficient resistance to the electric current to prevent a short circuit; third, the bending or flexing of the mat is difficult because of the relative stiffness of the wire conductors; and fourth, the wire conductors are subject to fracture after several flexing movements of the mat.
An object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved mat or other covering of the above-described character that shall not be subject to any of the before-mentioned disadvantages. This result is attained, in accordance with the invention, through the use of a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous fiat electrically conductive and heat-radiative path, appropriately loosely interposed between the mat covers.
A further object is to provide such a mat or other covering of vastly improved efficiency.
An additional object is to provide an electrically heated mat or other covering that lends itself to mass-production techniques, even with unskilled labor, and with a minimum of specialized equipment.
Other and further objects will be hereinafter explained and will be more particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
The invention will now be explained in connection with the accompanying drawing, Fig. 1 of which is a perspective view of a mat or other covering constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the parts being shown broken away and expanded to illustrate details of construction; Fig. 2 is a similar view of the mat in use upon a stairway; and Fig. 3 is an expanded perspective view of a modification.
The mat of the present invention comprises a pair of longitudinally extending covers 1 and 3, preferably of flexible resilient insulating material, such as rubber or rubber substitutes. The covers are shown exteriorly provided with ridges 5. The ridges 5 in the upper cover 1 provide a tread surface for the mat, as more particularly shown in Fig. 2, and also assist in channeling off or draining water. A frictional grip upon the stairs of Fig. 2, or upon the ground or other repository for the mat, is provided by the ridges 5 in the lower cover 3, and these ridges again serve to assist drainage.
To avoid direct contact between the heating elements and the mat covers and for other purposes, later explained, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets 7 and 9 are interposed between the covers 1 and 3. The insulating sheet 7 is provided upon its upper surface with the heating element. Unlike the prior-art cylindrical or other wire conductors that are of substantial thickness, the heating element of the present invention is in the form of a thin, planar strip conductor, preferably metal-foil a few thousandths of an inch thick. Aluminum foil has been found quite satis factory for the purposes of the present invention. Other flat strip conductors, however, such as the printed-circuit type, may also be employed, though metal foil appears to be the most economical at present. The conductor is formed into a pair of symmetrical oppositely disposed longitudinal zigzag paths 10 and 11 to provide a continuous flat conductive path extending from a terminal 19 at the lower transverse edge of the mat in Fig. l, longitudinally along the mat in zigzag fashion, as at 10, to the oppositely disposed transverse edge of the mat within the roll in Fig. 1; and then, back longitudinally along the mat in zigzag fashion, as at 11, to a second terminal 21. The strip conductor 10, 11 is secured to the flexible sheet 7 by adhesive 13, by tape, not shown, or by any other desired means. The upper flexible sheet 9, of course, prevents the strip conductor 10, 11 from contacting the upper mat cover 1.
Since the heating element 10, 11 is in the form of a thin, planar strip conductor, it does not impede the flexing of the mat, as do the prior-art wire conductors of substantial thickness. While such a strip conductor is more friable than a wire conductor, fracture of the strip conductor is prevented by loosely interposing the flexible sheets 7 and 9 between the covers 1 and 3. This is effected by constructing the sheets 7 and 9 of width less than the width of the covers I. and 3, and securing the covers 1 and 3 together, as by adhesive 13 or other means, along their longitudinal margins 2, 4 external to the longitudinal edges of the sheets 7 and 9. Further to limit the possibility of damage to the strip conductor it), 11 during the flexin. or other abuse of the mat, the flexible sheets 7 and 9 are constituted of material such as paper, fabric, or appropriate plastic of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers 1 and 3, in order to provide for l ss bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing or use of the mat, and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductor it 11. An additional insert or inserts, such as an insulating sheet or sheets (not shown), corresponding to the sheet 9, may also be inserted, if desired, between the strip-conductor-carrying sheet 7 and the cover 3 of the mat.
