US2654004A - Traveling wave amplifier device - Google Patents

Traveling wave amplifier device Download PDF

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Publication number
US2654004A
US2654004A US768577A US76857747A US2654004A US 2654004 A US2654004 A US 2654004A US 768577 A US768577 A US 768577A US 76857747 A US76857747 A US 76857747A US 2654004 A US2654004 A US 2654004A
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United States
Prior art keywords
wave
section
guide
electrons
traveling
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Expired - Lifetime
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US768577A
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert S Bailey
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International Standard Electric Corp
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International Standard Electric Corp
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Publication date
Priority to BE484239D priority Critical patent/BE484239A/xx
Priority to NL656510638A priority patent/NL141901B/xx
Application filed by International Standard Electric Corp filed Critical International Standard Electric Corp
Priority to US768577A priority patent/US2654004A/en
Priority to GB17109/48A priority patent/GB660362A/en
Priority to FR970337D priority patent/FR970337A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2654004A publication Critical patent/US2654004A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/34—Travelling-wave tubes; Tubes in which a travelling wave is simulated at spaced gaps

Definitions

  • This invention relates to Wave energy amplifiers and more particularly to amplifiers of the high frequency traveling Wave type.
  • a principal object of the invention is to provide. a novel form of electromagnetic wave energy' amplifier employing the interaction between free electrons and a traveling wave.
  • Another object is to provide a more efficient amplifier of the traveling wave type.
  • a further object is to provide a Wave energy amplifier employing a. wave guide and meansfor producing an electron stream transversely of the wave guide for correlating the phases of the traveling Waves at various points along the guide, With the electron emission, so that a high energy transfer is supplied to the traveling Waves by the emitted electrons.
  • a feature of the invention relates to a traveling Wave amplifier employing a main wave guide section and an. auxi'liary wave guidesection both of which have a common wave energy input end and a common Wave energy outputend, the auxiliary section being proportioned so as to produce a predetermined time. delay in the auxiliary section, the two sections merging into a common section which has means to produce therein electron emission under joint control of the Waves from both sections in such a way as to achieve a high percentage of energy transfer from the electrons to the traveling wave.
  • Another feature relates to a traveli'ng wave amplifier employing a main. wave guide section with an auxiliary or shunt wave guide section, both of said sections having common input and common output ends with the output end having means to develop a stream of electrons therein and correlated with the phase of the electrical vector of the traveling wave so as to impart thereto a high energy transfer from the electrons.
  • Another feature relates to a traveling WaveI ⁇ amplifier employing a Wave guide which iscoi-led intermediate its ends and having means to inject free electrons through the respective coiled turns so as to achieve a high order of amplification of the traveling wave energy b-y interacton betweenV the electrons and the correlated phases of the traveling Wave.
  • Another feature relates to a traveling wave amplifier constituted of a wave guide which is divided into two WaveV guide sections by a foraminous wall and having means to produce electron streams transversely of both' sections. Both said sections' are supplied with high frequency energy from asuitable source in such a. Way that the Waves traveling through one section. are time del'ayed with respect to the Waves traveling through the other section so that the phase of the electrical vectors of the Waves along the length of the sections is in proper relation to provide the maximum energy transfer between the electrons and the traveling wave.
  • Another feature relates to an arrangement vfor amplifying high frequency traveling Waves comprising a Wave guide having input and output ends With the intervening length, of the wave guide coil'ed to a substantially planar spiral n coniunction.
  • an electron emitting cathode which. is mounted symmetrically at the. center of the spiral and with a pair of electroncollector electrodes mounted outside the spiral but in alignment with the cathode.
  • electron controI electrodes Located between the cathode and the spral are electron controI electrodes which are alternately energized to cause the electrons to travel transversely, first-through the sections of the coil on'one side of 'the cathode, and then through the sections of thecoil onV the oppositer side of the cathode, for the purpose of transferring a maximum amount of energy from the'electrons to the high frequency Waves travelling through the guide.
  • Afurther feature relates to the novel organization, and' arrangem-entof parts, which cooperate to Vprovide an improved high frequency wave energy amplifier of the traveling wave'typer
  • Other features and advantages will vappear from the ensuing descriptions and the appended cl'aims.
  • Fig. 2 is a graph of the electric vector of the traveling Wave in the amplifier of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 is a perspective view of an amplifier or a wave repeater according tothe invention.
  • Fig. 4' is a side view of a modification of the arrangement of V ⁇ Fig'. 3.
  • Fig. 5 is a top plan view of-Fig.*-l.
  • Figs. 6, ⁇ 7 and 8 represent respective further I modifieations of the inven'tion.
  • Figs. 9a and 9b are diagrammatic views Vexplanatory of an amplifier or repeater'according to the mvention empl'oyng a rectangul'ar wave gui'deusing the TE,2. mode of transmission.
  • Fig. 10 is a diagrammatic view explanatory of the operation of an amplifier according to'the invention, employing' a circular'wave guide.
