US2712994A - Process for improving paper and product - Google Patents
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- US2712994A US2712994A US73217A US7321749A US2712994A US 2712994 A US2712994 A US 2712994A US 73217 A US73217 A US 73217A US 7321749 A US7321749 A US 7321749A US 2712994 A US2712994 A US 2712994A
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- United States
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- paper
- weight
- pulp
- parts
- tall oil
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/62—Rosin; Derivatives thereof
Definitions
- the present invention relates to processes for improving the rewetting properties or water-absorbency of paper and particularly paper towelings and to the paper so produced.
- the present invention is carried out, in general, by
- the tall oil-ethylene oxide reaction products may be added to the paper pulp at the beater or the machine chest or even at the head box in the normal paper manufacturing equipment, after which, the paper is formed on the wire in the usual manner and dried.
- the paper pulp may also contain other additives, that is wet strength resins, alum, softening agents and the like.
- Reaction products of tall oil and ethylene oxide suitable for use in this invention are prepared, for example, by condensing 100 parts by weight of tall oil with about 100 parts by weight of ethylene oxide. It is also possible in some instances depending upon the wood pulp used, to employ reaction products prepared by condensing 100 parts by weight of tall oil with 50 parts by weight of ethylene oxide. By increasing the amount of ethylene oxide reacted with tall oil, it is possible to increase the rewetting properties of the finished paper to some extent. Thus, excellent results have been obtained by using the reaction product of 100 parts by weight of tall oil and about 210 parts by weight of ethylene oxide.
- the reaction or condensation of tall oil with ethylene oxide is suitably carried out in a closed vessel such as an autoclave at elevated temperatures, usually above 100 C. and in the presence of a small amount of alkali as a catalyst, say about 3% by Weight of the charge of potassium hydroxide.
- the amount of reaction product of tall oil-ethylene oxide employed may be varied to some extent, but should be sufficient to improve the rewetting properties of the finished paper. Excellent results have been obtained in accordance with the present invention by using from about 0.2 to 0.5% by weight of such reaction product based on weight of dry pulp and these amounts are preferred. However, larger amounts may be used if desired. Amounts less than 0.2% by weight may be used in certain instances depending upon the paper pulp employed and the effect desired.
- the process described herein may be used to improve the rewetting properties of a large variety of papers, that is, papers produced from various types of wood pulps such as bleached and unbleached kraft, bleached and unbleached sulfite, bleached and unbleached ground wood pulp and the like, and mixtures of such pulps or mixtures of such pulps with bleached or unbleached soda pulp.
- wood pulps such as bleached and unbleached kraft, bleached and unbleached sulfite, bleached and unbleached ground wood pulp and the like, and mixtures of such pulps or mixtures of such pulps with bleached or unbleached soda pulp.
- Example I A wood pulp furnish of bleached sulfite pulp and 65% bleached soda pulp was beaten to 500 cc. TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industries) freeness. To this was added 0.2%, based on the dry pulp weight, of the reaction product of 100 parts of tall oil and 140 parts of ethylene oxide. This pulp slush was divided into two equal parts one containing 1% alum and the other containing no alum. The samples were then made into paper on a Noble-Wood Laboratory Sheet machine and had a basis weight of 43 pounds per ream (500 sheets, 25 inches x inches). The dried paper was tested for absorbency essentially as per TAPPI standard T-432 M- except that 0.05 cc. of testing water was used instead of the usual 0.1 cc. The number of seconds for the paper to completely absorb the 0.05 cc. of water was determined. The lower the value the better the rewettiug properties or water-absorbency of the paper is.
- TAPPI
- Paper treated with sulfonated castor oil 12 Example 11 Papers were prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1 except that 0.5% of the reaction product of parts of tall oil and parts of ethylene oxide was used based on the dry pulp weight. A similar paper was prepared without such reaction product and one was prepared which was treated with 0.5% sulfonated castor oil. The papers were then tested for water-absorbency in accordance with the test procedure described in Ex- Example'IIl A food pulp furnish of very hard to rewet bleached sulfite pulp was refined to 500 cc. TAPPI freeness. To portions of this furnish were added 0.2 and 0.5%, based on the dry pulp weight, of the reaction product of 100 parts of tall oil and 140 parts of ethylene oxide.