Not only do the above-described advantages follow from the use of the strip conductor, but a much more eflicient heating system is provided since all of the ilat surface area of the strip conductor 10, ll contributes heat to the mat covers. Fewer zigzag sections are thus required to distribute heat along the complete surface area of the mat than with wire conductors. In addition, since the electrical resistance of the strip conductor is high per unit length, the overall length of the strip conductor need not be very long to provide sufficient ance to prevent a short-circuit of the heating current fed into the pair of terminals 19 and 21 by a pair of wire conductors of an electric cable 17 connected thereto, as by solder. The cable 17 may be plugged into any desired power source, such as the alternatingcurrent mains. Very short, as Well as very long, mats, and mats of any desired intermediate length, may therefore equally well be fabricated in accordance with the invention.
The edges of the mat are preferably bound by U-shaped insulating binders 15.. The arms of the binder 15, shown in Fig. 1, receive the edges of the covers 1 and .3 and the intermediate sheets 7 and 9. The neck of the U of the binder, however, is showntdisplaced from the edge of the mat .to provide .a channel 16 for receiving the currentproviding cable 17. The binders 15 may be stitched or otherwise secured to the edges of the mat, and they may, if desired, be closed off with waterproofing tape or other apparatus, not shown.
Where an extremely high heat concentration is desired, a plurality of staggered strip conductors may be employed. Thus in Fig. 3, the plurality of strip conductors 1l-1l, lid-Ill and 25.0-23.3 are shown provided upon a plurality of successively disposed flexible sheets 7, it)? and 26'7", with each of the zigzag strip conductors being staggered to provide interlaced conductive paths. The strip conductor in, ll is disposed between the flexible sheet 7 and the lower surface of the flexible sheet the strip conductor lltl, Zlll is displaced slightly to the right thereof and is disposed between the upper surface of the flexible sheet 197 and the lower adjacent surface of the flexible sheet 297.; and the strip conductor 210, 211 is displaced still further to the right, disposed between the upper surface of the flexible sheet 207 and the adjacent flexible sheet 9. The mat is otherwise assembled in the same manner described in connection with the mat of Figs. 1 and 2, except that the cable conductor 17 is preferably connected in parallel with the pairs of terminals l -2l, lll9-l2l and 2l-22l of the respective zigzag strip conductors lltl-ll, lltlllll, and 2lt)211. If desired, the zigzag strip conductors may be disposed on opposite surfaces of the same flexible sheet in the embodiments of Figs. 1 and 3.
While the invention has been described as applied to snov -and-ice-rnelting rnats or coverings and the like, this is only by way of a preferred illustration. The invention is also useful, however, in other applications including radiant-heating units on floors in exposed places such as toll roads, tcollectors booths, army sentry posts, and so on.
Further modifications will occur to those skilled in the 7 art and .all such are considered to fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
l. A mat or the like comprising flexible resilient V longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed be tween the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the flexible sheets being provided substantially coplanar with its surface adjacent to the other flexible sheet with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path, the said other flexible sheet preventing contact between the strip conductor and the cover adjacent thereto, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductor, a pair of terminals disposed at the ends of the strip conductor, and connectors connected to the respective terminals for connecting a source of electric current to the terminals to heat the strip conductor.
2. A mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the flexible sheets being provided substantially coplanar with its surface adjacent to the other flexible sheet with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path extending from one transverse edge of the mat longitudinally along the mat to the oppositely disposed transverse edge and back longitudinally along the mat to the said one edge, the said other flexible sheet preventing contact between the strip conductor and the cover adjacent thereto, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductor, a pair of terminals disposed at the ends of the strip conductor at the said one edge of the mat, and connectors connected to the respective terminals for connecting a source of electric current to the terminals to heat the strip conductor.
3. A mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the flexible sheets being provided substantially coplanar with its surface adjacent to the other flexible sheet with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path extending from one transverse edge of the mat longitudinally along the mat to the oppositely disposed transverse edge and back longitudinally along the mat to the said one edge, the said other flexible sheet preventing contact between the strip conductor and the cover adjacent thereto, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bendlug strain upon the strip conductor, a pair of terminals disposed at the ends of the strip conductor at the said one edge of the mat, a U-shaped insulating binder for receiving the said one edge of the mat with the arms of the binder secured to the covers and with the neck of the binder displaced from the said one edge of the mat to provide a channel, and an electric cable inserted within the channel and provided with connectors connected to the respective terminals of the strip conductor at the said one edge of the mat for connecting a source of electric current to the terminals'to heat the strip conductor.
