US2663072A - Process for joining sheet metal or the like - Google Patents
Process for joining sheet metal or the like Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2663072A US2663072A US81783A US8178349A US2663072A US 2663072 A US2663072 A US 2663072A US 81783 A US81783 A US 81783A US 8178349 A US8178349 A US 8178349A US 2663072 A US2663072 A US 2663072A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tongues
- sheet
- sheets
- sheet metal
- joining
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 title description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 7
- 210000002105 tongue Anatomy 0.000 description 37
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001503 joint Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D39/00—Application of procedures in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than by plating; Tube expanders
- B21D39/03—Application of procedures in order to connect objects or parts, e.g. coating with sheet metal otherwise than by plating; Tube expanders of sheet metal otherwise than by folding
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B5/00—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them
- F16B5/07—Joining sheets or plates, e.g. panels, to one another or to strips or bars parallel to them by means of multiple interengaging protrusions on the surfaces, e.g. hooks, coils
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
- Y10T29/49936—Surface interlocking
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
- Y10T29/49938—Radially expanding part in cavity, aperture, or hollow body
- Y10T29/49943—Riveting
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
- Y10T403/70—Interfitted members
Definitions
- My invention relates to a process for joining sheet metal, particularly for manufacturing cylindrical and conical tubes.
- I provide cuts at or near the edges of the sheets to be joined, so as to form identical tongues or groups of tongues. Subsequently the tongues of the two edge portions of material to be joined are bent off so that each tongue projects by about the thickness of the material. Then the tongues of each edge portion are pressed into the slots formed by the bending of the tongues of the adjoining edge portion. As a result, all tongues of the two edges can take up tensile stresses and shearing stresses with their whole cross sections.
- Fig. 1 is a sectional view along the joint of two flat sheets, showing the sheets loosely placed together;
- Fig. 2 is a. front view and Fig. 3 a sectional view of the same two sheets after they are rmly pressed against each other;
- Fig. 4 shows a sectional view of the sheets with the joint completed, and
- Fig. 5 is a top view of the sheets in the same intermediate stage as shown in Figs. 2 and 3; while Figs. 6- and 7 are a top View and a side view respectively of a butt joint also in an intermediate process stage similar to that of Figs. 2, 3 and 5.
- each sheet is thus provided with slots I4 and I5, respectively, corresponding to the bent-oli tongues.
- the tongues l2 of one sheet enters into respective slots I5 of the other sheet, and the tongues I3 of the other sheet enter into the slots I4 of the rst sheet.
- Each tongue I2 then lies adjacent to a tongue I 3 (Fig. l). Thereafter the two sheets are pressed together. As a result, the tongues penetrate through the slots like closelyfltting wedges (Figs. 2, 3).
- the length of the tongues slightly exceeds the thickness d of the sheets so that, when the sheets are joined together, the ends 9 of the tongues slightly protrude at both sides beyond the outside surface of the sheet (Fig. 9). Thereafter the protruding ends 9 are flattened under very high pressure so that the seam is sealed to be completely tight and to resist opening (Fig. 4).
- This method is suitable for joining all kinds of materials and is not restricted to seams along the edges of the pieces of material. It is also suitable for particularly strong materials which resist deformation and are not suitable for being welded.
- Figs. 6, 7 show two sheets I6, I1, which abut against each other along an edge h (without overlap). Both sheets are provided with tongues I8 and i9, respectively, which are all bent toward. the same side (downward in Fig. 6) in the same manner as described above with reference to tongues I2 (Figs. 1 to 3).
- the sheets I6, II are joined together by means of a strip 2D provided with two rows of tongues 2
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Description
Dec- 22, 1953 J. PFls'rERsHAMMER PROCESS FOR JOINING SHEET METAL 0R THE LIKE Filed March 16, 1949 Patented Dec. 22, 1953 H Massima4 Param y HELKE .y l 'fritocsssiijogormmesnssrfmal Josef Pfistershammer,
Application March 16, 1949, Serial No. 81,783
2 claims. l
My invention relates to a process for joining sheet metal, particularly for manufacturing cylindrical and conical tubes.
The usual manner of joining sheet metal by rivets requires rivet holes, which reduce 'the cross section and cause waste of material. The joining of sheets by flanging or welding is not always applicable, especially in the case of materials of high strength, such as certain alloy steels, high-carbon steels or refined aluminum alloys, whose low ductility makes them unsuitable for welding and fianging.
It is an object of my invention to overcome these disadvantages and diiiiculties.