- the tall" oil employed in preparing the reaction products used in this invention may be crude tall oil obtained by vacuum distillation of pulp black liquor skimmings or it may be semi-refined, that is, further purified to remove unsaponifiable impurities and to improve the color.
- Tall oils generally contain between about to by weight of rosin acids including abietic acid.
- unsaturated fatty acid including -linoleic and olcic acids, the remainder con sisting of impurities and unsaponifiable materials.
- a method of preparing paper toweling having high water-absorbency properties which consists in incorporating alum and a waterdispersible reaction product of (1) 100 parts by weight of a material selected from the group consisting of tall oil, rosin oils, rosin acids and mixtures thereof and (2) from about 50 to 210 parts by. weight of ethylene oxide, in a water slurry of paper-forming wood pulp, said reaction product being-employed in amounts of about 0.2 to 0.5% 'by weight, based on the dry pulp weight, thereafter forming a wet iii sheet of paper toweling from the resulting slurry and then drying said sheet.
- a method of preparing paper toweling having high water-absorbency properties which consists in incorporating alum and the reaction product of parts by weight of 'tall oil with about 100 to 210 parts by weight of ethylene oxide in a water slurry of paper-forming wood pulp, said alum being employed in an amount of 1% by weight based on the slurry, and said reaction product being employed in an amount of about 0.2 to 0.5% by weight, based on the dry pulp weight, thereafter forming a wet sheet of paper toweling from the resulting slurry and then drying said sheet.
- Paper toweling composed of wood pulp fibers having incorporated therein alum and from about 0.2 to 0.5% by Weight, based on the dry pulp in the toweling, of a waterdispersible reaction product of'(1) 100 parts by weight of a material selected from the group consisting of tall oil, rosin oils, rosin acids and mixtures thereof and (2) from about 50 to 210 parts by weight of ethylene oxide.
- Paper toweling composed of wood pulp fibershave ing incorporated therein 1% by weight of alum, a wet. f
- reaction product 100 parts by weight of tall oil with about 100 to 210 parts by weight of ethylene oxide.
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Description
United States Patent 2,712,994 PRGCESS F93 G PAPER AND PRODUCT George E. Niles, Winchester, Mass, assignor to Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application January 27, 1949, Serial No. 73,217
9 Claims. (Cl. 92-3) The present invention relates to processes for improving the rewetting properties or water-absorbency of paper and particularly paper towelings and to the paper so produced.
It is one object of the present invention to produce paper towelings which have improved rewetting properties.
Still further objects and advantages of this invention will be obtained from the following description and the appended claims.
The present invention is carried out, in general, by
adding a small amount of a Water-soluble or water dis- T persible reaction product of tall oil and ethylene oxide to a water slurry of paper pulp at some stage before the pulp is formed into a wet sheet on the wire and then finishing the paper in the normal way. Thus, the tall oil-ethylene oxide reaction products may be added to the paper pulp at the beater or the machine chest or even at the head box in the normal paper manufacturing equipment, after which, the paper is formed on the wire in the usual manner and dried. The paper pulp may also contain other additives, that is wet strength resins, alum, softening agents and the like.
Reaction products of tall oil and ethylene oxide suitable for use in this invention are prepared, for example, by condensing 100 parts by weight of tall oil with about 100 parts by weight of ethylene oxide. It is also possible in some instances depending upon the wood pulp used, to employ reaction products prepared by condensing 100 parts by weight of tall oil with 50 parts by weight of ethylene oxide. By increasing the amount of ethylene oxide reacted with tall oil, it is possible to increase the rewetting properties of the finished paper to some extent. Thus, excellent results have been obtained by using the reaction product of 100 parts by weight of tall oil and about 210 parts by weight of ethylene oxide. In preparing the reaction products used in this invention, it is possible to replace a part or all of the tall oil with rosin oils obtained by the destructive distillation of colophony or rosin and/or with rosin acids. Rosin oils and acids, however, are not as satisfactory as tall oil and the latter is preferred.
