US2673143A - Producing a mirrorlike finish on aluminum - Google Patents
Producing a mirrorlike finish on aluminum Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2673143A US2673143A US215031A US21503151A US2673143A US 2673143 A US2673143 A US 2673143A US 215031 A US215031 A US 215031A US 21503151 A US21503151 A US 21503151A US 2673143 A US2673143 A US 2673143A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- sodium
- aluminum
- caustic soda
- bath
- polishing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 17
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 17
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 75
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 25
- AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5H-isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline Chemical compound C1CN2CC(C(=C(OC)C=C3)OC)=C3CC2C2=C1C=C(OC)C(OC)=C2 AEQDJSLRWYMAQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000176 sodium gluconate Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000012207 sodium gluconate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 229940005574 sodium gluconate Drugs 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 16
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- BZSXEZOLBIJVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O BZSXEZOLBIJVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M D-gluconate Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- DSLZVSRJTYRBFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Galactaric acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O DSLZVSRJTYRBFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 4
- DSLZVSRJTYRBFB-DUHBMQHGSA-N galactaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)C(O)=O DSLZVSRJTYRBFB-DUHBMQHGSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229940050410 gluconate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chlorite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl=O UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229960002218 sodium chlorite Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000978776 Senegalia senegal Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PHOQVHQSTUBQQK-SQOUGZDYSA-N D-glucono-1,5-lactone Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O PHOQVHQSTUBQQK-SQOUGZDYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000012209 glucono delta-lactone Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000182 glucono-delta-lactone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960003681 gluconolactone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- CBOIHMRHGLHBPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxymethyl Chemical compound O[CH2] CBOIHMRHGLHBPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002932 luster Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 sodium nitrate sodium chlorite Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 2
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001919 chlorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052619 chlorite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Chemical class O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940000425 combination drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F3/00—Brightening metals by chemical means
- C23F3/02—Light metals
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- ing And Chemical Polishing (AREA)
Description
Patented Mar. 23, 1954 1 PRODUCING A Mnmonuxn FINISH N ALUMINUM i Eugene R. Du Fresno, Chicago, and John R. Swihart, Chicago Heights, 111., assignors to The Diversey Corporation, a corporation of Illinois No Drawing. Application March 10, 1951, Serial No. 215,031
15 Claims. (Cl. 4142) This invention relates to the production of A combination of sodium nitrate and sodium a mirrored surface on aluminum, a bath for prochlorite which gave good results was as follows; ducing it, and the products so produced.
In the ordinary commercial production of alu- 1 minum, the material, after fabrication, is custo- 5 marily etched to remove surface scratches and 20% Q produce a satin finish. It has now been dis-- Sodium gluoonate covered that by using an etching bath composed 50% sodlum f of sodium gluconate, sodium hydroxide, and so- 20% sodlum chlol'lte dium nitrate, the resulting finish instead of being 10 satin is a highly mirrored reflecting surface.
Acid baths for producing a mirrored surface have heretofore been suggested, but they are expensive, require special tanks, require high concentrations of acids, and there is considerable This was used at the rate of 16 ounces per gallon at a temperature of 205? F. for 1% minutes on 2 S aluminum.
The same mixture used with only 1% sodium gluconate was also satisfactory.
loss due to drag out. 2
The present invention utilizes caustic soda baths including an oxidizing agent and a water The following composition employed consider soluble saturated aliphatlc polyhydroxy ably less sodium nitrate and sodium chlorite than pound of the class consisting of sorbitol, gluconic 20 the preceding but likewise gave good results: acid its salts and lactones and mucic acid its salts and lactones. 2.5% Sodium gluconate Glycerine and gum arabic have been found de- 62 ti d sirable additives in that they keep the accumuladi t t tion of smut at a minimum, and thus assist in 25 105% di hl t the achievement of a better polish.
The preferred oxidizing agent is sodium ni- The composition gave good results using a contrate. Sodium chlorate and sodium nitrite are centration of 14 to 32 ounces per gallon of solualso quite satisfactory. Sodium perchlorate and tion. It was used at 205 F. for 1 minutes. sodium hypochlorite are less satisfactory, but at Good polishing results were obtained using only have some polishing effects. A combination of 16 ounces per gallon at 160 F. Some results were sodium nitrate and sodium chlorite gave very Obtained using y 4 Ounces p gallon, but the good results with considerably less total of the results W not up 50 normal Commercial two compounds than gave the best results with q t sodium nitrate alone. 3
The preferred composition is one part of so- A bath using 25% caustic soda 8% sodium dium gluconate, six parts of caustic soda, and gluconate, and 67% sodium nitrate employed h to parts of sodlum mtmte; The at the rate of 16 ounces of the composition per pos1t1on is employed 1n awater so1ut1on,normalgallon of solution gave good results at F 1y using from six to eight ounces per gallon of 40 Bath 1 was even better. caustic soda. That is, enough of the composition is employed to give a concentration of six to 4 eight ounces of caustic soda per gallon of solu- T same b th employing 30% sodium nitrate, ti n- Th in a mp n e p of l ni caustic soda, and 4 92; sodium gluconate pound of sodium gluconate, 6 pounds of caustic wa a1 satisfactory.