4. A mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being adhesively secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges ofthe sheets, one of the flexible sheets being provided substantially coplanar with its surface adjacent to the other flexible sheet with an adhesivcly secured thin planar zigzag metal-foil strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path extending from one transverse edge of thernat longitudinally along the mat to the oppositely disposed transverse edge and back longitudinally along the mat to the said one edge, the said other flexible sheet preventing contact between the strip conductor and the cover adjacent thereto, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductor, a pair of terminals disposed at the ends of the strip conductor at the said one edge of the mat, a U-shaped insulating binder for receiving the said one edge of the mat with the arms of the binder secured to the covers and with the neck of the binder displaced from the said one edge of the mat to provide :t channel, and an electric cable inserted within the channel and provided with connectors connected to the respective terminals of the strip conductor at the said one edge of the mat for connecting a source of electric current to the terminals to heat the strip conductor.
5. A mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudiually extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a plurality of successively disposed juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets providing a plurality of successive pairs of adjacent surfaces of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the said surfaces of each pair of surfaces being provided substantially coplanar therewith adjacent to the other surface of the respective pair of surfaces with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous fiat conductive path, the zigzag strip conductors associated with the pairs of surfaces being staggered to provide interlaced conductive paths, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers dur ing the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductors, terminals connected to the ends of each strip conductor, and connectors connected to the respective terminals for connecting a source of electric current to the terminals to heat the strip conductors.
6. A mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a pair of juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the flexible sheets being provided substantially coplanar with its surface adjacent to the other flexible sheet with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path, the said other flexible sheet preventing contact between the strip conductor and the cover adjacent thereto, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductor, a pair of terminals disposed at the ends of the strip conductor near a transverse edge of the mat, a U- shaped insulating binder for receiving the said edge of the mat with the arms of the binder secured to the covers and with the neck of the binder displaced from the said edge of the mat to provide a channel, and an electric cable inserted Within the channel and provided with connectors connected to the respective terminals for connecting a source of electric current to the terminals to heat the strip conductor.
7. A mat or the like comprising flexible resilient longitudinally extending insulating covers one of which is provided with an outer tread face, a plurality of successively disposed juxtaposed flexible longitudinally extending insulating sheets providing a plurality of successive pairs of adjacent surfaces of less width than the width of the covers loosely interposed between the covers, the covers being secured together along their longitudinal margins exterior to the longitudinal edges of the sheets, one of the said surfaces of. each pair of surfaces being provided substantially coplanar therewith adjacent to the other surface of the respective pair of surfaces with a thin planar zigzag strip conductor providing a continuous flat conductive path extending from one transverse edge of the mat longitudinally along the mat to the oppositely disposed transverse edge and back longitudinally along the mat to the said one edge, the zigzag strip conductors associated with the pairs of surfaces being staggered to provide interlaced conductive paths, the sheets being of