The reaction or condensation of tall oil with ethylene oxide is suitably carried out in a closed vessel such as an autoclave at elevated temperatures, usually above 100 C. and in the presence of a small amount of alkali as a catalyst, say about 3% by Weight of the charge of potassium hydroxide.
The amount of reaction product of tall oil-ethylene oxide employed may be varied to some extent, but should be sufficient to improve the rewetting properties of the finished paper. Excellent results have been obtained in accordance with the present invention by using from about 0.2 to 0.5% by weight of such reaction product based on weight of dry pulp and these amounts are preferred. However, larger amounts may be used if desired. Amounts less than 0.2% by weight may be used in certain instances depending upon the paper pulp employed and the effect desired.
The process described herein may be used to improve the rewetting properties of a large variety of papers, that is, papers produced from various types of wood pulps such as bleached and unbleached kraft, bleached and unbleached sulfite, bleached and unbleached ground wood pulp and the like, and mixtures of such pulps or mixtures of such pulps with bleached or unbleached soda pulp.
By treating paper pulp in the manner described and then forming it into a Wet sheet and drying, it is possible to obtain paper towelings having excellent rewetting properties at low cost. The improvement obtained is particularly noticeable in the case of pulps which are also treated with alum. Thus, alum normally tends to impart a certain degree of water repellency to paper.
- When alum is employed together with the reaction products described herein, it is still possible to prepare paper towelings having excellent rewetting properties, that is, the ability to take up water rapidly and uniformly.
A further understanding of the present invention will be obtained from the following examples which are in tended to be illustrative of the invention, parts and percentages being by weight unless otherwise specified.
Example I A wood pulp furnish of bleached sulfite pulp and 65% bleached soda pulp was beaten to 500 cc. TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industries) freeness. To this was added 0.2%, based on the dry pulp weight, of the reaction product of 100 parts of tall oil and 140 parts of ethylene oxide. This pulp slush was divided into two equal parts one containing 1% alum and the other containing no alum. The samples were then made into paper on a Noble-Wood Laboratory Sheet machine and had a basis weight of 43 pounds per ream (500 sheets, 25 inches x inches). The dried paper was tested for absorbency essentially as per TAPPI standard T-432 M- except that 0.05 cc. of testing water was used instead of the usual 0.1 cc. The number of seconds for the paper to completely absorb the 0.05 cc. of water was determined. The lower the value the better the rewettiug properties or water-absorbency of the paper is.
The following table indicates the values obtainedas compared to a blank, that is, a paper made in the same way but not treated with the above described reaction product:
0.2% sulfonated castor oil, which is a prior art rewetting agent, was tested in the same manner with the following result:
N o Alum 1% Alum Secs. Secs.
Paper treated with sulfonated castor oil 12 Example 11 Papers were prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1 except that 0.5% of the reaction product of parts of tall oil and parts of ethylene oxide was used based on the dry pulp weight. A similar paper was prepared without such reaction product and one was prepared which was treated with 0.5% sulfonated castor oil. The papers were then tested for water-absorbency in accordance with the test procedure described in Ex- Example'IIl A food pulp furnish of very hard to rewet bleached sulfite pulp was refined to 500 cc. TAPPI freeness. To portions of this furnish were added 0.2 and 0.5%, based on the dry pulp weight, of the reaction product of 100 parts of tall oil and 140 parts of ethylene oxide. Similar furnishes were prepared using 0.2 and 0.5%, based onthe dry pulp Weight, of sulfonated castor oil, and other furnishes were prepared in a similar manner, but without rewetting agent additives, for comparison. Portions of these furnishes were treated with 1% alum and other portions were not treated with alum. The water-absorbency test was made in accordance with the procedure referred to in Example 1.
The following table illustrates the comparative 'efi'ectiveness of the rewetting agents tested: 7
No Alum 1% Alum Secs.
Secs.
