US2665124A - Method of winning potassium chloride from underground deposits - Google Patents

Method of winning potassium chloride from underground deposits Download PDF

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US2665124A
US2665124A US37980A US3798048A US2665124A US 2665124 A US2665124 A US 2665124A US 37980 A US37980 A US 37980A US 3798048 A US3798048 A US 3798048A US 2665124 A US2665124 A US 2665124A
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potassium chloride
potash
solution
chloride
winning
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Jr Walter M Cross
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KANSAS CITY TESTING LAB
KANSAS CITY TESTING LABORATORY
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/28—Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent
    • E21B43/281—Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent using heat
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D3/00—Halides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
    • C01D3/04—Chlorides
    • C01D3/08—Preparation by working up natural or industrial salt mixtures or siliceous minerals

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  • This invention relates to an improved process of recovering potassium salts from brines and ores. More particularly this process pertains to a method of winning potassium compounds from underground potash beds, which comprises: establshing and maintaining in contact with such beds, a body of cyclically circulating saline liquor unsaturated with respect to potash; withdrawing therefrom liquid containing potash salts in solution, and evaporating the liquor until a 'suitable concentration of salts is obtained whereby potassium chloride may be precipitated upon cooling. The supernatant liquor may or may not then be returned to the system.
  • Solution mining processes as now conducted and particularly as described in Cross, U. S. 2,331,890 proceed on the basis that underground beds of potash salts yield relatively rapidly to the action of hot water, particularly at a temperature of 200D C. or more, giving a saline liquor or brine rich in potash compounds. Such methods may even be operative so as to bring substantial amounts of potash into solution when hot water at or near 100 C. is circulated.
  • Solubility follows the general rule and is proportionate to temperature of the solvent used. This process requires much time before the circulating liquor attains any denite composition. This is readily apparent because it is a rare occurrence to iind a saline deposit of onlyione salt. There is a period required for the solution tocome to a denite equilibrium between the .salts present and the concentration of liquid. .Illustrative of this requirement for time to permit equilibration, and particularly so, is a situation where deposits of polyhalite are involved.
  • Polyhalite is a salt of variant color corresponding to a formulae of K2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSOi-2H2O.4 When pure it contains 15.6% KzOv; 6.6% MgO; 18.6% CaO; 53.2% S03; and 6.0% H2O.
  • K2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSOi-2H2O.4 When pure it contains 15.6% KzOv; 6.6% MgO; 18.6% CaO; 53.2% S03; and 6.0% H2O.
  • the liquid phase so produced is not of the same composition as the solid phase (the material being dissolved).
  • an equilibria of such rearrangement is achieved, and the liquid phase is stable with the solid phase.
  • the eiectivenessrof these methods is dependent upon the nature of the deposit mined. If the deposit is such that a solution rich in potassium compounds cannot be obtained, the rearrangement between the medium introduced to dissolve the saline deposit serves only to establish an equilibria whereby an undesirable salt is mined; only undesirable salts are brought into solution. This, for example, may occur where sylvinite is mined. The potash in sylvinite occurs as the chloride.
  • a typical effluent from a well wherein potash deposits are not too rich is of the following nature wherein the brine is 10.0 lb./gal.; the composition of such eilluent may be:
  • Potash may be recovered from an eluent as described in two ways. One is to evaporate it to dryness and obtain a mixture of 1 part potassium chloride and 5 parts sodium chloride.- An olishoot of this method is to partially evaporate the mixture until sodium chloride is in sufficient concentration so as to give a mixture or" at least one third potash when the brine has been evaporated to dryness. A mixture of this nature comprises a commercial manure salt.
  • the second method is far superior. to drop out sodium chloride until the weight ratio of potassium chloride to sodium chloride in the liquor lies between 0.2 and 0.6. The ratio is a variant differing with the temperature of the evaporation tank. Thus at F. the ratio wouldsuccessful operation range to some extent. Cer.
  • tain salts containing magnesium or sulphate may be The brine is evaporated so as.
