US2661034A - Angularly adjustable work-supported guide for portable power saws - Google Patents

Angularly adjustable work-supported guide for portable power saws Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US2661034A
US2661034A US276008A US27600852A US2661034A US 2661034 A US2661034 A US 2661034A US 276008 A US276008 A US 276008A US 27600852 A US27600852 A US 27600852A US 2661034 A US2661034 A US 2661034A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
blade
portable power
guide
edge
work piece
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US276008A
Inventor
George A Macdonald
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US276008A priority Critical patent/US2661034A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2661034A publication Critical patent/US2661034A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23QDETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q9/00Arrangements for supporting or guiding portable metal-working machines or apparatus
    • B23Q9/0014Portable machines provided with or cooperating with guide means supported directly by the workpiece during action
    • B23Q9/0042Portable machines provided with or cooperating with guide means supported directly by the workpiece during action the guide means being fixed only on the workpiece
    • B23Q9/005Portable machines provided with or cooperating with guide means supported directly by the workpiece during action the guide means being fixed only on the workpiece angularly adjustable
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00Cutting
    • Y10T83/687By tool reciprocable along elongated edge
    • Y10T83/6905With tool in-feed
    • Y10T83/6945With passive means to guide tool directly
    • Y10T83/695By plural opposed guide surfaces
    • Y10T83/696With relative adjustment between guide and work or work-support
    • Y10T83/6975By rotation about an axis perpendicular to the work-support surface
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T83/00Cutting
    • Y10T83/768Rotatable disc tool pair or tool and carrier
    • Y10T83/7755Carrier for rotatable tool movable during cutting
    • Y10T83/7763Tool carrier reciprocable rectilinearly
    • Y10T83/7768With means to adjust path of reciprocation
    • Y10T83/7772Angular relative to previous path

