US2683251A - High-frequency electromagnetic wave transmission system - Google Patents

High-frequency electromagnetic wave transmission system Download PDF

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US2683251A
US2683251A US454710A US45471042A US2683251A US 2683251 A US2683251 A US 2683251A US 454710 A US454710 A US 454710A US 45471042 A US45471042 A US 45471042A US 2683251 A US2683251 A US 2683251A
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guide
wave
waves
frequency
electron beam
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US454710A
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Ramo Simon
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Priority to US454710A priority patent/US2683251A/en
Priority to GB4859/47A priority patent/GB674022A/en
Priority to FR952148D priority patent/FR952148A/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/04—Coupling devices of the waveguide type with variable factor of coupling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/02—Waveguide horns
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C7/00—Modulating electromagnetic waves
    • H03C7/02—Modulating electromagnetic waves in transmission lines, waveguides, cavity resonators or radiation fields of antennas

Definitions

  • Cla ms- My invention relates to systems for the transmission of ultra highjrequency electromagnetic :waves and to devices, for controlling the energy transmitted through dielectric wave guides.
  • i i somewhat ene el yanpr ciated th high.
  • irequency electromagnettic waves :may he transmitted through dielectric guides when the frequency at which the guide is excited is greater than a critical minimum or cut-ofi frequency.
  • Ihe energy is.,,transmitt ed through the dielectric o e-medi m with n-the uide
  • the types of waves which may be transmitted dielectrically through guides of this nature are manifold and have heretofore been classified generally into-the and .H types in the ,E ty wavesih elect oma netic-W .ha eb thlon iitud na and t an ver compo e t o e e t c fie dbutenly tra s er component o neti field...
  • theIelectromagnetic Waves may ,not only bemodulated in amplitude butmay-also .h tm duleted in pha whi nek i ipb sife to c ntre the v hase ele iq 9 the e ee' rgma netie ,vtave r eived ete t u ele od me relative, to.
  • Fig. l diagrammatically illustrates certain operating characteristics of dielectric guides of the hollow-pipe type.
  • Figs. 2, 3 and 4 diagrammatically illustrate an embodiment of my invention wherein the region of charged electric particles constitutes an electron beam which is produced within a sealed structure associated with the guide.
  • Fig. 5 diagrammatically illustrates another embodiment of my invention wherein the guide constitutes a sealed member or chamber and through which an electron beam is propagated longitudinally or along the axis of the guide.
  • Fig. l diagrammatically illustrates certain operating characteristics of dielectric guides of the hollow-pipe type.
  • Figs. 2, 3 and 4 diagrammatically illustrate an embodiment of my invention wherein the region of charged electric particles constitutes an electron beam which is produced within a sealed structure associated with the guide.
  • Fig. 5 diagrammatically illustrates another embodiment of my invention wherein the guide constitutes a sealed member or chamber and through which an electron beam is propagated longitudinally or along the axis of the guide.
  • Fig. l diagrammatically illustrates certain operating characteristics of
  • FIG. 6 diagrammatically illustrates an embodiment of my invention as applied to a transmitting and receiving system wherein a device built in accordance with the principles of my invention serves as a means for selectively connecting and disconnecting a receiving unit in a signalling system.
  • Fig. '1 illustrates an embodiment of my invention as applied to a wave converting system such as an amplifier, phase or frequency converter.
  • Fig. 8 diagrammatically illustrates an embodiment of my invention illustrated in Fig. 5 as applied to a modulating system for an amplitude, a phase, or a frequency modulating system where the modulation of the output waves is eifected in response to a controlling signal.
  • Fig. 9 diagrammatically illustrates a modification of the embodiment of my invention shown in Fig. 2 wherein the density of the electron beam may be controlled by a suitable grid structure.
  • a is the attenuation constant and B is the phase constant and both are real quantities whose magnitudes depend upon frequency.
  • phase constant B may be expressed:
  • the wave length of the electromagnetic waves propagated through the guide may be defined as:
  • the phase velocity Up of the Wave transmitted through the guide is defined as follows:
  • Equation 3 An inspection of the above equations, particularly Equation 3 indicates that the critical frequency is smallest for the lowest order wave and increases as either 11. or m is increased, that is as the order of the wave becomes larger. Furthermore, it will be noted that as either dimension 0. or b of the wave guide is decreased, the critical frequency increases. In addition, it should be noted that the critical frequency may also be decreased by increasing the value of the dielectric constant or by employing a material having a larger dielectric constant.