(a) Blank .L.. Paper treated with 0.2% of tall oil-ethylene oxide reaction product 56 86 (0) Paper treated with 0.5% of tall oil-ethylene oxide reaction product 56 62 (d) Pager treated with 0.2% sulfonated castor 69 230 o (2) Paper treated with 0.5% sulfonated castor oil 64 262 Example IV Paper sheets were prepared as described in Example III except that unbleached kraft pulp was employed instead of bleached sulfite pulp. The following table illustrates the comparative rewetting properties 'ofthe differently treated papers:
No Alum 1% Alum Secs.
(a) Blank (b) Paper treated with 0.2% tall oil-ethylene oxide reaction product (100:140 (0) Paper treated with 0.5% tall oil-ethylene oxide reaction product (100:140) 32 38 (d) Papler treated with 0.2%sulfonated castor o -i e Pa or trea ed with 0.5 sulfouaed caster 9 a .1. .7? .5 64 102 The tall" oil employed in preparing the reaction products used in this invention may be crude tall oil obtained by vacuum distillation of pulp black liquor skimmings or it may be semi-refined, that is, further purified to remove unsaponifiable impurities and to improve the color. Tall oils generally contain between about to by weight of rosin acids including abietic acid.
and about to 40% by weight of unsaturated fatty acid including -linoleic and olcic acids, the remainder con sisting of impurities and unsaponifiable materials.
What is claimed is: 1. A method of preparing paper toweling having high water-absorbency properties which consists in incorporating alum and a waterdispersible reaction product of (1) 100 parts by weight of a material selected from the group consisting of tall oil, rosin oils, rosin acids and mixtures thereof and (2) from about 50 to 210 parts by. weight of ethylene oxide, in a water slurry of paper-forming wood pulp, said reaction product being-employed in amounts of about 0.2 to 0.5% 'by weight, based on the dry pulp weight, thereafter forming a wet iii sheet of paper toweling from the resulting slurry and then drying said sheet.
2. A method of preparing paper toweling having high water-absorbency properties which consists in incorporating alum and the reaction product of parts by weight of 'tall oil with about 100 to 210 parts by weight of ethylene oxide in a water slurry of paper-forming wood pulp, said alum being employed in an amount of 1% by weight based on the slurry, and said reaction product being employed in an amount of about 0.2 to 0.5% by weight, based on the dry pulp weight, thereafter forming a wet sheet of paper toweling from the resulting slurry and then drying said sheet.
3. Paper toweling composed of wood pulp fibers having incorporated therein alum and from about 0.2 to 0.5% by Weight, based on the dry pulp in the toweling, of a waterdispersible reaction product of'(1) 100 parts by weight of a material selected from the group consisting of tall oil, rosin oils, rosin acids and mixtures thereof and (2) from about 50 to 210 parts by weight of ethylene oxide.
4. Paper toweling composed of wood pulp fibershave ing incorporated therein 1% by weight of alum, a wet. f
strength resin and from about 0.2 to 0.5% by weight,
based on the dry pulp in the toweling, of a reaction product of 100 parts by weight of tall oil with about 100 to 210 parts by weight of ethylene oxide.
5. A method as in claim 1, but further characterized in that a wet strength resin is also present in the water slurry of the wood pulp.
6. A'method as in claim 1, but further characterized in that the wood pulp consists of sulfite wood pulp.
7. A paper toweling as in claim 3, but further characterized in that the wood pulp consists of sulfite wood pulp.
8. A paper toweling as in claim 3, but further characterized in that the wood pulp consists of kraft wood pulp.
9. A paper toweling as in claim 3, but further characterized in that the wood pulp consists of ground wood pulp.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,370,650 Hoskins Mar. 8, 1921 1,624,599 Hilton Apr. 12,927 1,821,856 Spafford Sept. 1, 1931 1,958,202 Novak May 8, 1934- 1,970,578 Schoelleret al. Aug. 21, 1934 2,005,397 Schur June 18, 1935 2,178,831 Bruson Nov. 7, 1939 2,183,711 DeWitt Dec. 19, 1939 2,285,366 She'fiield June 2, 1942 2,308,763 Little Jan. 19, 1943 2,316,120 MacLaurin Apr. 6, 1943 2,338,602 Schur Jan. 4, 1944 2,376,687 'Goldstein et al. May 22, 1945 2,376,688 Goldstein et al. May 22, 1945 2,380,043 Hochwalt July 10, 1945 2,387,429 Cate Oct. 23, 1945 2,418,820 Coggins et al. Apr. 15, 1947 2,469,493 Barker May 10, 1949 2,626,213 Novak Jan. 20, 1953 FOREIGN PATENTS 790,198 France May 17, 1935 OTHER REFERENCES Kinney, Paper Ind. & Paper World, April 1942; pp. 50-51.