Definitions

  • This invention relates to guides or rulers and more particularly to an angularly adjustable guide for guiding a portable powersaw across a piece of lumber.
  • an improved portable power saw guide which can be mountedon a piece of lumber at the edge of the latter adjacent the operator for guiding a portable power saw across the lumber; which can be adjusted to any desired angle within a range of approximately 180 degrees; which projects a constant extent from the work piece toward the operator to start the saw in the proper direction across the work piece; which can be held in -rm engagement with the work piece by one hand of the operator while the operators other hand is used to guide the saw; which can be folded to a compact condi tion for transportation and storage; and which is simple and durable in construction, economical to manufacture, easy to use, and accurate and effective in use.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of a portable power saw guide illustrative of the invention shown in operative position on a lumberwork piece;
  • Figure 2 is a top plan view of one blade of the guide
  • Figure 3 is a top plan view of the other blade of the guide
  • Figure 4 is a transverse cross sectional view on the line 4-4 of Figure 1;
  • Figure 5 is a fragmentary cross sectional view on an enlarged scale on the line 5 5 of Figure 1;
  • Figure 6 is a cross sectional view on the line B-I of Figure 2.
  • Figure 7 is a somewhat diagrammatic side elevational view showing the manner in which the guide is used to guide a portable power saw.
  • the guide comprises pvo-tally interconnected blades, generally indicated at I 0 and II.
  • the blade Ill is a at body of elongated, rectangular shape, preferably formed of suitable sheet metal and having at one end an enlargement I2 of partly circular shape which is tangential to one longitudinal edge of the blade and has its center substantially in alignment with the other longitudinal edge of the blade, so that the enlargement extends laterally from such other edge of the 1 Claim. (Cl. 143-6) blade and the extending portion thereof is of substantially semicircular shape.
  • the enlargement i2y has a centrally disposed aperture I 3 therein, the edge ol' which is beveled, as indicated at Ie in Figures li and 5, and has a slot I5 of substantially semicircular shape in the portion thereof which projects laterally from the blade.
  • a degree scale EIS is provided on the enlargement I2 extending through an angle of approximately degrees from one end to the other of the semicircular slot I 5, this degree scale extending partly around the circularly curved edge of the enlargement I?. and partly across the end portion of the blade I0 on which the enlargement is provided, as is clearly illustrated in Figure 2.
  • A. flange I'i extends perpendicularly from the blade it along the edge of the latter from which the enlargement i2 extends laterally and at the side of the blade remote from the degree scale It, this iiange extending from the enlargement I2 to the end of the blade remote from the enlargement.
  • the blade il comprises a iiat body or elongated, rectangular cross sectional shape formed of a suitable sheet metal and having an exten sion is of substantially semicireular shape projecting from one edge intermediate the length thereof.
  • the extension l is nearer'one end of the blade l! than the other end, and is provided with a centrally disposed aperture I, the center of which is substantially on the line of the edge of the blade from which the extension projects.
  • the extension Iii is'also provided with a cutaway portion 2t at its side adjacent the longer portion of the blade which cutaway portion provides a pointer 2i.
  • An annular flange 22 surrounds the aperture I9 at one side of the blade I I and this flange is received and expanded in the beveled aperture i3 in the enlargement I2 on the blade I0, as is particularly illustrated in Figure 5, to pivotally secure the blades I@ and II together in superposed relationship relative to each other for relative angular movement about an axis coincident with the centers or" the apertures I3 and I9.
  • the blade II is superposed on the side of the blade I 0 carrying the degree scale I6, so that the pointer 2I cooperates with the degree scale, as clearly illustrated in Figure 1, to indicate the angularity between the two blades.
  • the extension I8 on the blade II is provided with an aperture 23 at the side of the extension remote from the cutaway portion 2Q and a headed screw 24 extends through the aperture 23 and through the slot l in the enlargement l2 of the blade IE! and is secured in the aperture in the extension of the blade il.
  • a wing nut 25 is threaded onto the screw 24 and bears against the enlargement l2 at the side of the latter remote from the degree scale I6 and the blade Ii to releasably lock the blade in selected positions of angular adjustment relative to each other.
  • the guide is placed on the top surface of a lumber Work piece 26 with the flange il bearing against the side edge of the work piece adjacent the operator and the longer portion of the blade I l extending across the Work piece. The shorter portion of the blade Il will then project from the work piece toward the operator.
  • the blade Il is either preadjusted or is now adjusted to the desired angular position relative to the blade l0 and locked in position by tightening the nut 25.
  • the portable power saw 2l is now placed adjacent the work piece with the front end of the shoe 28 thereof resting upon the work piece at the edge of the latter adjacent the operatoi ⁇ and with the left-hand side of the shoe bearing against the edge of the blade Il remote from the blade l0.
  • the shoe of the saw is then aligned with the portion of the blade li projecting from the work piece toward the operator to start the saw out in the proper direction and the saw is placed in operation and caused to follow the adjacent edge of the blade il across the work piece. If the work piece has a width greater than the length of the blade H the guide and saw may be carried around to the opposite side of the work piece and the cut continued from such opposite side, so that the saw will be positively guided entirely across the work piece.
  • the saw can be tilted to any desired angle relati* e to its shoe, so that the out can be both beveled and angled, as is necessary in the cutting of jack rafters and certain other frame pieces for buildings.
  • a portable power saw guide comprising a first blade in the form of a flat' body of elongated rectangular shape having at one end an ex-i tension of partly circular' shape disposed sub- 4 stantially tangential to one longitudinal edge and projecting laterally from the other longitudinal edge of said body and having a perpendicularly disposed ilange extending along said other longitudinal edge thereof from the end of said body remote from said extension to said extension, said extension having a centrally disposed aperture therein and a concentric slot of substantially semi-circular shape adjacent the edge of the portion thereof extending laterally from said body, a second blade in the form of a flat body of elongated rectangular shape having an extension of substantially Sernicircular shape projecting from one longitudinal edge thereof intermediate the length of such edge butl nearer one end than the other end of said second blade body, said second blade being disposed on the side of said rst blade remote from said ange and said second blade extension having on one side thereoffa circular flange concentric with the center of curvature of the edge

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sawing (AREA)