According to the invention, I provide cuts at or near the edges of the sheets to be joined, so as to form identical tongues or groups of tongues. Subsequently the tongues of the two edge portions of material to be joined are bent off so that each tongue projects by about the thickness of the material. Then the tongues of each edge portion are pressed into the slots formed by the bending of the tongues of the adjoining edge portion. As a result, all tongues of the two edges can take up tensile stresses and shearing stresses with their whole cross sections.
These and other features of my invention will be apparent from the embodiments exemplified by the drawing, in which- Fig. 1 is a sectional view along the joint of two flat sheets, showing the sheets loosely placed together;
Fig. 2 is a. front view and Fig. 3 a sectional view of the same two sheets after they are rmly pressed against each other; Fig. 4 shows a sectional view of the sheets with the joint completed, and Fig. 5 is a top view of the sheets in the same intermediate stage as shown in Figs. 2 and 3; while Figs. 6- and 7 are a top View and a side view respectively of a butt joint also in an intermediate process stage similar to that of Figs. 2, 3 and 5.
In the joint, shown in Figs. 1 to 5, identical tongues I2 and I3, respectively, are cut from the two metal sheets I0 and II near the edges and bent as shown in Fig. 1. Each sheet is thus provided with slots I4 and I5, respectively, corresponding to the bent-oli tongues. For joining the sheets, they are placed together so that the tongues l2 of one sheet enters into respective slots I5 of the other sheet, and the tongues I3 of the other sheet enter into the slots I4 of the rst sheet. Each tongue I2 then lies adjacent to a tongue I 3 (Fig. l). Thereafter the two sheets are pressed together. As a result, the tongues penetrate through the slots like closelyfltting wedges (Figs. 2, 3). The length of the tongues slightly exceeds the thickness d of the sheets so that, when the sheets are joined together, the ends 9 of the tongues slightly protrude at both sides beyond the outside surface of the sheet (Fig. 9). Thereafter the protruding ends 9 are flattened under very high pressure so that the seam is sealed to be completely tight and to resist opening (Fig. 4).
This method is suitable for joining all kinds of materials and is not restricted to seams along the edges of the pieces of material. It is also suitable for particularly strong materials which resist deformation and are not suitable for being welded.
Figs. 6, 7 show two sheets I6, I1, which abut against each other along an edge h (without overlap). Both sheets are provided with tongues I8 and i9, respectively, which are all bent toward. the same side (downward in Fig. 6) in the same manner as described above with reference to tongues I2 (Figs. 1 to 3). The sheets I6, II are joined together by means of a strip 2D provided with two rows of tongues 2| and 22, which are also all bent toward the same side (upward in Fig. 6). The mutual engagement of the tongues and the sealing of the seam is eiected along the two rows exactly as described with reference to Figs. 1 to 5.
I claim:
l. The process of joining two sheet metal sheets, which comprises the steps of cutting into each sheet within its contour and near one of its edges a row of tongue-forming cuts, the cuts being substantially of the shape of three sides of a rectangle with the longest cut side opposite the tongue lfoot and transverse to said edge, the cuts in each sheet being alternately to the left and to the right of the tongue foot; bending the tongues of each sheet approximately at a right angle away from the sheet surface to be engaged by the other sheet thus forming respective openings adjacent to said tongues and of the same contour as said tongues, the tongues thus formed on each sheet projecting from the sheet a distance only slightly greater than the thickness of the adjacent sheet; overlapping the two sheets and placing the tongues of each sheet into the openings of the other sheet;` and applying upsetting force to the ends of the tongues in a direction substantially perpendicular to the sheet surface to rivet the tongues of each sheet in the openings of the other sheet.
2. The process of joining two sheet-metal parts, which comprises the steps of cutting into each part within its contour and near one of its edges a. row of tongue-forming cuts substantially of the shape of three sides of a rectangle, the cuts in each sheet part being alternately to the left and to the right of the tongue foot, and the height of the tongues being only slightly larger than the sheet thickness; bending the tongues of each part approximately at a. right angle away from the part surface tor be engaged by the other part thus forming respective openings adjacent to said tongues and of the same contour as said tongues; placing the two parts in mutually overlapping relation and pressing the tongues of each part into the openings of the other part; and applying upsetting force to the ends of the tongues in a direction substantially perpendicular to the sheet surface to rivet the tongues o! each part in the openings of the other part.
JOSEF PFISTERSHAMMER.