So and 8 p u of Sodium nitrate, 1520 When used on a series of aluminum parts, the Ounces a e u d p gallon of Solution baths continued to give a polishing action so The polishing bath may be employed in the long as there was available caustic for reaction cold or heated. The polishing effect becomes with the metal. quite evident at 160 F. or higher, but notice- Other oxidizing agents which of themselves able action has been produced at room temperwould not produce a polishing action, tended to ature. make any smut formed more adherent. While The aluminum-article is normally left in the smut is undesirable, so long as it is present at bath for aminute ortwo or until a maximum all, it is better to have it adherent; so that these polishing effect on the surface has been achieved. 56 oxidizing agents also have a value in the process.
The following formulation gave good results when employed at 16 ounces per gallon of solu tion at 205 F. for 1 /2 minutes:
20% caustic soda 8% sodium gluconate 8% gum arabic 44% sodium nitrate 20% sodium chlorite This particular bath required a temperature in excess of 150 F. to give a good polishing action.
In general with the various solutions, the time of treatment varies from 1%; to 2 minutes. If too long a time is used, gas streaking is likely to occur.
Using a reflectometer with the normal satin finish resulting from the standard caustic and nitrate etching bath as zero, the results obtained by adding gluconate were 85; and using a combination of nitrate and chlorite with added gluconate, the reading was 100.
Best results have been obtained upon 2 S aluminum. Sodium gluconate, glucono delta lactone, glucoheptonic lactone, sorbitol, and mucic acid all gave good results on this form of aluminum. 24 S, 61 S and 75 S aluminum produced fair polish.
20% NaOH sorbitol 50% sodium nitrate sodium chlorite NaOH mucic acid sodium nitrate sodium chlorite Likewise the glucono delta lactone and glucoheptonic lactone were substituted in the same formula under the same conditions with good results.
In treatments of aluminum with caustic materials where a chemical reaction with the metal occurs, a dark smut is formed. Polishing aluminum in the described baths often results in a similar condition. This smut will obscure the full luster obtained on the metallic surface. Such smut can be removed mechanically by rubbing or by acidic treatment in dilute solutions of nitric, sulfuric and chromic acids or combina tions of these acids. These post polishing treatments remove the interfering substances forming the smut and permit the full luster obtained from the polishing bath to be seen.
The foregoing detailed description is given for clearness of understanding only and no unnecessary limitations should be understood therefrom as modifications will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
We claim:
1. The method of forming a reflecting surface on aluminum which comprises immersing it in a caustic soda bath including a small proportion of sodium gluconate and .a large amount of a dissolved oxidizing agent. I,
2. The method as set forth in claim 1 inwhich 4 the temperature of the bath is at least F.
3. The method as set forth in claim 1 in which the bath contains water, approximately 1 part sodium gluconate, approximately 6 parts caustic soda, and 8 to 10 parts of sodium nitrate.
4. The method as set forth in claim 1 in which the oxidizing agent is sodium chlorate.
5. An aluminum etching bath comprising water, sodium gluconate, caustic soda and an oxidizing agent.
6. An aqueous solution containing 6 to 8 ounces per gallon of caustic soda, approximately one part of sodium gluconate for 6 parts caustic soda and 8 to 10 parts of sodium nitrate for each 6 parts caustic soda.
7. An aqueous solution containing 6 to 8 ounces per gallon of caustic soda, approximately one part of sodium gluconate for 6 parts caustic soda and 8 to 10 parts of sodium chlorate for each 6 parts caustic soda.
8. The method which comprises immersing an unpolished, fabricated aluminum object for a few minutes in a bath containing 6 to 8 ounces of caustic soda. per gallon of water, one part sodium gluconate for 6 parts caustic soda and 8 to 10 parts of sodium nitrate for 6 parts of caustic soda whereby a mirrored surface is pro duced on the aluminum object.
9. The method of treating aluminum to pro duce a mirrordike surface thereon which comprises immersing an aluminum surface in a caustic soda bath containing an oxidizing agent of the class consisting of sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium chlorate, sodium hypochlorite, and sodium perchlorate and a proportion of a polishing compound of the class consisting of polyhydric alcohols of the formula CH2OH(CHOH) aCHZOH where a is at least i, salts and lactones of polyhydroxy monohasic acids having the general formula COO-H(CHOH) cCHZOH wherein c is at least 4, salts and lactones of polyhydroxy dibasic acids having the general formula COOH(CHOH) dCOOH CI-120111 CHOH) (X12033 where a is at least 4, salts and lactones of polyhydroxy monobasic acids having the general formula COOH(CHOH) cCHZOH wherein c is at least 4, salts and lactones of polyhydroxy dibasic acids having the general formula COOH CHOH aCOOI-I wherein (Z is at least 2.