Description

Dec. 1, 1953 2,661,034
G. A. MaCDONALD ANGULARLY ADJUSTABLE WORK-SUPPORTED GUIDE FOR PORTABLE POWER SAWS Filed March 11, 1952 INVENTOR 27 GeorgeA. MacDonald,
28B? v u, Pfzifmzazu- Mmwz'alawz I mmT-ml I //Q ATTORNEYS' Patented Dec. l, 1953 ANGULARLY ADJUSTABLE WORK-SUP- PORTED GUIDE FOR PORTABLE POWER SAWS , George A. MacDonald, San Dimas, Calif.
Application March 11, 1952, Serial No. 276,008
This invention relates to guides or rulers and more particularly to an angularly adjustable guide for guiding a portable powersaw across a piece of lumber.
It is among the objects of the invention to provide an improved portable power saw guide which can be mountedon a piece of lumber at the edge of the latter adjacent the operator for guiding a portable power saw across the lumber; which can be adjusted to any desired angle within a range of approximately 180 degrees; which projects a constant extent from the work piece toward the operator to start the saw in the proper direction across the work piece; which can be held in -rm engagement with the work piece by one hand of the operator while the operators other hand is used to guide the saw; which can be folded to a compact condi tion for transportation and storage; and which is simple and durable in construction, economical to manufacture, easy to use, and accurate and effective in use.
Other objects and advantages will become apparent from a consideration of the following description and the appended claim in conjunction with the accompanying drawing wherein:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a portable power saw guide illustrative of the invention shown in operative position on a lumberwork piece;
Figure 2 is a top plan view of one blade of the guide;
Figure 3 is a top plan view of the other blade of the guide;
Figure 4 is a transverse cross sectional view on the line 4-4 of Figure 1;
Figure 5 is a fragmentary cross sectional view on an enlarged scale on the line 5 5 of Figure 1;
Figure 6 is a cross sectional view on the line B-I of Figure 2; and
Figure 7 is a somewhat diagrammatic side elevational view showing the manner in which the guide is used to guide a portable power saw.
With continued lreference to the drawing, the guide comprises pvo-tally interconnected blades, generally indicated at I 0 and II. The blade Ill is a at body of elongated, rectangular shape, preferably formed of suitable sheet metal and having at one end an enlargement I2 of partly circular shape which is tangential to one longitudinal edge of the blade and has its center substantially in alignment with the other longitudinal edge of the blade, so that the enlargement extends laterally from such other edge of the 1 Claim. (Cl. 143-6) blade and the extending portion thereof is of substantially semicircular shape. The enlargement i2y has a centrally disposed aperture I 3 therein, the edge ol' which is beveled, as indicated at Ie in Figures li and 5, and has a slot I5 of substantially semicircular shape in the portion thereof which projects laterally from the blade. A degree scale EIS is provided on the enlargement I2 extending through an angle of approximately degrees from one end to the other of the semicircular slot I 5, this degree scale extending partly around the circularly curved edge of the enlargement I?. and partly across the end portion of the blade I0 on which the enlargement is provided, as is clearly illustrated in Figure 2.
A. flange I'i extends perpendicularly from the blade it along the edge of the latter from which the enlargement i2 extends laterally and at the side of the blade remote from the degree scale It, this iiange extending from the enlargement I2 to the end of the blade remote from the enlargement.
The blade il comprises a iiat body or elongated, rectangular cross sectional shape formed of a suitable sheet metal and having an exten sion is of substantially semicireular shape projecting from one edge intermediate the length thereof. The extension l is nearer'one end of the blade l! than the other end, and is provided with a centrally disposed aperture I, the center of which is substantially on the line of the edge of the blade from which the extension projects. The extension Iii is'also provided with a cutaway portion 2t at its side adjacent the longer portion of the blade which cutaway portion provides a pointer 2i. An annular flange 22 surrounds the aperture I9 at one side of the blade I I and this flange is received and expanded in the beveled aperture i3 in the enlargement I2 on the blade I0, as is particularly illustrated in Figure 5, to pivotally secure the blades I@ and II together in superposed relationship relative to each other for relative angular movement about an axis coincident with the centers or" the apertures I3 and I9.
The blade II is superposed on the side of the blade I 0 carrying the degree scale I6, so that the pointer 2I cooperates with the degree scale, as clearly illustrated in Figure 1, to indicate the angularity between the two blades.