37-41 and 46.
Claims (1)
- 3. PAPER TOWELING COMPOSED OF WOOD PULP FIBERS HAVING INCORPORATED THEREIN ALUM AND FROM ABOUT 0.2 TO 0.5% BY WEIGHT, BASE ON THE DRY PULP IN THE TOWELING, OF A WATER-DISPERSIBLE REACTION PRODUCT OF (1) 100 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF A MATERIAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF TALL OIL, ROSING OILS, ROSIN ACIDS AND MIXTURES THEREOF AND (2) FROM ABOUT 50 TO 210 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF ETHYLENE OXIDE.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US73217A US2712994A (en) | 1949-01-27 | 1949-01-27 | Process for improving paper and product |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US73217A US2712994A (en) | 1949-01-27 | 1949-01-27 | Process for improving paper and product |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2712994A true US2712994A (en) | 1955-07-12 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| US73217A Expired - Lifetime US2712994A (en) | 1949-01-27 | 1949-01-27 | Process for improving paper and product |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US2712994A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2941919A (en) * | 1957-01-31 | 1960-06-21 | Hercules Powder Co Ltd | Sizing of paper |
| US3158530A (en) * | 1961-10-16 | 1964-11-24 | Lowe Paper Co | Process for making usable waste paper containing bitumens |
| US3281312A (en) * | 1961-07-05 | 1966-10-25 | Mead Corp | Fibrous product containing resinous material and polyethylene oxide and process thereof |
| EP0161443A1 (en) * | 1984-04-30 | 1985-11-21 | Akzo GmbH | Manufacture of dry or wet crepe papers |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1370650A (en) * | 1920-04-09 | 1921-03-08 | Hoskins William | Art of making water-resistant paper |
| US1624599A (en) * | 1923-11-01 | 1927-04-12 | Kemper Thomas Company | Manufacture of fiber board |
| US1821856A (en) * | 1930-07-28 | 1931-09-01 | Wood Conversion Co | Manufacture of distended fibrous masses |
| US1958202A (en) * | 1931-12-19 | 1934-05-08 | Raybestos Manhattan Inc | Method of making sizing material |
| US1970578A (en) * | 1930-11-29 | 1934-08-21 | Ig Farbenindustrie Ag | Assistants for the textile and related industries |
| US2005397A (en) * | 1933-01-21 | 1935-06-18 | Brown Co | Manufacture of strengthened absorptive paper |
| FR790198A (en) * | 1934-06-04 | 1935-11-15 | Process for waterproofing pulp of paper, wood or rags | |
| US2178831A (en) * | 1938-04-26 | 1939-11-07 | Rohm & Haas | Aromatic polyalkylene ethers |
| US2183711A (en) * | 1938-01-07 | 1939-12-19 | Pervel Corp | Method of treating paper |
| US2285366A (en) * | 1939-10-03 | 1942-06-02 | Hercules Powder Co Ltd | Method of making terpene derivatives |
| US2308763A (en) * | 1941-06-14 | 1943-01-19 | Hercules Powder Co Ltd | Textile printing paste |
| US2316120A (en) * | 1939-08-11 | 1943-04-06 | Mclaurin Jones Co | Decalcomania paper |
| US2338602A (en) * | 1939-12-04 | 1944-01-04 | Reconstruction Finance Corp | Fabrication of wet-strengthened papers |
| US2376688A (en) * | 1943-06-07 | 1945-05-22 | Fed Electric Co Inc | Thermoplastic fibrous product |
| US2376687A (en) * | 1943-06-07 | 1945-05-22 | Fed Electric Co Inc | Process of making a fibrous thermoplastic product |