  • Equation 8 (real) Era (8) H (real) Hf (9)
  • p viren'tslthe phase melocity, that is the speed .at awhidhua- 'long sinusoidal wave train travels ithroug h thezmedium of theidielectricfiuide.
  • iherdottedportiomof the curve o representing-thephase velocity indicates "the actual manner in which the 'p'hase velocity 'varies within ithe ueg-iomaround the critical frequency 10. 'tihe "tapering oil -oithe-curve is due Eto the losses of the:system, particularly thelosses in themetallic iconduotor' constituting thehollow pipe member.
  • phase-veloo'ity is to be distinguished "from thephenomenaaacssociated with the r-ateoi transmission'of energy through the dielectric by elecitromagnetic waves. If an input signal is introduced-into a dielectric-guide, of course the cu-tput-signal will be delayed in phase in accordance with the 'time of transit of the-wave through the guide.
  • the guide may"be*fabricated and includes 'a base member I ,*a topplate member 2 and an end member '3.
  • the dielectric maximinwithin the guide through whichthe electromagnetic waves are propagated maybe any suitable dielectricgsuch asagas, air,
  • the guide may be excited, that-is the electromagnetic waves may'be established within the :guide "by'input electrode means such as aicon- "centri'c or coaxial transmission line including a cylinder for *tubular member '4 and a conductor 5, the latter of which "may be attached to the "top member 2.
  • aicon- centri'c or coaxial transmission line including a cylinder for *tubular member '4 and a conductor 5, the latter of which "may be attached to the "top member 2.
  • other forms “of excitation may be employed, such as probes of various configurations, and -that my invention 'is not limited to the particular arrangement for excitation shown.
  • the configuration of the excitation means determines, in many 'inistancesfthe type of electromagnetic waves which are es'tablished'withintheguide. The type illustrated'serves'to establish an Hui type wave.
  • a suitable radiating means such as a flared horn 15, may be employed at the transmitting end or .thegu'ide where it is desired to transmit the waves'into'iree space or into some other channel.
  • anendwall maybe employed andsuitable probe or otherioutput electrode means maybe .used to textraidtlthe energy from the waves.
  • .I' provide methods and apparatus for con trolling the effective dielectric constant of the medium within the guide, thereby controlling-the attenuating and transmitting characteristics thereof. More particularly, I provide .a region .oigcharged electric particles, such as electrons, which coast with .theelectromagnetic waves in the. guide .to vcontrol the energy transmitted "thereby, or to control .amplitude, phase or fre- 6 iquency @characteristicsoitthemaves.
  • Thisiregion may be coextensive with one dimensionini ithe :guide, surihras a -tcansyerseldimensiomor thesaxial :or longitudinal dimension, ;or:1the regionimay 1916 localized within a portion oinudh. dimension.
  • One away-finswhich ,myunvention unay ibe carried out is by providing anuelectron rheam thezwpath of which :transverse etc .ithe, direction of propagation-.ofd:he .awave through the guide.
  • the electron v lceam density may, of :course, :be controlled by-yar-ying the -.voltage.-applied between the anode 2c and the cathode 49.
  • .It will rbe ap (preciated :that .the electron .beam ,density may-be v.variedinresponse to any predeterminedcontroiling signal, thereby controlling the efieotivedielectric constant of the medium within the guide 2&1 will.
  • ,Diagrammatically, iior thepurposes rof illustrating one way. in which the electron.JJeam density :may be varied, ,-I hayea-shownta. battery,;B and .an adjusting 'means for controlling :the potential difference between .anodezand cathode.
  • a switch C may be connected in this circuit.
  • Fig. 3 shows in prespective the portion of the structure 1 including the disks 8 and 9 and an insulating cylinder 17 which positions the disks. Grids I4 and I are also shown to cover the rectangular openings I2 and I3.
  • FIG. 4 a perspective view is illustrated of apparatus built in accordance with one embodiment of my invention, such as Fig. 2, and shows the manner in which the anode l9 and the oathode 20 are positioned relative to the rectangular openings.
  • the guide is excited at a frequency slightly above the critical frequency of the guide under those conditions where the electron beam density is zero.
  • the electromagnetic waves will be propagated through the guide and the phase constant, the velocity of propagation, and the wave length of the transmitted wave will, of course, be determined by the equations discussed hereinbeiore.