The extension I8 on the blade II is provided with an aperture 23 at the side of the extension remote from the cutaway portion 2Q and a headed screw 24 extends through the aperture 23 and through the slot l in the enlargement l2 of the blade IE! and is secured in the aperture in the extension of the blade il. A wing nut 25 is threaded onto the screw 24 and bears against the enlargement l2 at the side of the latter remote from the degree scale I6 and the blade Ii to releasably lock the blade in selected positions of angular adjustment relative to each other.
In using the device, the guide is placed on the top surface of a lumber Work piece 26 with the flange il bearing against the side edge of the work piece adjacent the operator and the longer portion of the blade I l extending across the Work piece. The shorter portion of the blade Il will then project from the work piece toward the operator. The blade Il is either preadjusted or is now adjusted to the desired angular position relative to the blade l0 and locked in position by tightening the nut 25. The portable power saw 2l is now placed adjacent the work piece with the front end of the shoe 28 thereof resting upon the work piece at the edge of the latter adjacent the operatoi` and with the left-hand side of the shoe bearing against the edge of the blade Il remote from the blade l0. The shoe of the saw is then aligned with the portion of the blade li projecting from the work piece toward the operator to start the saw out in the proper direction and the saw is placed in operation and caused to follow the adjacent edge of the blade il across the work piece. If the work piece has a width greater than the length of the blade H the guide and saw may be carried around to the opposite side of the work piece and the cut continued from such opposite side, so that the saw will be positively guided entirely across the work piece.
The saw can be tilted to any desired angle relati* e to its shoe, so that the out can be both beveled and angled, as is necessary in the cutting of jack rafters and certain other frame pieces for buildings.
The invention may be embodied in other' specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claim rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claim are, therefore, intended to be embraced therein.
What is claimed is:
A portable power saw guide comprising a first blade in the form of a flat' body of elongated rectangular shape having at one end an ex-i tension of partly circular' shape disposed sub- 4 stantially tangential to one longitudinal edge and projecting laterally from the other longitudinal edge of said body and having a perpendicularly disposed ilange extending along said other longitudinal edge thereof from the end of said body remote from said extension to said extension, said extension having a centrally disposed aperture therein and a concentric slot of substantially semi-circular shape adjacent the edge of the portion thereof extending laterally from said body, a second blade in the form of a flat body of elongated rectangular shape having an extension of substantially Sernicircular shape projecting from one longitudinal edge thereof intermediate the length of such edge butl nearer one end than the other end of said second blade body, said second blade being disposed on the side of said rst blade remote from said ange and said second blade extension having on one side thereoffa circular flange concentric with the center of curvature of the edge of said second blade extension and rotatably received in the aperture in the rst blade extension to connect said blades together for relative angular movement about the center of curvature oi said extension, said first blade extension having an arcuate degreel scale on the side thereof adjacent said second blade and said second blade extension having a cut away portion providing a pointer cooperating with said degree scale to indicate the angular relationship between the longitudinal edge of said iirst blade remote from said flange and the adjacent edge of said second blade, a screw extending from the extension on said second blade through the slot in the exten sion on said first blade, and a nut threaded onto said screw and effective to releasably secure said blades in selected positions of angular adjustment relative to each other, the ilange on said first blade being disposable against the edge of a lumber Work piece adjacent a portable power saw operator with said first blade disposed on the top surface of the work piece and with the longer portion of said second blade extending across the top surface of the Work piece in a direction away from the saw operator to guide the saw across the work piece in a direction away from the saw operator.
GEORGE A. MACDGNALD.
References Cited in the le of this patent UNlTED STAfiE-S PATENTS Number Name Date 1,111,904 Kahrs Sept. 29, 1914 1,331,415 Civitts Feb. 17, 1920 1,608,558 Hannah Nov. 30, 1G25 1,911,045 Tinnen May 23, 1933 2,568,957 Hess Sept. 25, 1951
US276008A 1952-03-11 1952-03-11 Angularly adjustable work-supported guide for portable power saws Expired - Lifetime US2661034A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US276008A US2661034A (en) 1952-03-11 1952-03-11 Angularly adjustable work-supported guide for portable power saws

