US2739057A - Alloy steel of high expansion coefficient - Google Patents
Alloy steel of high expansion coefficient Download PDFInfo
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- US2739057A US2739057A US316803A US31680352A US2739057A US 2739057 A US2739057 A US 2739057A US 316803 A US316803 A US 316803A US 31680352 A US31680352 A US 31680352A US 2739057 A US2739057 A US 2739057A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/08—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- This invention pertains to alloy steels which are characterized in possessing relatively high coeflicients of expanslon.
- a steel of this character is required for use as high strength bolts, screws, tie rods, and other parts in assemblies made with aluminum pieces, in order that the fit between the steel and the aluminum be maintained as tight as possible.
- aluminum and its alloys have a much higher coeflicient of expansion for the range 70 to 600 than steel, namely about 15 10- inch per inch per degree F., as against 7.5 10- for ordinary carbon or ferritic steels, and about 10.0 to 10.5 x10" for the austenitic stainless steels.
- Aeronautical Specification 5624A which has the highest vcoefiicient of expansion of any steel so far produced, namely, about 11.0 to ll.2
- this expansion value is still far short of that of aluminum and its alloys, and there is a demand for a steel with a higher expansion value.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a high expansion steel of lower alloy content than the high expansion steels now being used. This is a factor of strategic as well as of economic importance.
- austenitic steels have higher expansion values than steels containing the transformation products of austenite, that is, ferrite, pearlite, bainite, or martensite. Also it is well known that some compositions of austenite have expansion values difierent from those of others as shown in Table I, below, taken from data published in U. S. Department of Commerce, Circular C447, Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys.
- the steel of my invention contains according to the broad range of analysis, about .40 to 1.00% carbon, about 3.0 to 13.0% manganese and about 6 to 13% nickel, the sum of nickel and manganese being preferably at least 11%, and the balance being substantially all iron with usual impurities, although the steel may include optional additions of up to about 2.0% in aggregate of one or more of the elements Si, V, Mo and W, and a maximum of 0.5%.Cr1 In the annealed condition, that is, as air 0 cooled from about '2100 F., this steel has a coefficient of expansion of 12.0 10* inch per inch per degree F. for the range 70 to 600 F. Within the limits of composition, just given, the value of the expansion coefficient of the steel is practically unaffected by composition 25 changes as may be seen in Table II.
- said fastening element being madepf a work hardened austenitic alloy steel having a hardness of at least Rockwell C 28, and having a c oefiicient of expansion at least 11.8 10- 5 inch per inch per degree F., said steel containing: about 0.4 to l.0 -carbon; about; to 13% nickel, and about 3 to 14% manganese, flie'sum of nickel and manganese being'at least 11% upto about 0.5% chromium; up to about 2% in aggregate of at least one element selected 10 from the group consisting of silicon, vanadium, tungsten Efiect of composition on the expansion coefi'icient of austenitic steels after cold working [Samples tested both as annealed, i.
- composition of the steel of this invention is: .50 to .70% carbon; 5.0 to 9.0% manganese; up to 1.0% silicon; up to 0.5% chromium; 6.0 to 10.0% nickel; up to 2.0% in aggregate of other elements not detrimental to the high expansion properties of the steel; balance iron.
- a forgeable, austenitic alloy steel characterized in having a coeflicient of expansion of at least 11.8)( inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 F., said steel containing: about 0.5 to 0.7% carbon; about 6 to 10% nickel; about 5 to 9% manganese; up to about 0.5 chromium; up to about 1% silicon; up to about 2% in aggregate of other elements which do not impair the high coefficient of expansion of the steel; and the balance iron.
- a forgeable, austenitic alloy steel characterized in having a coefficient of expansion of at least 1l.8 lO'" inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 F., said steel containing: about 0.5 to 0.7% carbon; about 6 to 10% nickel; about 5 to 9% manganese; up to 1.0% silicon; and the balance iron.
- a fastening ,element for uniting structural components havingln'gh expansion coefficients said fastening element being made of a work hardened austenitic alloy steel having. a hardness of at least Rockwell C 28, and having a coefiicient of expansion of at least 11.8X 10- inch per inchper degree B, said steel containing: about 0.5 to 0.7% carbon; about 6 to 10% nickel; about 5 to 9% manganese; up to about 0.5% chromium; up to about 1% silicon; up to'about 2% in aggregate of other elements which do not impair the high coefiicient of expansion of the steel; and the balance iron.