| US2380043A (en) * | 1942-08-19 | 1945-07-10 | Monsanto Chemicals | Greaseproof and water repellent paper |
| US2387429A (en) * | 1940-10-21 | 1945-10-23 | Kelco Co | Glassine paper |
| US2418820A (en) * | 1942-07-07 | 1947-04-15 | Aerovox Corp | Art of dielectrics |
| US2469493A (en) * | 1947-07-02 | 1949-05-10 | Atlas Powder Co | Synthetic detergent composition |
| US2626213A (en) * | 1948-12-21 | 1953-01-20 | Raybestos Manhattan Inc | Asbestos dispersions and method of forming same |
-
1949
- 1949-01-27 US US73217A patent/US2712994A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1370650A (en) * | 1920-04-09 | 1921-03-08 | Hoskins William | Art of making water-resistant paper |
| US1624599A (en) * | 1923-11-01 | 1927-04-12 | Kemper Thomas Company | Manufacture of fiber board |
| US1821856A (en) * | 1930-07-28 | 1931-09-01 | Wood Conversion Co | Manufacture of distended fibrous masses |
| US1970578A (en) * | 1930-11-29 | 1934-08-21 | Ig Farbenindustrie Ag | Assistants for the textile and related industries |
| US1958202A (en) * | 1931-12-19 | 1934-05-08 | Raybestos Manhattan Inc | Method of making sizing material |
| US2005397A (en) * | 1933-01-21 | 1935-06-18 | Brown Co | Manufacture of strengthened absorptive paper |
| FR790198A (en) * | 1934-06-04 | 1935-11-15 | Process for waterproofing pulp of paper, wood or rags | |
| US2183711A (en) * | 1938-01-07 | 1939-12-19 | Pervel Corp | Method of treating paper |
| US2178831A (en) * | 1938-04-26 | 1939-11-07 | Rohm & Haas | Aromatic polyalkylene ethers |
| US2316120A (en) * | 1939-08-11 | 1943-04-06 | Mclaurin Jones Co | Decalcomania paper |
| US2285366A (en) * | 1939-10-03 | 1942-06-02 | Hercules Powder Co Ltd | Method of making terpene derivatives |
| US2338602A (en) * | 1939-12-04 | 1944-01-04 | Reconstruction Finance Corp | Fabrication of wet-strengthened papers |
| US2387429A (en) * | 1940-10-21 | 1945-10-23 | Kelco Co | Glassine paper |
| US2308763A (en) * | 1941-06-14 | 1943-01-19 | Hercules Powder Co Ltd | Textile printing paste |
| US2418820A (en) * | 1942-07-07 | 1947-04-15 | Aerovox Corp | Art of dielectrics |
| US2380043A (en) * | 1942-08-19 | 1945-07-10 | Monsanto Chemicals | Greaseproof and water repellent paper |
| US2376687A (en) * | 1943-06-07 | 1945-05-22 | Fed Electric Co Inc | Process of making a fibrous thermoplastic product |
| US2376688A (en) * | 1943-06-07 | 1945-05-22 | Fed Electric Co Inc | Thermoplastic fibrous product |
| US2469493A (en) * | 1947-07-02 | 1949-05-10 | Atlas Powder Co | Synthetic detergent composition |
| US2626213A (en) * | 1948-12-21 | 1953-01-20 | Raybestos Manhattan Inc | Asbestos dispersions and method of forming same |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2941919A (en) * | 1957-01-31 | 1960-06-21 | Hercules Powder Co Ltd | Sizing of paper |
| US3281312A (en) * | 1961-07-05 | 1966-10-25 | Mead Corp | Fibrous product containing resinous material and polyethylene oxide and process thereof |
| US3158530A (en) * | 1961-10-16 | 1964-11-24 | Lowe Paper Co | Process for making usable waste paper containing bitumens |
| EP0161443A1 (en) * | 1984-04-30 | 1985-11-21 | Akzo GmbH | Manufacture of dry or wet crepe papers |
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