References Cited in the file oi. this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 338,877 Ritchie Mar. 30, 1886 384,118 V.Bellinger June 5, 1888 518,767 Plecker Apr. 24, 1894 581,414 Cressler Apr. 27, 1897 1,034,483 Mills Aug. 6, 1912 2,009,568 Walker July 30, 1935 2,149,918 Komorous Mar. 7, 1939 2,251,926 Erb Aug. 12, 1941
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US81783A US2663072A (en) | 1949-03-16 | 1949-03-16 | Process for joining sheet metal or the like |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US81783A US2663072A (en) | 1949-03-16 | 1949-03-16 | Process for joining sheet metal or the like |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US2663072A true US2663072A (en) | 1953-12-22 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US81783A Expired - Lifetime US2663072A (en) | 1949-03-16 | 1949-03-16 | Process for joining sheet metal or the like |
Country Status (1)
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Cited By (29)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2870533A (en) * | 1954-01-11 | 1959-01-27 | Vandervell Products Ltd | Joining together of metal parts |
US2871556A (en) * | 1955-02-28 | 1959-02-03 | Bugbee & Niles Company | Method of making mesh fabric |
US2900714A (en) * | 1954-06-25 | 1959-08-25 | Coleman Co | Method of joining sheet material |
US2912075A (en) * | 1953-03-28 | 1959-11-10 | Pfistershammer Josef | Support structure constructed from hollow members, more particularly tubes of thin hard-rolled metal sheets |
US3034209A (en) * | 1956-07-31 | 1962-05-15 | Bianca Edoardo Giuseppe | Method of making tapered tubular sections |
US3174219A (en) * | 1958-12-12 | 1965-03-23 | Varta Ag | Method of making a sintered electrode |
US3193432A (en) * | 1962-03-30 | 1965-07-06 | Alex Sabin Baines | Apparatus for forming tubing from flexible resilient strip material |
US3824757A (en) * | 1971-01-18 | 1974-07-23 | Snyder B | Method of joining sheet metal, and sheet metal joints |
US3924378A (en) * | 1973-08-01 | 1975-12-09 | Otto P Hafner | Interlocking joint for overlying sheet material |
US4574453A (en) * | 1982-04-30 | 1986-03-11 | Btm Corporation | Self-attaching fastener and method of securing same to sheet material |
US4757609A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1988-07-19 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for joining sheet material |
US5177861A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1993-01-12 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for joining sheet material |
US5208974A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1993-05-11 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for attaching a fastener to sheet material |
US5208973A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1993-05-11 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for joining sheet material |
US5339509A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1994-08-23 | Btm Corporation | Method for attachment of fastener to sheet material |
US5581860A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1996-12-10 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for joining sheet material |
WO1996040496A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | Ranpak Corp. | Machine for converting stock material into a cushioning product |
US5755656A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-05-26 | Ranpak Corp. | Cushioning conversion machine and method with independent edge connecting |
US5984563A (en) * | 1994-07-22 | 1999-11-16 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for joining sheet material and joint formed therein |
US6035613A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2000-03-14 | Ranpak Corp. | Cushioning conversion machine and method with stitching assemblies |
US6047511A (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 2000-04-11 | Usg Interiors, Inc. | Grid tee with integrally stitched web |
US6132842A (en) * | 1994-04-01 | 2000-10-17 | Ranpak Corp. | Cushioning product |
US6207249B1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2001-03-27 | Ranpak Corporation | Cushioning product and method with stitching |
US6209202B1 (en) | 1999-08-02 | 2001-04-03 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Folded tube for a heat exchanger and method of making same |
US20070094983A1 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2007-05-03 | Federal Mogul World Wide, Inc. | Sheet metal joint |
US20110076510A1 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-03-31 | Yazaki Corporation | Metal joint body and apparatus for manufacturing the metal joint body |
US8281475B2 (en) | 2009-10-05 | 2012-10-09 | Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. | Sheet metal joint |
US8650730B2 (en) | 2009-02-23 | 2014-02-18 | Btm Corporation | Clinching tool |
US10328481B2 (en) | 2014-03-18 | 2019-06-25 | Btm Company Llc | Clinching punch and apparatus |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US338877A (en) * | 1886-03-30 | Sheet-metal pipe | ||
US384118A (en) * | 1888-06-05 | Feanz cael bellikgee | ||
US518767A (en) * | 1894-04-24 | Conductor-pipe and method of joining edges of same | ||
US581414A (en) * | 1897-04-27 | Tubing | ||
US1034483A (en) * | 1910-11-14 | 1912-08-06 | Jackson Fence Company | Metallic tube. |
US2009568A (en) * | 1934-01-13 | 1935-07-30 | Richard A Walker | Sheet metal pipe section and method of making same |