- a fastening element for uniting structural components having high expansion coefficients said fastening element being made of a work hardened austenitic alloy steel having a hardness of at least Rockwell C 28, and having a coeflicient of expansion of at least ill-3X10- inch per inch 'per degree F., said steel containing: about 0.4 to 1.0% carbon; about 6 to 13% nickel, and about 3 to 14% manganese, the sum of nickel and manganese being at least 11%; up to 1.0% silicon; and the balance iron.
- a fastening element for uniting structural components having high expansion coefl'icients said fastening element being made of a work hardened austenitic alloy steel having a coeflicient of expansion of at least 1l.8 l0- inch per inch per degree F., said steel containing: about 0.5 to 0.7% carbon; about 6 to 10% nickel; about 5 to 9% manganese; up to 1.0% silicon; and the balance iron.
- a forgeable, austenitic alloy steel characterized in having a coefiicient of expansion of at least 11.8 l0- inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 F., said steel containing: about 0.55 to 0.65% carbon; about 5 to 6% nickel; about 8 to 9% manganese; about .20 to 1% silicon; and the balance ll'OIl.
- a forgeable, austenitic alloy steel characterized in having a coeflicient of expansion of at least 1l.8 10 inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 F., said steel containing: about 0.55 to 0.65% carbon; about 7 to 8% nickel; about 7 to 8% 70 manganese; about 0.20 to 1% silicon; and the balance iron.
- a forgeable, austenitic alloy steel characterized in having a coeificient of expansion of at least 1l.8 l0- P inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 B, said steel containing: about 5 0.55 to 0.65% carbon; about 9 to 10% nickel; about 5 to 6% manganese; about 0.20 to 1% silicon; and the balance iron.
- a forgeable, austenitic alloy steel characterized in having a coefiicient of expansion of at least 11.8 10 inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 F., said steel containing: about 0.55 to 0.65% carbon; about 11 to 12% nickel; about 4 to 5% manganese; about 0.20 to 1% silicon; and the balance lI'OIl.
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Description
United States Patent 2,739,057 ALLOY STEEL OF HIGH EXPANSION COEFFICIENT Peter Payson, New York, N. Y'., assignor to Crucible Steel Company of America, New York, N. Y., acorporation of New Jersey No Drawing. Continuation of application Serial No. 201,870, December 20, 1950. This application October 24, 1952, Serial No. 316,803
10 Claims. (Cl. 75-123) This invention pertains to alloy steels which are characterized in possessing relatively high coeflicients of expanslon.
This application is a continuation of my copending application Serial No. 201,870, filed December 20, 1950, now abandoned, and entitled Alloy Steel of High-Expansion Coeflicient.
It is the object of the invention to provide an alloy steel having a higher coefiicient of expansion over the range of room temperature to 600 F., than is now available in known steels. A steel of this character is required for use as high strength bolts, screws, tie rods, and other parts in assemblies made with aluminum pieces, in order that the fit between the steel and the aluminum be maintained as tight as possible. As is well known, aluminum and its alloys have a much higher coeflicient of expansion for the range 70 to 600 than steel, namely about 15 10- inch per inch per degree F., as against 7.5 10- for ordinary carbon or ferritic steels, and about 10.0 to 10.5 x10" for the austenitic stainless steels.
There has been available for some time a special composition of steel, of analysis,
Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent 0 Mn or M0 Bal.
50 3. 11. 0 3. 0 T5 0 E5 50 max. Fe
covered by Aeronautical Specification 5624A, which has the highest vcoefiicient of expansion of any steel so far produced, namely, about 11.0 to ll.2 However, this expansion value is still far short of that of aluminum and its alloys, and there is a demand for a steel with a higher expansion value.
Another object of this invention is to provide a high expansion steel of lower alloy content than the high expansion steels now being used. This is a factor of strategic as well as of economic importance.
It is Well-known that austenitic steels have higher expansion values than steels containing the transformation products of austenite, that is, ferrite, pearlite, bainite, or martensite. Also it is well known that some compositions of austenite have expansion values difierent from those of others as shown in Table I, below, taken from data published in U. S. Department of Commerce, Circular C447, Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys.