  • the dielectric constant of the medium within the guide which for the purposes or" explanation will be assumed as being air, will be decreased to a value less than 1, consequently resulting in an effective dielectric constant which is less than unity and thereby raising the effective critical frequency of the guide.
  • one application of my invention may be represented as rapidly changing a dielectric wave guide system from an attenuator to a wave passer or propagator.
  • the wave guide system may be designed so that transition from an attenuator or a propagator, or vice versa, may be accomplished by changing the density of the electron beam from one of higher intensity to one of lower intensity, or vice versa, and that it is not necessary forthe utilization of my invention to interrupt completely the electron beam.
  • the manner in which the electron beam affects the dielectric constant of the medium through which the waves are propagated may be viewed from the standpoint of the interaction of the transmitted waves and the waves produced by the electron beam.
  • the transmitted waves and the waves of the electron beam interact to modify the efiective dielectric component of the medium, reference may be had to my paper entitled Space charge and field waves in an electron beam, published in the l ugust 1, 1939, issue, vol. 56, of Physical Review.
  • the effective dielectric constant of the medium is a function of the difference of the dielectric constant of the medium with no electron beam present and a quantity which is directly proportional to the number of charged particles per unit volume, the square of the unit charge of each particle, and inversely proportional to the mass of each charge and some function of the frequency,
  • the operation of the wave guide system shown in Figs. 2 and 4 may be selectively controlled to efiect transitions from the attenuation region to the transmitting region.
  • the effective dielectric decreases to a value which prevents the propagation of waves through the guide. That is, for increased values of an electron beam intensity, the phase velocity Up becomes greater, at all times being greater than the velocity of light, and approaches infinity at the cut-off frequency; the cut-01f frequency, of course, being a function of the effective dielectric constant.
  • the effective dielectric constant of the medium is increased to that value which will permit propagation of electromagnetic waves for the particular value of frequency and the dimensions of the guide.
  • the embodiments of my invention illustrated in Figs. 2 and i may be operated as an amplitude modulator, that is may be operated to control the magnitude of the electromagnetic waves transmitted by the guide.
  • the system may be made to operate along a vertical portion q--r of the attenuation curve or shown in Fig. 1.
  • the attentuation within this region is materially varied, causing an appreciable variation in the amplitude of the transmitted waves. Consequently, the waves transmitted through the guide, or the waves received at electrode receiving means, are controlled in magnitude in response to the beam density.
  • Fig. 5 I have diagrammatically illustrated another embodiment of my invention as applied to a dielectric wave guide which may be employed as a phase modulator or a frequency modulator.
  • the wave guide may also be of rectangular cross section of dimensions similar to that shown in Figs. 2 and 4 and in which the entire guide through which waves are propagated is hermetically sealed so that the electron beam may be transmitted longitudinally through the evacuated guide, the end wall or plate 25 serving as an anode and the end wall or plate 25 being provided with a rectangular opening including a grid 2? through which the electron beam passes.
  • a cathode 28 of the indirectly heated type may be employed, positioned as illustrated relative to the guide and the grid 2?, as a source of electrons.
  • Cathode heating current is supplied to the fila- Inent 29 through conductors 3i? and 3: and a conductor 32 is connected to the cathode and serves as a cathode lead.
  • Conductors 3532 may be supported by a glass press 33 and terminate in a plug of the type indicated as a ready means for establishing a cathode heating circuit and oath,- ode connection.
  • a tapered metallic end enclosure 313 which is sealed may be empioyed to connect the metallic walsl of the guide to the glass press assembly 33.
  • This member may be sealed to the walls of the press by a suitable glass to metal seal, such as nickel, iron and cobalt alloy.
  • electrode means which; may; take the: form. ot a concentric or coaxial transmission line: comprising-a tubular member 3.5;and1a coaxial. conductor 35,,the. former" being connected-tothe top of the wave,- guide: and: the: latter being conductively connected to the-bottomot the guide.
  • a seal 3:1 may be positioned as; indicated to: maintain.
  • I provide output electrode; means which may comprise a concentric. or coaxial. transmission .linezincluding-v a. tubular conductor 38- and a condiictor 39,.theformer oi..which. beconnected tothe. topof; the guide and the latter of which is: conductivelyconnected tothe bottom.
  • suitable sealing means is. also provided for this. line. The distance Lbetween thecenters oiythewinput and; output. electrode, means determines.