  • the ratio cited is the phase boundary of potassium chloride and sodium chloride. If at a given temperature there is not enough potassium chloride to satisfy the ratio of KCl/NaCl, both salt and potash will precipitate.
  • the suitability of the method herein described is dependent upon the purity of potassium chloride required. A salt of high concentration of potassium chloride may be obtained by merely cooling at a ratio yielding the concentration of the two salts as may be desired.
  • Figure 1 is a curve showing the'phase boundary, i. e. the point where at a given temperature KCl or NaCl will precipitate on cooling, depending upon which is in the ascendancy with respect to the ratio set out. To the left of the line X potash will precipitate upon cooling. In a deposit rich in potash operations are favorable to potash with respect to precipitation. But in miningT deposits lean in potash, it is necessary to artiiicially create this condition in connection with mining from underground deposits of certain types because other methods are unsuccessfully operative. By this method we are thus able to produce high grade potash in a system of rsolution mining.
  • Figure 2 is a curve showing the amount of potassium chloride which must be present per gallon of brine at a given temperature in order to precipitate out potash upon cooling.
  • FIG 3 is a diagrammatical view of my invention as applied to a single well in a potash field.
  • the beds I of various potash minerals may be several hundred feet thick and lying at a depth of as much as 2000 to 3000 feet from the surface of the ground II.
  • the potash minerals occur asV strata of Vvarying thickness separated by shale or the like as indicated at I2. Underneath is. bed rock I3.
  • a well is sunk substantially to the bed-rock horizon as indicated in short-dashed lines at I4, and is cased oli as by a casing I5 down as far as the potash deposit.
  • a pipe IB is sunk down through the casing with an outlet I'I close to the bottom of the potash beds.
  • a pump I9 crculates water or brine from a suction tank Z5 through pipe 2I.
  • the salt containing liquor issues from the well through pipe I6 and into the suction tank 20.
  • From this circuit is bled 10 gal/min. into an evaporating tank 22.
  • the evaporator may be of the usual commercial type vacuum heater or a combination thereof.
  • Brine is cycled from the evaporating tank through a tube heater 23 at 60 gal/min. and ashed back into the evaporating tank at 300 F. Evaporation of about 10 gal/min. results from the flashing operation. From the far end of the tank, brine- 1s bled through pipe 24 into a.
  • the method of winning potassium chloride from underground deposits sparse in potash content which comprises establishing and maintaining a body of cyclically circulating cold liquid ca pable of dissolving both sodium chloride and potassium chloride and unsaturated with respect to potassium chloride in contact with said deposits, withdrawing a ⁇ portion of said liquid containing both sodium chloride and potassium chloride dissolved therein, heating said portion, evaporating an amount of said heated solution suiiicient to raise the weight ratio of potassium chloride to sodium chloride in said solution to between 0.2 and 0.6, cooling said solution thereby to precipitate potassium chloride, and returning the supernatant liquid to said body of circulating liquid.
  • the method of winning potassium chloride from underground deposits sparse in potash content which comprises establishing and maintaining a body of cyclically circulating cold liquid cspable of dissolving both sodium chloride and pod tassium chloride and unsaturated with respect to potassium chloride in contact with said deposits, withdrawing a portion of saidA liquid containing both sodium chloride and potassium chloride dissolved therein, heating said portion.. evaporating an amount of said heated solution sufficient to raise the weight ratio of potassium chloride to sodium chloride in said solution to between 0.2 and 0.6, cooling said solution thereby to precipitate potassium chloride, removing said potassium chloride and returning the supernatant liquid to said circulating body of liquid.
  • the method of winning potassium chloride from sparse sylvinite ore deposits which comprises contacting said ore with a cyclically circulating body of cold liquid capable of dissolving both sodium chloride and potassium chloride and unsaturated with respect to potassium chloride, withdrawing a portion of said liquid containing both sodium chloride and potassium chloride dissolved therein, heating said portion above thc boiling point of said solution, evaporating an amount of said heated solution suiicient to raise the weight ratio of potassium chloride. to sodium ⁇ chloride in saidV solution to at least 0.2 but not greater than 0.6 and cooling said solution thereby to precipitate potassium chloride, recovering said potassium chloride, and returning the supernatant liquid to said circulating body of liquid.