11. The method as set forth in claim 9 in which the oxidizing agent includes sodium chlorite.
12. The method as set forth in claim 9 in which the polishing compound is sorbitol.
13. The method as set forth in claim 9 in which the polishing compound is mucic acid.
14. The method as set forth .in claim 9 in which a compound of the class of glycerine and gum arabic is included in proportion to control smut.
15. A bath for polishing aluminum comprising caustic soda containing an oxidizing agent of the class consisting of sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium chlorate, sodium hypochlorite, and sodium perchlorate and a proportion of a polishing compound of the class consisting of polyhydric alcohols of the formula hydroxy monobasic acids having the general formula. COOH(CHOH)CH2OH wherein c is at least 6 4, salts and lactones of polyhydroxy dibasic acids having the general formula COOH (CHOH) aCOOH wherein dis at least 2.
EUGENE R. DU FRESNE. JOHN R. SWIHART'.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number
Claims (1)
1. THE METHOD OF FORMING A REFLECTING SURFACE ON ALUMINUM WHICH COMPRISES IMMERSING IT IN A CAUSTIC SODA BATH INCLUDING A SMALL PROPORTION SODIUM GLUCONATE AND A LARGE AMOUNT OF A DISSOLVED OXIDIZING AGENT.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US215031A US2673143A (en) | 1951-03-10 | 1951-03-10 | Producing a mirrorlike finish on aluminum |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US215031A US2673143A (en) | 1951-03-10 | 1951-03-10 | Producing a mirrorlike finish on aluminum |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2673143A true US2673143A (en) | 1954-03-23 |
Family
ID=22801359
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US215031A Expired - Lifetime US2673143A (en) | 1951-03-10 | 1951-03-10 | Producing a mirrorlike finish on aluminum |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2673143A (en) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2882135A (en) * | 1955-03-07 | 1959-04-14 | Pennsalt Chemicals Corp | Chemical composition and process for aluminum etching |
| US3085917A (en) * | 1960-05-27 | 1963-04-16 | Gen Electric | Chemical cleaning method and material |
| US3168477A (en) * | 1961-07-17 | 1965-02-02 | Vulcan Materials Co | Delacquering process |
| US3231503A (en) * | 1964-01-30 | 1966-01-25 | Macdermid Inc | Ammoniacal aqueous solution containing sodium chlorite and used for dissolving metals |
| DE1231524B (en) * | 1960-08-26 | 1966-12-29 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Process for the combined pickling and degreasing of aluminum and its alloys |
| US4588474A (en) * | 1981-02-03 | 1986-05-13 | Chem-Tronics, Incorporated | Chemical milling processes and etchants therefor |
| US20090250389A1 (en) * | 2003-12-02 | 2009-10-08 | Siemens Water Technologies Corp. | Composition for odor control |
| US8430112B2 (en) | 2010-07-13 | 2013-04-30 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Slurry feed system and method |
| US8968646B2 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2015-03-03 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Synergistic methods for odor control |
| USD840046S1 (en) | 2017-05-11 | 2019-02-05 | Toothshower, Llc | Gum massager |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2168909A (en) * | 1936-12-01 | 1939-08-08 | Aluminum Co Of America | Producing etched surfaces on aluminum |
-
1951
- 1951-03-10 US US215031A patent/US2673143A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2168909A (en) * | 1936-12-01 | 1939-08-08 | Aluminum Co Of America | Producing etched surfaces on aluminum |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2882135A (en) * | 1955-03-07 | 1959-04-14 | Pennsalt Chemicals Corp | Chemical composition and process for aluminum etching |
| US3085917A (en) * | 1960-05-27 | 1963-04-16 | Gen Electric | Chemical cleaning method and material |
| DE1231524B (en) * | 1960-08-26 | 1966-12-29 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Process for the combined pickling and degreasing of aluminum and its alloys |
| US3168477A (en) * | 1961-07-17 | 1965-02-02 | Vulcan Materials Co | Delacquering process |
| US3231503A (en) * | 1964-01-30 | 1966-01-25 | Macdermid Inc | Ammoniacal aqueous solution containing sodium chlorite and used for dissolving metals |
| US4588474A (en) * | 1981-02-03 | 1986-05-13 | Chem-Tronics, Incorporated | Chemical milling processes and etchants therefor |
| US20090250389A1 (en) * | 2003-12-02 | 2009-10-08 | Siemens Water Technologies Corp. | Composition for odor control |
| US7972532B2 (en) * | 2003-12-02 | 2011-07-05 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Composition for odor control |
| US8430112B2 (en) | 2010-07-13 | 2013-04-30 | Siemens Industry, Inc. | Slurry feed system and method |
| US8968646B2 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2015-03-03 | Evoqua Water Technologies Llc | Synergistic methods for odor control |
| USD840046S1 (en) | 2017-05-11 | 2019-02-05 | Toothshower, Llc | Gum massager |
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