  • Operated is to design thesystem,,.that is the transverse dimensions t the.-,guide,.'the lengthL,v and the exciting. frequency for a given value of" electron beam. density so that for a particular condition of operation thephase displacement between the input; andoutputwaves is zero.
  • theelfective dielectric cOnstantN is consequently increased and the wave length X of the transmitted wave; is consequently decreased; producing a phase displacement which i's'a function of thebeam den"- sity: Flor-"example; when the electron.
  • the 'system may' be arranged sothatthephase' displacement is practicallyzero, anijfor zerobeam density-the phase displacementmay'becloseto E'X-Zbr radians
  • the d'evioes built irr accordance with my invention such as thatsh-ownih-Fig. arev employed as phase or frequency modulators, the
  • phase modulation may be operated within that region g'h trot the transit time of the wave; through the guide since a variation in the electrode beam parameters is a means of changing. the phaseor. time delay betweenmthe input and output electrode means.
  • phase modulation in this manner, itisappreciated that thesfield of application is toextremely high frequency waves.
  • the distance L may be made 1: meter 'long. If the electron beam. density is made: tovary between two extreme valueswhich correspond to-a large phase velocity comparedwith that of light and.
  • a. high frequency transmitter 4;]: is. connected: to. a radiative: and reception element,. such as-arr antenna; 42, and wherein a receiver 43; is employed;
  • thOSBillSEd for thelocation of. distant objects; it. is desired: to prevent reception by the receiver.- of the: high intensity electromagnetic waves;- emanating from a. near.- bytransmitter due; tothe faict that. theintensity of? the transmitted waves is:suilicientli great in some instances. to damagetithc receiver.
  • Iicon nect between-the transmitter-and the receiver I one of the devices built in accordance with my invention; such as the-arrangements: shown. in Fig. 2' and Fig. 5,, sovthatthe receiveris. protected while thetransmitter is operating.
  • the device when, used as a protective: or control-element is shown' diagrammatically as"4;4- ine; Fig. 6-.
  • the receiver may be; connected: by means of an: output electrode means such as that shown in Fig. 5.
  • I also provide means, for selectively controlling the: operation of the device 44 and the transmitter 41-: Referring: to Fig. 6;, I. have there shown diagrammatically-a. simple arrangement comprising a key 45' provided": with; contacts .46 and-.41, the former-of'which are closed; to establish-:an electronbeam in: the device" 44, thereby protecting the receiver when the transmitter is in operation.
  • the contacts; :41- are-connected to render, the transmitter operative by depression of the key,
  • the key 45 may be arrangedsozthat contacts 46- and 41 are closed simultaneously, orvcontacts: 46 are closed before contacts.
  • the transmitter is intensity of the outgoing electromagnetic waves and the received electromagnetic waves.
  • I may employ a protective device which establishes the electron beam when the intensity of the electromagnetic waves of the system or antenna is above a predetermined value as, for example, when the transmitter is operating, thereby protecting the receiver.
  • the electron beam is established within the device 44 causing it to operate as an attenuator.
  • the transmitter When it is desired to receive the reflected waves caused by distant objects, the transmitter of course is not operated and the device 4 1 permits the reception of signals by the receiver 43. This is, of course, effected by decreasing the electron beam density or interrupting the beam completely so that the device 44 operates as a prop agator of electromagnetic waves.
  • Fig. 7 there is diagrammatically illustrated another application of my invention and which includes a device generally similar to that shown in Figs. 2 and 4 but modified by the employment of output electrode means, such as a concentric or coaxial transmission line including a tubular member 4% and a conductor 49.
  • output electrode means such as a concentric or coaxial transmission line including a tubular member 4% and a conductor 49.
  • Other elements of the device have been assigned reference numerals corresponding to those of Fig. 2.
  • the input electrode means may be connected to an ultra high frequency generator or an antenna, and the output electrode means may be connected to a receiving device.
  • the control of the electron beam may be effected in response to a signal, produced by a device 5%, which is amplified by a suitable electronic amplifier 51.
  • control means for the electron means may be connected directly to the input electrode means comprising the tubular member 4 and the conductor 5, in which case for an arrangement similar to Fig. 6 the electron beam will be established if the intensity of the electromagnetic waves in the antenna 42 circuit exceeds a predetermined value.