TABLE I Expansion values of some known austenitic steels Anal sis, Percent Expansion y Coefliclent torthe Range No Bal 70 to 750 0 Mn s1 Ni Or Other i i ig 446..- 40 13 1s 2.5w Fe 9.8 3449..." .06 .36 .28 9.6 17.7 Fe 10.1 2474 .39 .74 1.12 20.2 7.9 22Gu Fe 10.5 .39 36.1 39 Cu Fe 3.5 2483-.-" .42 .71 1.03 36.0 16.4 Fe 8.5
Ice
It is clear from Table I that none of these steels has a coeflicient as high as that of the AMS 5624A analysis given above. I
Now I have discovered that a steel of relatively low nickel content, that is, about 6 to 13% with enough carbon and manganese in it to stabilize the austenite of the steel, and containing practically no chromium, has a higher coefiicient than steel of the AMS 5624A analysis, and. so far as is known, higher than any other steel pre- 0 viouslyknown.
The steel of my invention contains according to the broad range of analysis, about .40 to 1.00% carbon, about 3.0 to 13.0% manganese and about 6 to 13% nickel, the sum of nickel and manganese beingpreferably at least 11%, and the balance being substantially all iron with usual impurities, although the steel may include optional additions of up to about 2.0% in aggregate of one or more of the elements Si, V, Mo and W, and a maximum of 0.5%.Cr1 In the annealed condition, that is, as air 0 cooled from about '2100 F., this steel has a coefficient of expansion of 12.0 10* inch per inch per degree F. for the range 70 to 600 F. Within the limits of composition, just given, the value of the expansion coefficient of the steel is practically unaffected by composition 25 changes as may be seen in Table II.
TABLE II Steels of this invention which as annealed have a coefiicient of expansion value over the range from 70 to 600 F. of about 12.0 10 inch per inch per degree F.
Analysis, Percent 5 Bar 3 0 Mn Si Ni Or Bal.
55 5. 2 11 6.1 0. 09 Fe .69 9.1 .11 6.1 0. 02 Fe .68 12.9 .13 6.0 0. 02 Fe .59 5.3 .31 8.9 0.05 Fe .57 8.8 .33 8.8 0.07 Fe .66 12.8 .18 9.0 0.02 Fe 4. 9 05 11. 9 0. 03 Fe .69 9.2 .13 13.0 0.01 Fe .61 4.8 .71 12.1 0.20 Fe .73 13 6 .16 12.9 0.00 Fe TABLE IH Efiects of high nickel and chromium on the expansion coefiicient 0f austenitic steels [All samples tested as annealed, 1. 9., air cooled from 2100 F.]
Analysis, Percent Expansion fCoetiicienZB or ran 6 to 600 F.
0 Mn' Si N1 Or Bal. In. per in. X 10- per F.
. 61 4. 8 71 12. 1 0 2 Fe 12.0 58 5. O 53 13.8 4 9 Fe 11. 1 58 5. 1 61 15. 8 0 1 Fe 11. 7 62 4. 9 59 16. 1 3 4 Fe 11. 0
It is clear from these data and thoseot TablelI, that 65 chromium has a marked eliect on the expansion coefiicient, causing it to be decreased appreciably; and that nickel upwards of about 13% causes the steel to have a lower expansion coeificient than a steel containing nickel within the range of the present invention, i. e., 6 to 13%. Since the steel of this invention is austenitic and therefore cannot be hardened except by cold working; and
TABLE IV ponents having high expansion coefiicients, said fastening element being madepf a work hardened austenitic alloy steel having a hardness of at least Rockwell C 28, and having a c oefiicient of expansion at least 11.8 10- 5 inch per inch per degree F., said steel containing: about 0.4 to l.0 -carbon; about; to 13% nickel, and about 3 to 14% manganese, flie'sum of nickel and manganese being'at least 11% upto about 0.5% chromium; up to about 2% in aggregate of at least one element selected 10 from the group consisting of silicon, vanadium, tungsten Efiect of composition on the expansion coefi'icient of austenitic steels after cold working [Samples tested both as annealed, i. 9., air cooled from 2,100 F., and as cold worked about 22% from the annealed condition] Anal sis ercent Expansion y p Hard' M ti 1 vii i 11658, B Q C rum 0 Rock- Sus c ptJ 600%. m.
0 Mn s1 Ni well per 1n. 10
per F s. 2 11 6.1 Annealed.-." B76 N. M. 12.0 5. 2 11 6.1 Cold Worked. on; M. 11.6 9.1 .11 6.1 Anne e B81 N.M. 12.0 9.1 11 6.1 Cold Worked. cs5 VSM 12.0
1 N. M.non magnetic; M.magr1etic; VSM-very slightly magnetic.
On the basis of these data a steel in accordance with the invention but of higher alloy content than the minimum, should be used whenever the steel is to be cold worked or is to be subjected to very low temperatures which might tend to cause appreciable transformation of the austenite.