less resiliency than the resiliency of the covers in order to provide for less bending thereof than the bending of the covers during the flexing of the mat and thereby to exert less bending strain upon the strip conductors, a pair of terminals connected to the ends of each strip conductor, a U-shaped insulating binder for receiving the said one edge of the mat with the arms of the binder secured to the covers and with the neck of the binder displaced from the said one edge of the mat to provide a channel, and an electric cable inserted within the channel and provided with connectors connected to the pairs of terminals of the strip conductors at the said one edge of the mat for connecting a source of electric current to the terminals to heat the strip conductors.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Re. 21,474 McCleary June 4, 1940 416,360 Dewey Dec. 3, 1889 1,950,124 Samuels Mar. 6, 1934 2,215,042 Howard et a1. Sept. 17, 1940 2,340,097 Woodman Jan. 25, 1944 2,511,378 Roberson June 13, 1950 2,513,733 Morris July 4, 1950 2,600,486 Cox June 17, 1952 2,610,286 Cox Sept. 9, 1952 2,619,580 Pontiere Nov. 25, 1952
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US2912555A (en) * 1958-03-10 1959-11-10 Frederick W Jamison Detachable ice and snow melting panels for traffic bearing surfaces
US2971073A (en) * 1957-07-08 1961-02-07 Eisler Paul Electric surface heating devices
US3020378A (en) * 1957-11-18 1962-02-06 Eisler Paul Electrical heating and conducting devices
US3033970A (en) * 1957-07-08 1962-05-08 Eisler Paul Electric conductor strips
US3041567A (en) * 1960-03-14 1962-06-26 Standard Thomson Corp Electric heater
US3099540A (en) * 1958-01-07 1963-07-30 Eisler Paul Electric foil resistance drier
US3205342A (en) * 1961-09-22 1965-09-07 Fmc Corp Electrically heated fabric structure
US3241214A (en) * 1961-09-22 1966-03-22 Fmc Corp Method of making electrically heated fabric structures
US3274528A (en) * 1964-03-23 1966-09-20 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Strain measuring device
US3417229A (en) * 1965-10-14 1968-12-17 Sanders Associates Inc Electrical resistance heating articles
US3422244A (en) * 1965-05-10 1969-01-14 Peter Lauck Electric blanket with a temperature responsive control circuit
US3423574A (en) * 1965-10-14 1969-01-21 Sanders Associates Inc Electrical resistance heating pad
US3473003A (en) * 1964-05-26 1969-10-14 Paul Eisler Wall covering material for use in space heating
US3496336A (en) * 1967-10-25 1970-02-17 Texas Instruments Inc Electric heater
US3539767A (en) * 1961-01-20 1970-11-10 Paul Eisler Space heater having electrical resistance heating film
US3806702A (en) * 1973-05-14 1974-04-23 Folger P Apparatus for preventing snow accumulation
US3945088A (en) * 1972-08-22 1976-03-23 Firma Wilhelm Haupt Spacer strip, especially for electrical heating mats
US4139763A (en) * 1978-03-10 1979-02-13 Mcmullan James P Blanket heater with temperature control means
US4149066A (en) * 1975-11-20 1979-04-10 Akitoshi Niibe Temperature controlled flexible electric heating panel
WO1986002228A1 (en) * 1984-09-26 1986-04-10 Flexwatt Corporation Flexible electric sheet heater
WO1986006920A1 (en) * 1985-05-07 1986-11-20 Teknikhuset Swetron Ab Electrical heating pad
US4719335A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-01-12 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4761541A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-08-02 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4777351A (en) * 1984-09-14 1988-10-11 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4967057A (en) * 1988-08-02 1990-10-30 Bayless Ronald E Snow melting heater mats
US5003157A (en) * 1990-01-25 1991-03-26 Dennis Hargrove Snow melting pathway mat apparatus
EP0459216A2 (en) * 1990-06-01 1991-12-04 The B.F. Goodrich Company Electrical heater de-icer
US5138138A (en) * 1988-02-03 1992-08-11 Stihler Electronic Medizintechnische Gerate Prod. Und Vertriebs-Gmbh Heating system for an operating table
US5159974A (en) * 1992-01-06 1992-11-03 Hudson Products Corporation Steam condenser with articulated electrically heated blankets or panels
WO1994012004A1 (en) * 1992-11-13 1994-05-26 Bruder Healthcare Company Electric heating pad and method of making
US5550350A (en) * 1994-11-17 1996-08-27 Donald W. Barnes Heated ice-melting blocks for steps
US5637247A (en) * 1995-01-03 1997-06-10 Flynn, Jr.; Joseph Electricially heated hinged mat