US2149918A (en) * | 1937-08-16 | 1939-03-07 | Parisian Novelty Company | Sheet securing means |
US2251926A (en) * | 1939-05-18 | 1941-08-12 | American Can Co | Container |
-
1949
- 1949-03-16 US US81783A patent/US2663072A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US338877A (en) * | 1886-03-30 | Sheet-metal pipe | ||
US384118A (en) * | 1888-06-05 | Feanz cael bellikgee | ||
US518767A (en) * | 1894-04-24 | Conductor-pipe and method of joining edges of same | ||
US581414A (en) * | 1897-04-27 | Tubing | ||
US1034483A (en) * | 1910-11-14 | 1912-08-06 | Jackson Fence Company | Metallic tube. |
US2009568A (en) * | 1934-01-13 | 1935-07-30 | Richard A Walker | Sheet metal pipe section and method of making same |
US2149918A (en) * | 1937-08-16 | 1939-03-07 | Parisian Novelty Company | Sheet securing means |
US2251926A (en) * | 1939-05-18 | 1941-08-12 | American Can Co | Container |
Cited By (33)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2912075A (en) * | 1953-03-28 | 1959-11-10 | Pfistershammer Josef | Support structure constructed from hollow members, more particularly tubes of thin hard-rolled metal sheets |
US2870533A (en) * | 1954-01-11 | 1959-01-27 | Vandervell Products Ltd | Joining together of metal parts |
US2900714A (en) * | 1954-06-25 | 1959-08-25 | Coleman Co | Method of joining sheet material |
US2871556A (en) * | 1955-02-28 | 1959-02-03 | Bugbee & Niles Company | Method of making mesh fabric |
US3034209A (en) * | 1956-07-31 | 1962-05-15 | Bianca Edoardo Giuseppe | Method of making tapered tubular sections |
US3174219A (en) * | 1958-12-12 | 1965-03-23 | Varta Ag | Method of making a sintered electrode |
US3193432A (en) * | 1962-03-30 | 1965-07-06 | Alex Sabin Baines | Apparatus for forming tubing from flexible resilient strip material |
US3824757A (en) * | 1971-01-18 | 1974-07-23 | Snyder B | Method of joining sheet metal, and sheet metal joints |
US3924378A (en) * | 1973-08-01 | 1975-12-09 | Otto P Hafner | Interlocking joint for overlying sheet material |
US4757609A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1988-07-19 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for joining sheet material |
US5177861A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1993-01-12 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for joining sheet material |
US5208974A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1993-05-11 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for attaching a fastener to sheet material |
US5208973A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1993-05-11 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for joining sheet material |
US5339509A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1994-08-23 | Btm Corporation | Method for attachment of fastener to sheet material |
US5581860A (en) * | 1980-09-08 | 1996-12-10 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for joining sheet material |
US4574453A (en) * | 1982-04-30 | 1986-03-11 | Btm Corporation | Self-attaching fastener and method of securing same to sheet material |
US6132842A (en) * | 1994-04-01 | 2000-10-17 | Ranpak Corp. | Cushioning product |
US5984563A (en) * | 1994-07-22 | 1999-11-16 | Btm Corporation | Apparatus for joining sheet material and joint formed therein |
WO1996040496A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | Ranpak Corp. | Machine for converting stock material into a cushioning product |
US6035613A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2000-03-14 | Ranpak Corp. | Cushioning conversion machine and method with stitching assemblies |
US5755656A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1998-05-26 | Ranpak Corp. | Cushioning conversion machine and method with independent edge connecting |
US6207249B1 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2001-03-27 | Ranpak Corporation | Cushioning product and method with stitching |
US6047511A (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 2000-04-11 | Usg Interiors, Inc. | Grid tee with integrally stitched web |
US6446407B1 (en) | 1998-03-04 | 2002-09-10 | Usg Interiors, Inc. | Grid tee with integrally stitched web |
US6209202B1 (en) | 1999-08-02 | 2001-04-03 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Folded tube for a heat exchanger and method of making same |
US20070094983A1 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2007-05-03 | Federal Mogul World Wide, Inc. | Sheet metal joint |
US7614201B2 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2009-11-10 | Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. | Sheet metal joint |
CN101321961B (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2012-04-25 | 费德罗-莫格尔公司 | Sheet metal joint |
US8650730B2 (en) | 2009-02-23 | 2014-02-18 | Btm Corporation | Clinching tool |
US20110076510A1 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-03-31 | Yazaki Corporation | Metal joint body and apparatus for manufacturing the metal joint body |
US10343207B2 (en) | 2009-09-25 | 2019-07-09 | Yazaki Corporation | Metal joint body and apparatus for manufacturing the metal joint body |
US8281475B2 (en) | 2009-10-05 | 2012-10-09 | Federal-Mogul World Wide, Inc. | Sheet metal joint |
US10328481B2 (en) | 2014-03-18 | 2019-06-25 | Btm Company Llc | Clinching punch and apparatus |
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