The preferred range of composition of the steel of this invention is: .50 to .70% carbon; 5.0 to 9.0% manganese; up to 1.0% silicon; up to 0.5% chromium; 6.0 to 10.0% nickel; up to 2.0% in aggregate of other elements not detrimental to the high expansion properties of the steel; balance iron.
Especially useful analyses are those of Table V below.
I claim:
1. A forgeable, austenitic alloy steel, characterized in having a coeflicient of expansion of at least 11.8)( inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 F., said steel containing: about 0.5 to 0.7% carbon; about 6 to 10% nickel; about 5 to 9% manganese; up to about 0.5 chromium; up to about 1% silicon; up to about 2% in aggregate of other elements which do not impair the high coefficient of expansion of the steel; and the balance iron.
2. A forgeable, austenitic alloy steel, characterized in having a coefficient of expansion of at least 1l.8 lO'" inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 F., said steel containing: about 0.5 to 0.7% carbon; about 6 to 10% nickel; about 5 to 9% manganese; up to 1.0% silicon; and the balance iron.
3. A fastening element for uniting structural comand molybdenum; and the balance substantially all iron.
4. A fastening ,element for uniting structural components havingln'gh expansion coefficients, said fastening element being made of a work hardened austenitic alloy steel having. a hardness of at least Rockwell C 28, and having a coefiicient of expansion of at least 11.8X 10- inch per inchper degree B, said steel containing: about 0.5 to 0.7% carbon; about 6 to 10% nickel; about 5 to 9% manganese; up to about 0.5% chromium; up to about 1% silicon; up to'about 2% in aggregate of other elements which do not impair the high coefiicient of expansion of the steel; and the balance iron.
5. A fastening element for uniting structural components having high expansion coefficients, said fastening element being made of a work hardened austenitic alloy steel having a hardness of at least Rockwell C 28, and having a coeflicient of expansion of at least ill-3X10- inch per inch 'per degree F., said steel containing: about 0.4 to 1.0% carbon; about 6 to 13% nickel, and about 3 to 14% manganese, the sum of nickel and manganese being at least 11%; up to 1.0% silicon; and the balance iron.
6. A fastening element for uniting structural components having high expansion coefl'icients, said fastening element being made of a work hardened austenitic alloy steel having a coeflicient of expansion of at least 1l.8 l0- inch per inch per degree F., said steel containing: about 0.5 to 0.7% carbon; about 6 to 10% nickel; about 5 to 9% manganese; up to 1.0% silicon; and the balance iron.
7. A forgeable, austenitic alloy steel, characterized in having a coefiicient of expansion of at least 11.8 l0- inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 F., said steel containing: about 0.55 to 0.65% carbon; about 5 to 6% nickel; about 8 to 9% manganese; about .20 to 1% silicon; and the balance ll'OIl.
8. A forgeable, austenitic alloy steel, characterized in having a coeflicient of expansion of at least 1l.8 10 inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 F., said steel containing: about 0.55 to 0.65% carbon; about 7 to 8% nickel; about 7 to 8% 70 manganese; about 0.20 to 1% silicon; and the balance iron.
9. A forgeable, austenitic alloy steel, characterized in having a coeificient of expansion of at least 1l.8 l0- P inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 B, said steel containing: about 5 0.55 to 0.65% carbon; about 9 to 10% nickel; about 5 to 6% manganese; about 0.20 to 1% silicon; and the balance iron.
10. A forgeable, austenitic alloy steel, characterized in having a coefiicient of expansion of at least 11.8 10 inch per inch per degree F., over the temperature range of about 70 to 600 F., said steel containing: about 0.55 to 0.65% carbon; about 11 to 12% nickel; about 4 to 5% manganese; about 0.20 to 1% silicon; and the balance lI'OIl.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 452,494 Fessenden May 19, 1891 1,843,903 Scott Feb. 2, 1932 1,902,589 Scott Mar. 21, 1933 2,217,422 Scott Oct. 8, 1940 2,220,690 Stupakotf Nov. 5, 1940 FOREIGN PATENTS 7,422 Great Britain Apr. 3, 1897 Metal Progress, November 1931, pages 69 to 72.