Description

Jan. 5, 1954 Filed July lO, 1948 W. M. CROSS JR METHOD OF WINNING POTASSIUM CHLORIDE FROM UNDERGROUND DEPOSITS .o lbsNC :per Joo lbs Wafer fide/22h07 W. M. C
Jan. 5, 1954 ROSS, JR G POTASSIUM CHLORIDE FROM UNDERGROUND DEPOSITS METHOD OF WINNIN 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed July l0, 1948 SKO \Q .QRO kb 1 G N r NOOS@ mu DN@ @QM u nog KIN v /WJ/Jzgf W. M. CROSS, JR F' WINNING POTASSIUM Jan. 5, 1954 METHOD O CHLORIDE FROM UNDERGROUND DEPOSITS 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed July lO, 1948 "llllllly- Patented Jan. 5, 1954 METHOD OF WINNING POTASSIUM CHLO- RIDE FROM UNDERGROUND DEPOSITS Walter M. Cross, Jr., Kansas City, Mo., assignor to Kansas City Testing Laboratory, Kansas City, Mo., a corporation of Missouri Application July 10, 1948, Serial No. 37,980
3 Claims. (Cl. 262-2) This invention relates to an improved process of recovering potassium salts from brines and ores. More particularly this process pertains to a method of winning potassium compounds from underground potash beds, which comprises: establshing and maintaining in contact with such beds, a body of cyclically circulating saline liquor unsaturated with respect to potash; withdrawing therefrom liquid containing potash salts in solution, and evaporating the liquor until a 'suitable concentration of salts is obtained whereby potassium chloride may be precipitated upon cooling. The supernatant liquor may or may not then be returned to the system.
It is an object of this invention to enable solution mining as hereiore conducted to be ilerformed upon potash beds wherein the potassium chloride concentration is insuiiicient to warrant the economic operation of present mining methods. It is a further object of this invention to operate upon salt beds lean in potash by solution mining wherein the mining solution is cold. Solution mining processes as now conducted and particularly as described in Cross, U. S. 2,331,890 proceed on the basis that underground beds of potash salts yield relatively rapidly to the action of hot water, particularly at a temperature of 200D C. or more, giving a saline liquor or brine rich in potash compounds. Such methods may even be operative so as to bring substantial amounts of potash into solution when hot water at or near 100 C. is circulated. Solubility, however, follows the general rule and is proportionate to temperature of the solvent used. This process requires much time before the circulating liquor attains any denite composition. This is readily apparent because it is a rare occurrence to iind a saline deposit of onlyione salt. There is a period required for the solution tocome to a denite equilibrium between the .salts present and the concentration of liquid. .Illustrative of this requirement for time to permit equilibration, and particularly so, is a situation where deposits of polyhalite are involved. Polyhalite is a salt of variant color corresponding to a formulae of K2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSOi-2H2O.4 When pure it contains 15.6% KzOv; 6.6% MgO; 18.6% CaO; 53.2% S03; and 6.0% H2O. In attacking polyhalite by superheated water, there is a rst solution of some of the components comprising the polyhalite. The liquid phase so produced is not of the same composition as the solid phase (the material being dissolved). As further time elapses there is a realignment between the dissolving liquid and the saline deposit and the concentration of the brine being formed is rearranged. Eventually an equilibria of such rearrangement is achieved, and the liquid phase is stable with the solid phase. These facts are particularly true .for langbeinite (K2SO4.MgSOi).
The principal of such arrangement to reach an equilibria is employed in other methods by attacking the subterranean beds with a superheated solution of NaCl or CaClz, in which case successive equilibria take place resulting in the building up of a KCl concentration in the liquid phase at the expense of the solid phase. At that point the KCl solution is removed, is cooled and KCI crystallized out.