  • the arrangement shown in Fig. '7 may also be operated as an amplifier for the signals produced by the device 50, in which case the magnitude of the waves received at the output electrode means may be controlled by the intensity of the electron beam.
  • Fig. 8 is another diagrammatic illustration of one way in which the device shown in Fig. 5 may be applied to a modulating system, such as a magnitude, phase or frequency modulation systern.
  • a modulating system such as a magnitude, phase or frequency modulation systern.
  • the voltage impressed acrcss the anode and cathode, which produces the electron beam is varied in response to a signal source or in response to a received signal by means of a device 52.
  • an electronic amplifier 53 may be interposed between the signal source and the wave guide.
  • the electron beam density has been controlled by variation of the anode-cathode voltage.
  • Fig. 9 I have diagrammatically illustrated a modification of the arrangement shown in 2 wherein the electron beam density may be controlled by means of a grid structure, such as a grid 5 which may be positioned intermediate the cathode H3 and. the grid mesh 44.
  • the grid it: may be insulated from the plates I and 2 of the wave guide by means of a ring of insulation 55 so that the potential of grid 54 may be maintained negative relative to that of the cathode l9.
  • Grid may be supported and attached to a metallic disk 56 positioned between the insulating tubes l8 and H, and may be connected to an external circuit through a suitable high frequency structure or transmission line if it is desired to vary the'potential thereof at high frequency.
  • the electrostatic control member or grid 5t may also be positioned between grids M and 35, that is may be positioned to lie within the portion of the electron beam within the wave guide.
  • the embodiment of my invention shown in Fig. 5 may also be provided with an additional grid structure for controlling the intensity of the electron beam.
  • a grid structure may be placed between the cathode 2B and the grid 21, or may be positioned within the guide at any optimum point along the beam.
  • a dielectric wave guide comprising an elongated hollow member, cathode means external to said member for producing within the space enclosed by said hollow member an electron stream having a component parallel to the longitudinal axis of said member and occupying substantially the entire wave guiding region therein, means coupled to said member for exciting said member at a frequency somewhat greater than the cut-off frequency established by thev dimensions of said member and the dielectric constant of the medium within said member, output means spaced longitudinally from said last mentioned means by a distance which is relatively great with respect to the wave length corresponding to the frequency of excitation of said member, and means for, controlling the charge density of said stream to phase modulate the electromagnetic waves received at said output means.
  • a' dielectric wave guide comprising an elongated evacuated hollow member for transmitting electromagnetic waves dielectrically and comprising at one end thereof a cathode and at the other end thereof an anode for producing an electron beam along'the longitudinal axis of said guide, means connected to said guide for establishing electromagnetic waves therein, and output electrode means spaced longitudinally from said last mentioned means.
  • an elongated evacuated dielectric wave guide having at one end thereof a metallic wall which serves as an anode and at the other end thereof a wall provided with an opening, a grid lying across said opening to provide a path for the flow of current incident to the waves in said guide, an evacuated member asssgacr positioned toenclose the endof said guide providing said opening and having therein a cathode, the electrons emitted. thereby passing through the grid to the end plate constituting said anode, inputelectrode means for establishing electromagnetic waves within" said guide, and output electrode means spaced longitudinally from said input electrode means,
  • a dielectric wave guide comprising an elongated hollow member, means for producing. an electron beam within the space enclosed by said hollow" member, means coupled to said member'fo'r exciting said'. member at a frequency somewhat greater than the cut-on frequency established/by the dimensions of said member and the dielectric constant of the medium within said member, electromagneticmeans for focusing said beam along a path substantially coextensive with the region of effective wave propagation within said member, output means spaced longitudinally from said exciting means by a distance which is relatively great with respect to the wave length corresponding to the said frequency of excitation of said member, and means for controlling the charge density of said beam to phase modulate the electromagnetic waves received at said output means.
  • a dielectric wave guide of the hollow-pipe type comprising an evacuated structure including means for producing an electron beam along the longitudinal axis of said guide, means for establishing in said guide electromagnetic waves of high frequency, output electrode means displaced longitudinally of said guide from said last means, and means for controlling the intensity of said beam to control the energy of said waves at the output electrode means.
  • a dielectric wave guide of the hollow-pipe type comprising a metallic member through which electromagnetic waves may be propagated, means for establishing electromagnetic waves in said member, an evacuated structure supported by said guide and extending therethrough in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic waves through said guide, electric discharge means within said structure for producing an electron beam, and means for controlling the intensity of said beam to control the amount of energy transmitted by said waves.