US6488149B1 (en) * 2000-09-29 2002-12-03 Sunbeam Products, Inc. Electronic heating pad storage container
US20040045956A1 (en) * 2001-09-03 2004-03-11 Michael Weiss Heating element with stranded contact
US20040245234A1 (en) * 2003-06-06 2004-12-09 Michael Gehring Outdoor-use heating mat system
US6943320B1 (en) * 2004-03-01 2005-09-13 Steven T. M. Bavett Rubberized covering with integral heating system
US20060191903A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2006-08-31 David Naylor Modular heated cover
US20060289000A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2006-12-28 David Naylor Modular radiant heating apparatus
US20070131666A1 (en) * 2005-11-16 2007-06-14 Mariah Gregg Heated mat apparatus
US20070262073A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2007-11-15 David Naylor Modular heated cover
US20080290086A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2008-11-27 Powerblanket Llc Heating unit for warming pallets
US20090056244A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-03-05 Flatwork Technologies, Llc Grounded modular heated cover
US20090107986A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-04-30 David Naylor Three layer glued laminate heating unit
US20090107975A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-04-30 Thomas Caterina Heating unit for warming pallets
US20090107972A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-04-30 David Naylor Heating unit for warming propane tanks
US20090114633A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-05-07 David Naylor Portable Pouch Heating Unit
US20090114634A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-05-07 David Naylor Heating unit for warming fluid conduits
US20090184107A1 (en) * 2001-09-03 2009-07-23 Michael Weiss Heating element with stranded contact
US20090302023A1 (en) * 2008-05-12 2009-12-10 Thomas Caterina Heating unit for warming pallets of materials
US20100065548A1 (en) * 2008-09-15 2010-03-18 Michel Morand Heating wire support meshing and method of constructing a heated surface wth same
US20110006080A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2011-01-13 David Naylor Fluid storage and dispensing system heating unit
US20110068098A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2011-03-24 Taiwan Textile Research Institute Electric Heating Yarns, Methods for Manufacturing the Same and Application Thereof
US8076619B1 (en) * 2007-10-18 2011-12-13 Mason Wingale Heated floor mat for elevated surfaces and associated method
US20150013246A1 (en) * 2012-03-14 2015-01-15 Bertram Solis Anti-icing system
WO2015148362A1 (en) * 2014-03-24 2015-10-01 Rtr Technologies, Inc. Radiant heating system for a surface structure, and surface structure assembly with radiant heater
US9290890B2 (en) 2005-02-17 2016-03-22 417 And 7/8, Llc Heating unit for direct current applications
US9327923B1 (en) * 2014-11-17 2016-05-03 Quintin S. Marx Portable heated ramp and method
US9392646B2 (en) 2005-02-17 2016-07-12 417 And 7/8, Llc Pallet warmer heating unit
US20170303695A1 (en) * 2016-04-21 2017-10-26 Zhejiang Natural Travel Goods Co., Ltd. Heating inflatable product
US20180187380A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2018-07-05 Greenheat Ip Holdings, Llc Grounded modular heated cover
US10324479B2 (en) * 2016-10-25 2019-06-18 Kepco Engineering & Construction Company, Inc. Portable plant instrument freezing and bursting prevention device using non-directional serial connector
WO2019178015A1 (en) * 2018-03-13 2019-09-19 Safran Electrical & Power Generator air gap heater
RU2748158C1 (en) * 2020-04-21 2021-05-20 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ТеплоКарбон" Flexible heating device
US20210347320A1 (en) * 2020-05-08 2021-11-11 Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. Vehicles including heater assemblies for vehicle bumpers

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Cited By (86)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2971073A (en) * 1957-07-08 1961-02-07 Eisler Paul Electric surface heating devices
US3033970A (en) * 1957-07-08 1962-05-08 Eisler Paul Electric conductor strips
US3020378A (en) * 1957-11-18 1962-02-06 Eisler Paul Electrical heating and conducting devices
US3099540A (en) * 1958-01-07 1963-07-30 Eisler Paul Electric foil resistance drier
US2912555A (en) * 1958-03-10 1959-11-10 Frederick W Jamison Detachable ice and snow melting panels for traffic bearing surfaces