The eiectivenessrof these methods is dependent upon the nature of the deposit mined. If the deposit is such that a solution rich in potassium compounds cannot be obtained, the rearrangement between the medium introduced to dissolve the saline deposit serves only to establish an equilibria whereby an undesirable salt is mined; only undesirable salts are brought into solution. This, for example, may occur where sylvinite is mined. The potash in sylvinite occurs as the chloride.
It therefore occurs that from time to time considerable sodium chloride is mined, which occurrence limits the operability of known potassium chloride solution mining methods. I have discovered that a circulating liquid in the form of cold water with subsequent evaporation to a .suitable point may now be used to get saturation to the point achieved in hot water solution mining'. Such cold water operation may be successfully employed where potash deposits are too lean to get satisfactory saturation of hot circulating saline solutions. q
A typical effluent from a well wherein potash deposits are not too rich is of the following nature wherein the brine is 10.0 lb./gal.; the composition of such eilluent may be:
Pounds Water 7 Sodium chloride 2.5 Potassium chloride 0.5
Potash may be recovered from an eluent as described in two ways. One is to evaporate it to dryness and obtain a mixture of 1 part potassium chloride and 5 parts sodium chloride.- An olishoot of this method is to partially evaporate the mixture until sodium chloride is in sufficient concentration so as to give a mixture or" at least one third potash when the brine has been evaporated to dryness. A mixture of this nature comprises a commercial manure salt. The second method is far superior. to drop out sodium chloride until the weight ratio of potassium chloride to sodium chloride in the liquor lies between 0.2 and 0.6. The ratio is a variant differing with the temperature of the evaporation tank. Thus at F. the ratio wouldsuccessful operation range to some extent. Cer.
tain salts containing magnesium or sulphate may The brine is evaporated so as.
interfere badly with the possibility of concentrating to ratios above enumerated but this interference may be curbed. See my co-pending application Serial No. 36,271, filed June 30, 104.8. For all ostensible purposes the range of 0.2 to 0.6 is substantially the most satisfactory limits of operation.
The ratio cited is the phase boundary of potassium chloride and sodium chloride. If at a given temperature there is not enough potassium chloride to satisfy the ratio of KCl/NaCl, both salt and potash will precipitate. The suitability of the method herein described is dependent upon the purity of potassium chloride required. A salt of high concentration of potassium chloride may be obtained by merely cooling at a ratio yielding the concentration of the two salts as may be desired.
Figure 1 is a curve showing the'phase boundary, i. e. the point where at a given temperature KCl or NaCl will precipitate on cooling, depending upon which is in the ascendancy with respect to the ratio set out. To the left of the line X potash will precipitate upon cooling. In a deposit rich in potash operations are favorable to potash with respect to precipitation. But in miningT deposits lean in potash, it is necessary to artiiicially create this condition in connection with mining from underground deposits of certain types because other methods are unsuccessfully operative. By this method we are thus able to produce high grade potash in a system of rsolution mining. The only other alternative is to evaporate to dryness and then wash the dried salt with a sat urated solution of sodium chloride hot until the brine is of suilicient potash concentration to satisfy the ratio with subsequent cooling in order to precipitate the potash. An evaporation process of this nature is unsatisfactory because of increased cost and because it then becomes necessary to resort to batch operations with the elimination of a cyclic operation.
Figure 2 is a curve showing the amount of potassium chloride which must be present per gallon of brine at a given temperature in order to precipitate out potash upon cooling.