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US276008A US2661034A (en) 1952-03-11 1952-03-11 Angularly adjustable work-supported guide for portable power saws

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2661034A true US2661034A (en) 1953-12-01

Family

ID=23054754

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US276008A Expired - Lifetime US2661034A (en) 1952-03-11 1952-03-11 Angularly adjustable work-supported guide for portable power saws

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US2661034A (en)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2772707A (en) * 1955-02-08 1956-12-04 Arnie E Leino Length and square guide for a power hand saw
US2942633A (en) * 1958-10-30 1960-06-28 Berton E King Power saw guide device with saw cut locator and attaching clamps
US3045724A (en) * 1960-10-07 1962-07-24 Mitchell Robert Irving Circular saw guide and square attachment
US4004347A (en) * 1974-03-19 1977-01-25 Sarah Hesse Graphics instrument
US4144650A (en) * 1978-05-23 1979-03-20 Eugene Rawlings Multi-function level
WO1984002754A1 (en) * 1983-01-13 1984-07-19 Gorp Keith Noel Van A pivot assembly
WO1986003446A1 (en) * 1984-12-11 1986-06-19 Volk Michael J Saw guide and miter apparatus
US6105268A (en) * 1997-06-24 2000-08-22 Vaughn; Michael E. Adjustable measuring device
US6752059B1 (en) * 1999-12-03 2004-06-22 Joseph H. Posont Angle guide for saws
US20180141233A1 (en) * 2015-03-09 2018-05-24 Connecticut Post & Beam LLC Post and Beam System

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1111904A (en) * 1913-12-10 1914-09-29 Charles W Tucker Saw-guide.
US1331415A (en) * 1918-10-15 1920-02-17 Orrange H Civitts Measuring instrument
US1608558A (en) * 1926-11-30 Power-operated saw
US1911045A (en) * 1932-01-02 1933-05-23 Clyde B Tinnen Portable guide for electric saws
US2568957A (en) * 1948-07-01 1951-09-25 Hess William Rotary portable saw support mitering machine

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1608558A (en) * 1926-11-30 Power-operated saw
US1111904A (en) * 1913-12-10 1914-09-29 Charles W Tucker Saw-guide.
US1331415A (en) * 1918-10-15 1920-02-17 Orrange H Civitts Measuring instrument
US1911045A (en) * 1932-01-02 1933-05-23 Clyde B Tinnen Portable guide for electric saws
US2568957A (en) * 1948-07-01 1951-09-25 Hess William Rotary portable saw support mitering machine

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2772707A (en) * 1955-02-08 1956-12-04 Arnie E Leino Length and square guide for a power hand saw
US2942633A (en) * 1958-10-30 1960-06-28 Berton E King Power saw guide device with saw cut locator and attaching clamps
US3045724A (en) * 1960-10-07 1962-07-24 Mitchell Robert Irving Circular saw guide and square attachment
US4004347A (en) * 1974-03-19 1977-01-25 Sarah Hesse Graphics instrument
US4144650A (en) * 1978-05-23 1979-03-20 Eugene Rawlings Multi-function level
WO1984002754A1 (en) * 1983-01-13 1984-07-19 Gorp Keith Noel Van A pivot assembly
AU572818B2 (en) * 1983-01-13 1988-05-19 Van Gorp, K.N., A pivot assembly
WO1986003446A1 (en) * 1984-12-11 1986-06-19 Volk Michael J Saw guide and miter apparatus
US6105268A (en) * 1997-06-24 2000-08-22 Vaughn; Michael E. Adjustable measuring device
US6752059B1 (en) * 1999-12-03 2004-06-22 Joseph H. Posont Angle guide for saws
US20180141233A1 (en) * 2015-03-09 2018-05-24 Connecticut Post & Beam LLC Post and Beam System
US10882205B2 (en) * 2015-03-09 2021-01-05 Connext Post & Beam, Llc Post and beam cutting device

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US2773523A (en) Guide device for portable power saws
US6688203B2 (en) Circular sawing machine having indication device
US2661034A (en) Angularly adjustable work-supported guide for portable power saws
US4054077A (en) Guide for hand held power saws
US4901444A (en) Method and apparatus for guiding a saw relative to an angular cut of a board
US3045724A (en) Circular saw guide and square attachment
US4014236A (en) Portable, straight and square, variable angle or multi-angle sawing guide
US2735456A (en) Portable saw guide and miter attachment
US3124181A (en) Clamp stop for saw fences
US4027566A (en) Circle cutting attachment for band saw
US3124176A (en) Adjustable jig for cutting wood
US4179965A (en) Guide for portable power tool
US4031794A (en) Portable jig for rafter cuts and other angle cuts
US2822834A (en) Mitering guides for hand power saws
US4399728A (en) Saw workpiece pushing device
US4138914A (en) Saw guide apparatus
US2620835A (en) Guide for portable cutoff saws
US4800793A (en) Compound miter box
US2954062A (en) Adjustable gauges for a saw table
US4204446A (en) Work table and hold-down assembly for power hand saw
US2638134A (en) Adjustable miter rule attachment
US4892021A (en) Variable angle saw guide apparatus
US3977080A (en) Cutting guide for power handsaw
US2853106A (en) Cut through portable handsaw
US2568957A (en) Rotary portable saw support mitering machine