US3041567A (en) * 1960-03-14 1962-06-26 Standard Thomson Corp Electric heater
US3539767A (en) * 1961-01-20 1970-11-10 Paul Eisler Space heater having electrical resistance heating film
US3205342A (en) * 1961-09-22 1965-09-07 Fmc Corp Electrically heated fabric structure
US3241214A (en) * 1961-09-22 1966-03-22 Fmc Corp Method of making electrically heated fabric structures
US3274528A (en) * 1964-03-23 1966-09-20 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Strain measuring device
US3473003A (en) * 1964-05-26 1969-10-14 Paul Eisler Wall covering material for use in space heating
US3422244A (en) * 1965-05-10 1969-01-14 Peter Lauck Electric blanket with a temperature responsive control circuit
US3423574A (en) * 1965-10-14 1969-01-21 Sanders Associates Inc Electrical resistance heating pad
US3417229A (en) * 1965-10-14 1968-12-17 Sanders Associates Inc Electrical resistance heating articles
US3496336A (en) * 1967-10-25 1970-02-17 Texas Instruments Inc Electric heater
US3945088A (en) * 1972-08-22 1976-03-23 Firma Wilhelm Haupt Spacer strip, especially for electrical heating mats
US3806702A (en) * 1973-05-14 1974-04-23 Folger P Apparatus for preventing snow accumulation
US4149066A (en) * 1975-11-20 1979-04-10 Akitoshi Niibe Temperature controlled flexible electric heating panel
US4139763A (en) * 1978-03-10 1979-02-13 Mcmullan James P Blanket heater with temperature control means
US4719335A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-01-12 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4761541A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-08-02 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
US4777351A (en) * 1984-09-14 1988-10-11 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
WO1986002228A1 (en) * 1984-09-26 1986-04-10 Flexwatt Corporation Flexible electric sheet heater
WO1986006920A1 (en) * 1985-05-07 1986-11-20 Teknikhuset Swetron Ab Electrical heating pad
US4788417A (en) * 1985-05-07 1988-11-29 Kanthal Medical Heating Ab Electrical heating pad
US5138138A (en) * 1988-02-03 1992-08-11 Stihler Electronic Medizintechnische Gerate Prod. Und Vertriebs-Gmbh Heating system for an operating table
US4967057A (en) * 1988-08-02 1990-10-30 Bayless Ronald E Snow melting heater mats
US5003157A (en) * 1990-01-25 1991-03-26 Dennis Hargrove Snow melting pathway mat apparatus
US5351918A (en) * 1990-06-01 1994-10-04 The B. F. Goodrich Company Electrical heater de-icer
EP0459216A3 (en) * 1990-06-01 1993-03-17 The Bfgoodrich Company Electrical heater de-icer
EP0459216A2 (en) * 1990-06-01 1991-12-04 The B.F. Goodrich Company Electrical heater de-icer
US5475204A (en) * 1990-06-01 1995-12-12 The B. F. Goodrich Company Electrical heater de-icer
US5159974A (en) * 1992-01-06 1992-11-03 Hudson Products Corporation Steam condenser with articulated electrically heated blankets or panels
WO1994012004A1 (en) * 1992-11-13 1994-05-26 Bruder Healthcare Company Electric heating pad and method of making
US5432322A (en) * 1992-11-13 1995-07-11 Bruder Healthcare Company Electric heating pad
US5550350A (en) * 1994-11-17 1996-08-27 Donald W. Barnes Heated ice-melting blocks for steps
US5637247A (en) * 1995-01-03 1997-06-10 Flynn, Jr.; Joseph Electricially heated hinged mat
US6488149B1 (en) * 2000-09-29 2002-12-03 Sunbeam Products, Inc. Electronic heating pad storage container
US20040045956A1 (en) * 2001-09-03 2004-03-11 Michael Weiss Heating element with stranded contact
US20090184107A1 (en) * 2001-09-03 2009-07-23 Michael Weiss Heating element with stranded contact
US20040245234A1 (en) * 2003-06-06 2004-12-09 Michael Gehring Outdoor-use heating mat system
US6855915B2 (en) * 2003-06-06 2005-02-15 Michael Gehring Outdoor-use heating mat system
US6943320B1 (en) * 2004-03-01 2005-09-13 Steven T. M. Bavett Rubberized covering with integral heating system
US20060191903A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2006-08-31 David Naylor Modular heated cover
US8878103B2 (en) 2005-02-17 2014-11-04 417 And 7/8, Llc Systems, methods, and devices for storing, heating, and dispensing fluid
US10920379B2 (en) * 2005-02-17 2021-02-16 Greenheat Ip Holdings Llc Grounded modular heated cover
US20180187380A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2018-07-05 Greenheat Ip Holdings, Llc Grounded modular heated cover
US20080290086A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2008-11-27 Powerblanket Llc Heating unit for warming pallets