Figure 3 is a diagrammatical view of my invention as applied to a single well in a potash field. The beds I of various potash minerals may be several hundred feet thick and lying at a depth of as much as 2000 to 3000 feet from the surface of the ground II. The potash minerals occur asV strata of Vvarying thickness separated by shale or the like as indicated at I2. Underneath is. bed rock I3. In the beginning, a well is sunk substantially to the bed-rock horizon as indicated in short-dashed lines at I4, and is cased oli as by a casing I5 down as far as the potash deposit. A pipe IB is sunk down through the casing with an outlet I'I close to the bottom of the potash beds. The casing is closed at the top as at I8. In the operations of the system a pump I9 crculates water or brine from a suction tank Z5 through pipe 2I. The salt containing liquor issues from the well through pipe I6 and into the suction tank 20. From this circuit is bled 10 gal/min. into an evaporating tank 22. The evaporator may be of the usual commercial type vacuum heater or a combination thereof. Brine is cycled from the evaporating tank through a tube heater 23 at 60 gal/min. and ashed back into the evaporating tank at 300 F. Evaporation of about 10 gal/min. results from the flashing operation. From the far end of the tank, brine- 1s bled through pipe 24 into a. cooling tank 25 at 10 gal/min. Potash precipitates and is collected on the. bottom as at 26 whence they are withdrawn. by a scraping means and a conveyor 21. The supernatant liquor is then returned to the suction tank. Water or de-salted brine is supplied to the suction tank to maintain the volume of the system constant.
What I claim is as follows:
l. The method of winning potassium chloride from underground deposits sparse in potash content which comprises establishing and maintaining a body of cyclically circulating cold liquid ca pable of dissolving both sodium chloride and potassium chloride and unsaturated with respect to potassium chloride in contact with said deposits, withdrawing a` portion of said liquid containing both sodium chloride and potassium chloride dissolved therein, heating said portion, evaporating an amount of said heated solution suiiicient to raise the weight ratio of potassium chloride to sodium chloride in said solution to between 0.2 and 0.6, cooling said solution thereby to precipitate potassium chloride, and returning the supernatant liquid to said body of circulating liquid.
2. The method of winning potassium chloride from underground deposits sparse in potash content which comprises establishing and maintaining a body of cyclically circulating cold liquid cspable of dissolving both sodium chloride and pod tassium chloride and unsaturated with respect to potassium chloride in contact with said deposits, withdrawing a portion of saidA liquid containing both sodium chloride and potassium chloride dissolved therein, heating said portion.. evaporating an amount of said heated solution sufficient to raise the weight ratio of potassium chloride to sodium chloride in said solution to between 0.2 and 0.6, cooling said solution thereby to precipitate potassium chloride, removing said potassium chloride and returning the supernatant liquid to said circulating body of liquid.
3. The method of winning potassium chloride from sparse sylvinite ore deposits which comprises contacting said ore with a cyclically circulating body of cold liquid capable of dissolving both sodium chloride and potassium chloride and unsaturated with respect to potassium chloride, withdrawing a portion of said liquid containing both sodium chloride and potassium chloride dissolved therein, heating said portion above thc boiling point of said solution, evaporating an amount of said heated solution suiicient to raise the weight ratio of potassium chloride. to sodium` chloride in saidV solution to at least 0.2 but not greater than 0.6 and cooling said solution thereby to precipitate potassium chloride, recovering said potassium chloride, and returning the supernatant liquid to said circulating body of liquid.
WALTER M. CROSS, Je.
References Cited in the f iler of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 874,906 Frasch g i r Dec. 24, 1907 874,907 Frasch Dec. 24, 1907 1,288,592 Horney v Dec. 24, 1918 1,415,203 Stevenson May 9, 1922 1,422,571 Harlow July 1.1, 1922 2,331,890 Cross Oct. 19, 1943 OTHER REFERENCES Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds by Seidell, page 521, second edition, second printing, D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc., N. Y.