  • a dielectric wave guide for propagating electromagnetic waves and comprising a metallic member of rectangular cross section, a cylindrical structure extending through said member transverse to the direction of propagation of said waves and comprising a nonresonant central portion bounded by a pair of perforate coaxial metallic disks positioned contiguous to the top and the bottom of said guide to afford a substantially continuous conducting surface, and means within said structure and displaced from the central portion for producing an electron beam.
  • a dielectric wave guide for propagating electromagnetic waves and comprising a metallic member of rectangular cross section, a cylindrical structure extending through said member transverse to the direction of propagation of said waves and comprising a central portion bounded by a pair of coaxial metallic disks contiguous to the top and bottom of said guide to afford a substantially continuous conducting surface, said disks being providedwith rectangular openings the principal dimension of which is substantially equal-to a transverseidi mension of said guide, a pair of conducting grids.
  • adielectric wave guide of the: hollow-pipe type comprising a metallic memher through which electromagnetic wavesmay be propagated, means for establishing electro-- magnetic waves within said guide, a tubular structure extending through said member sub stantially perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation through said guide and comprising a central chamber including metallic partitions positioned relative to said member to afford substantially continuous conductive paths, said partitions being provided with openings, grid members lying across said openings and attached to said partitions and serving as longitudinal and transverse conducting paths for the flow of electric current incident to the transmission of the electromagnetic waves through said guide, means within said structure for producing an electron beam, and second grid means for controlling the intensity of said beam.
  • a dielectric wave guide of the hollow-pipe type comprising a metallic member through which electromagnetic waves may be propagated, means for establishing electromagnetic waves within said guide, 'a tubular structure extending through said member substantially perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation through said guide and comprising a central chamber determined by metallic partititons positioned relative to said member to aiford a substantially continuous conductive path, said partitions being provided with openings, grid members substantially covering said openings and attached to said partitions and each serving as longitudinal and transverse conducting paths for the flow of current incident to the transmission of the electromagnetic waves through said guide, and means within said structure for producing an electron beam.
  • a guide for transmitting electromagnetic waves dielectrically including a hollow-pipe type member, means for establishing electromagnetic waves in said member at a frequency close to but above cutoff, discharge-pervious means forming an electrically continuous part of the wall structure of said member, means for producing an electronic discharge extending through said disoharge-pervious means and within said member in a region traversed by said waves and means for controlling said electronic discharge to vary the propagation of said waves.
  • a guide for transmitting electromagnetic waves dielectrically including a hollow-pipe member, means for propagating electromagnetic waves longitudinally within said member at a frequency close to but above cutoff, means for producing a stream of charged particles within said member in a direction parallel to the direction of wave propagation and in a region substantially coextensive with the propagating path, and means for producing controlled variations in the density of said waves from point to point along said propagating path thereby to produce phase modulation of said electromagnetic waves.
  • a dielectric wave guide comprising an elongated hollow member, means for producing within the space enclosed by said member an electron stream parallel to the longitudinal axis of said member and extending along the wave-guiding portion thereof, means coupled to said member for producing wave propagation longitudinally therein at a frequency 0 close to but above cutoff, output means Within said member and spaced longitudinally from said last-named means by a distance which is relatively great with respect to the wave length of said electromagnetic waves, and means for producing controlled variations in the density of said electron stream from point to point along its axis to phase modulate the electromagnetic waves received at said output means.

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US454710A 1942-08-13 1942-08-13 High-frequency electromagnetic wave transmission system Expired - Lifetime US2683251A (en)

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BE479624D BE479624A (en, 2012) 1942-08-13
US454710A US2683251A (en) 1942-08-13 1942-08-13 High-frequency electromagnetic wave transmission system
GB4859/47A GB674022A (en) 1942-08-13 1947-02-19 Electromagnetic wave modulating device incorporating electron discharge apparatus
FR952148D FR952148A (fr) 1942-08-13 1947-08-19 Perfectionnements aux guides d'ondes

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US3087129A (en) * 1960-02-25 1963-04-23 Mario A Maury Centerless coaxial connector
US20040023189A1 (en) * 2002-07-30 2004-02-05 Bateman Kevin John System and method for displaying a nutritional program

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR952148A (fr) 1949-11-09
BE479624A (en, 2012)
GB674022A (en) 1952-06-18

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