US20090056244A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-03-05 Flatwork Technologies, Llc Grounded modular heated cover
US20090107986A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-04-30 David Naylor Three layer glued laminate heating unit
US20090107975A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-04-30 Thomas Caterina Heating unit for warming pallets
US20090107972A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-04-30 David Naylor Heating unit for warming propane tanks
US20090114633A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-05-07 David Naylor Portable Pouch Heating Unit
US20090114634A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-05-07 David Naylor Heating unit for warming fluid conduits
US20090127251A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2009-05-21 David Naylor Modular heated cover
US20060289000A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2006-12-28 David Naylor Modular radiant heating apparatus
US9945080B2 (en) * 2005-02-17 2018-04-17 Greenheat Ip Holdings, Llc Grounded modular heated cover
US9538581B2 (en) 2005-02-17 2017-01-03 417 and 7/8 LLC Heating unit for warming fluid conduits
US20110006080A1 (en) * 2005-02-17 2011-01-13 David Naylor Fluid storage and dispensing system heating unit
US7880121B2 (en) * 2005-02-17 2011-02-01 David Naylor Modular radiant heating apparatus
US9392646B2 (en) 2005-02-17 2016-07-12 417 And 7/8, Llc Pallet warmer heating unit
US9290890B2 (en) 2005-02-17 2016-03-22 417 And 7/8, Llc Heating unit for direct current applications
US8258443B2 (en) 2005-02-17 2012-09-04 417 And 7/8, Llc Heating unit for warming pallets
US8633425B2 (en) 2005-02-17 2014-01-21 417 And 7/8, Llc Systems, methods, and devices for storing, heating, and dispensing fluid
US7183524B2 (en) * 2005-02-17 2007-02-27 David Naylor Modular heated cover
US8952301B2 (en) 2005-02-17 2015-02-10 417 And 7/8, Llc Modular heated cover
US20070262073A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2007-11-15 David Naylor Modular heated cover
US20070131666A1 (en) * 2005-11-16 2007-06-14 Mariah Gregg Heated mat apparatus
US20110068098A1 (en) * 2006-12-22 2011-03-24 Taiwan Textile Research Institute Electric Heating Yarns, Methods for Manufacturing the Same and Application Thereof
US8076619B1 (en) * 2007-10-18 2011-12-13 Mason Wingale Heated floor mat for elevated surfaces and associated method
US20090302023A1 (en) * 2008-05-12 2009-12-10 Thomas Caterina Heating unit for warming pallets of materials
US20100065548A1 (en) * 2008-09-15 2010-03-18 Michel Morand Heating wire support meshing and method of constructing a heated surface wth same
US9228749B2 (en) * 2008-09-15 2016-01-05 Flextherm Inc. Heating wire support meshing and method of constructing a heated surface with same
US9163365B2 (en) * 2012-03-14 2015-10-20 Bertram Solis Anti-icing system
US20150013246A1 (en) * 2012-03-14 2015-01-15 Bertram Solis Anti-icing system
WO2015148362A1 (en) * 2014-03-24 2015-10-01 Rtr Technologies, Inc. Radiant heating system for a surface structure, and surface structure assembly with radiant heater
US20160234883A1 (en) * 2014-11-17 2016-08-11 Quintin S. Marx Heated Surface and Method
US9327923B1 (en) * 2014-11-17 2016-05-03 Quintin S. Marx Portable heated ramp and method
US10568164B2 (en) * 2014-11-17 2020-02-18 Quintin S. Marx Heated surface and method
US20170303695A1 (en) * 2016-04-21 2017-10-26 Zhejiang Natural Travel Goods Co., Ltd. Heating inflatable product
US10324479B2 (en) * 2016-10-25 2019-06-18 Kepco Engineering & Construction Company, Inc. Portable plant instrument freezing and bursting prevention device using non-directional serial connector
WO2019178015A1 (en) * 2018-03-13 2019-09-19 Safran Electrical & Power Generator air gap heater
US11591959B2 (en) 2018-03-13 2023-02-28 Safran Electrical & Power Generator air gap heater
RU2748158C1 (en) * 2020-04-21 2021-05-20 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ТеплоКарбон" Flexible heating device
US20210347320A1 (en) * 2020-05-08 2021-11-11 Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. Vehicles including heater assemblies for vehicle bumpers
US11623594B2 (en) * 2020-05-08 2023-04-11 Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. Vehicles including heater assemblies for vehicle bumpers

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