The Book of Stainless Steels, 2nd edition, Thum, published 1935 by the A. S. M., Cleveland, Ohio; page 340.
Alloys of Iron and Chromium, High Chromium, vol. 2, page 289. Edited 1940 by Kinzel and Franks.
Cold Working of Metals, page 2. Published in 1949, by the American Society for Metals, Cleveland, Ohio.
Symposium on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals, published jointly (1931) by the ASTM and ASME (New York); pages 693 and 694 are particularly pertinent in paper on Thermal Expansion of Metals by Mochel.
Revue de Metallurgie, Memoires, Tome 2, 1905, pages 827-833.
Claims (1)
1. A FORGEABLE, AUSTENITIC ALLOY STEEL, CHARACTERIZED IN HAVING A COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION OF AT LEAST 11.8X10-6 INCH PER INCH PER DEGREE F., OVER THE TEMPERATURE RANGE OF ABOUT 70* TO 600* F., SAID STEEL CONTAINING: ABOUT 0.5 TO 0.7% CARBON; ABOUT* 6 TO 10% NICKLE; ABOUT 5 TO 9% MANGANESE; UP TO ABOUT 0.5 CHROMIUM; UP TO ABOUT 1% SILICON; UP TO ABOUT 2% IN AGGREGATE OF OTHER ELEMENTS WHICH DO NOT IMPAIR THE HIGH COEFICIENT OF EXPANSION OF THE STEEL; AND THE BALANCE IRON.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US316803A US2739057A (en) | 1952-10-24 | 1952-10-24 | Alloy steel of high expansion coefficient |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US316803A US2739057A (en) | 1952-10-24 | 1952-10-24 | Alloy steel of high expansion coefficient |
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| US2739057A true US2739057A (en) | 1956-03-20 |
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| US316803A Expired - Lifetime US2739057A (en) | 1952-10-24 | 1952-10-24 | Alloy steel of high expansion coefficient |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1244420B (en) * | 1963-11-14 | 1967-07-13 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag | Precipitation-hardenable austenitic steel with high strength, sufficient toughness and high coefficient of expansion, as well as processes for heat treatment of these steels |
| US5380483A (en) * | 1991-12-26 | 1995-01-10 | Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. | Vibration-damping alloy |
| EP2554699A4 (en) * | 2010-03-30 | 2015-07-08 | Jfe Steel Corp | Steel sheet with high tensile strength and superior ductility and method for producing same |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US452494A (en) * | 1891-05-19 | Leading-in wire for incandescent electric lamps | ||
| GB189707422A (en) * | 1897-03-22 | 1898-03-22 | Hugh Johnston | Improvements in Ploughs. |
| US1843903A (en) * | 1927-08-11 | 1932-02-02 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Alloy |
| US1902589A (en) * | 1930-04-23 | 1933-03-21 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Bimetal thermostat |
| US2217422A (en) * | 1929-07-05 | 1940-10-08 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Glass-metal seal |
| US2220690A (en) * | 1937-03-09 | 1940-11-05 | Stupakoff Lab Inc | Glass and metal construction unit |
-
1952
- 1952-10-24 US US316803A patent/US2739057A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US452494A (en) * | 1891-05-19 | Leading-in wire for incandescent electric lamps | ||
| GB189707422A (en) * | 1897-03-22 | 1898-03-22 | Hugh Johnston | Improvements in Ploughs. |
| US1843903A (en) * | 1927-08-11 | 1932-02-02 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Alloy |
| US2217422A (en) * | 1929-07-05 | 1940-10-08 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Glass-metal seal |
| US1902589A (en) * | 1930-04-23 | 1933-03-21 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Bimetal thermostat |
| US2220690A (en) * | 1937-03-09 | 1940-11-05 | Stupakoff Lab Inc | Glass and metal construction unit |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1244420B (en) * | 1963-11-14 | 1967-07-13 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag | Precipitation-hardenable austenitic steel with high strength, sufficient toughness and high coefficient of expansion, as well as processes for heat treatment of these steels |
| US3441406A (en) * | 1963-11-14 | 1969-04-29 | Germany Edelstahlwerke Ag | Precipitation hardenable austenitic steel |
| US5380483A (en) * | 1991-12-26 | 1995-01-10 | Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. | Vibration-damping alloy |
| EP2554699A4 (en) * | 2010-03-30 | 2015-07-08 | Jfe Steel Corp | Steel sheet with high tensile strength and superior ductility and method for producing same |
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