Claims (1)

1. THE METHOD OF WINNING POTASSIUM CHLORIDE FROM UNDERGROUND DEPOSITS SPARSE IN PORASH CONTENT WHICH COMPRISES ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING A BODY OF CYCLICALLY CIRCULATING COLD LIQUID CAPABLE OF DISSOLVING BOTH SODIUM CHLORIDE AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE AND UNSATURATED WITH RESPECT TO POTASSIUM CHLORIDE IN CONTACT WITH SAID DEPOSITS, WITHDRAWING A PORTION OF SAID LIQUID CONTAINING BOTH SODIUM CHLORIDE AND POTASSIUM
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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3050290A (en) * 1959-10-30 1962-08-21 Fmc Corp Method of recovering sodium values by solution mining of trona
US3058729A (en) * 1960-01-08 1962-10-16 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Solution mining method
US3195614A (en) * 1961-12-01 1965-07-20 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Process of concentrating solutions of sodium and potassium chloride as falling films on heated surfaces
US3278234A (en) * 1965-05-17 1966-10-11 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Solution mining of potassium chloride
US3366419A (en) * 1964-11-12 1968-01-30 Exxon Research Engineering Co Process for solution mining kci deposits
US3407004A (en) * 1967-01-19 1968-10-22 Continental Oil Co Solution mining of kcl-nacl with solvent at ambient temperature
US4239287A (en) * 1979-02-01 1980-12-16 Ppg Industries Canada, Ltd. Solution mining potassium chloride from heated subterranean cavities
WO2015023252A3 (en) * 2013-08-12 2015-07-23 Utah State University Potash processing with mechanical vapor recompression
US20200080405A1 (en) * 2018-09-06 2020-03-12 Buffalo Potash Corp. Downhole heating methods for solution mining

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US874907A (en) * 1907-05-20 1907-12-24 United Salt Company Mining salt.
US874906A (en) * 1899-02-16 1907-12-24 United Salt Company Mining salt.
US1288592A (en) * 1915-04-17 1918-12-24 Gen Reduction Gas And By Products Company Process of obtaining potassium chlorid from brines.
US1415203A (en) * 1919-08-07 1922-05-09 Gen Bond And Share Company Process for recovering potash
US1422571A (en) * 1916-11-27 1922-07-11 Dow Chemical Co Method of extracting potassium salts from bitterns
US2331890A (en) * 1941-07-05 1943-10-19 Kansas City Testing Lab Mining and recovery of potash compounds

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US874906A (en) * 1899-02-16 1907-12-24 United Salt Company Mining salt.
US874907A (en) * 1907-05-20 1907-12-24 United Salt Company Mining salt.
US1288592A (en) * 1915-04-17 1918-12-24 Gen Reduction Gas And By Products Company Process of obtaining potassium chlorid from brines.
US1422571A (en) * 1916-11-27 1922-07-11 Dow Chemical Co Method of extracting potassium salts from bitterns
US1415203A (en) * 1919-08-07 1922-05-09 Gen Bond And Share Company Process for recovering potash
US2331890A (en) * 1941-07-05 1943-10-19 Kansas City Testing Lab Mining and recovery of potash compounds

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3050290A (en) * 1959-10-30 1962-08-21 Fmc Corp Method of recovering sodium values by solution mining of trona
US3058729A (en) * 1960-01-08 1962-10-16 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Solution mining method
US3195614A (en) * 1961-12-01 1965-07-20 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Process of concentrating solutions of sodium and potassium chloride as falling films on heated surfaces
US3366419A (en) * 1964-11-12 1968-01-30 Exxon Research Engineering Co Process for solution mining kci deposits
US3278234A (en) * 1965-05-17 1966-10-11 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Solution mining of potassium chloride
US3407004A (en) * 1967-01-19 1968-10-22 Continental Oil Co Solution mining of kcl-nacl with solvent at ambient temperature
US4239287A (en) * 1979-02-01 1980-12-16 Ppg Industries Canada, Ltd. Solution mining potassium chloride from heated subterranean cavities
WO2015023252A3 (en) * 2013-08-12 2015-07-23 Utah State University Potash processing with mechanical vapor recompression
US20200080405A1 (en) * 2018-09-06 2020-03-12 Buffalo Potash Corp. Downhole heating methods for solution mining

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