  • FIG. 1 there is illustrated a conventional -rectangular Vwave guidev system comcarried by the bottom wall of is an electron emitting cathode surface IB.
  • the sections I0, I I are conductively isolated or insulated from the section I2 by Suitable insulators or insulator joints I3, Il, so that the section I2 is insulated from Sections and I I for direct current flow, but without disturbing the alternating current field.
  • the section I2 should have a length which is equal to one or more wavelengths of the excitation energy which is supplied thereto from the input section
  • the wall I5 is the top wall of the wave guide, and therefore the electrical field will exist between this top wall and the opposite or bottom wall of the guide.
  • this cathode surface is D. C. insulated from the walls of the guide section I2, for example the bottom wall of section IZ may have a window or opening into which is insulatingly fitted a metal inner surface a suitable electron emissive coating which can be raised to emissive temperature by any well-known means.
  • the length of the cathode coating I6, in the direction of the wave propagation is equal to one or more wavelengths of the excitation energy.
  • the E vector groupings of the propagated energy are schematically represented in Fig. 1 by the line groups I'I, IB, IS, etc.
  • the Poynting's vector 1 and 1:11 indicate the direction of propagation of h igh frequency energy through the system.
  • I9 may be considered positive
  • the magnitude of the vector in the guide can be represented by an increasing quasi-sinusoid, as shown If the positive, that s the 4 tive or lower halves of are decelerating in action. Since the negative halves are larger in amplitude than the next preceding positive halves, there occurs a net deceleration over an integral number of cycles.
  • the dimensions of the wave guide are not critical when the electrons move with the wave.
  • the section 20 is divided longitudinally into two parts by means of an open-work metal wall or grid 2
  • the section 20 is preferably closed at its ends for example by glass walls, and the interior of section 20 is highly evacuated.
  • the coupling for A. C. wave is well-known in wave guide systems.
  • the lower wall 22 of this guide has a window or opening in which is insulatingly fltted the metal plate 23 having its inner face provided with an electron emissive coating 24 which can be raised to emitting temperature by any well-known heating means (not shown).
  • the input section 25 of the guide communicates with a branch 26, so that the input wave energy is divided into two guide paths deslgnated respectively by the arrows a and b.
  • the length of the branch 26 from the point of its coupling to the input section 25 and to the point of its coupling to the amplifier section 20, is designed so that at the common region where the Sections 25 and 26 couple to the amplifier Section 20, the Waves arriving over branch 26 are delayed by xg/2 with respect to the Waves arriving directly from Section 25.
  • the Section 20 may be considered as made up of two wave guides having a common foraminous dividing wall 2
  • the section 28 may be terminated by a suitable termination or preferably'its.
  • output can by a suitable couplin-g be added to the output from the section 21. While there may besome wave amplification in the section 28, it is onlyto a slight degree as compared with the resultant Wave amplification. in section 21.
  • the section 2a is D. C. insulated from the input and output sections, such as Sections Hi, H (Fig. 1), without afiecting the A. C. field. l
  • theV upper wall 2'9' can be connected to a suitable positive D. C. potential with respect to. the cathode.. If the' work function of the cathode 24 is Ew, a small positive D. C. potential Epb should exist between the cathode 24 and the foraminous wall 2
  • the field of the traveling wave in section 21 has its E vector decelerating at the same instant the 'electrons are being highly accelerated into the section 21 by the simultaneous accelerating action of the E vector in section 28.
  • should be such as to cause the average eIectron to give up the maximum of its energy'before it is collected by the surface 29.
  • section' 21 theoretically the maximum amplification will be nearly 99% resulting in a greatly inoreased over-allamplification efiiciency, particularl'yV when the amplified output of section 28 is added to the amplified output of section 21.
  • efiiciency particularl'yV
  • the section instead of' being straight, can be coiled into a helix, asillustrated in Figs. 4 and 5,
  • Figs'. 4 and 5 show the amplifying; section formed with aV single helical turn, ⁇ it will be understood that itmay be formed with. two or morehelical turns.
  • the rectangular cathode 24 of Fig. 3. is'now of cylindrical shape. Therefore, this cylindrical cathode can be conveniently provided with a central heater (not shown). of any suitable design, so
  • auxiliary path or T-ju-nction 26 for obtaining the If the electron phase change of. rtg/2 (or odd'multiple thereof), other ⁇ well-known arrangements may be provided for obtaining this relative .phase d'eIay between the Waves entering the section 28, asv compared with the Waves entering the section 21, thus. allowthe T-junction to become a matched Y- iuncion. ⁇
  • a further modification wherein the wave guide is split along its plancV of symmetry represented by the dot-dach line, so as to form.
  • Thebranch 32 merges into an ⁇ amplifier section 34 similar to section 2a (Fig. 3) comprised of twoadjacentwave guides .35, '36, having a common foraminous boundary wall or grid 31.
  • the wall of *section 36 which is opposite to wa1131 carries an electron emitting cathode 38 for injecting electrons into the wave guide sectionl 35 under control of grid 31 and the electric field. of the traveling wavesin guide Vsection 36.
  • the cathode 38 is. suitably D. C..
  • the amplifier section 34 is D. C. insulated from the remainder of the wave guide system Without aifecting the A.4 C. fields within the guide.
  • the upper wall of guide 34 can be suitably biassed positively with respect to the cathode 38. coupled for wave propagation Vto the section 36. but- D.. C. insulated therefrom, is an input wave guide 39.
  • the Y branch 32 which is coupledto the section 3'5 is also coupled to a wave guide section 40- both of which are excited by'the input waves, ⁇ for ex;- ample in the TEo,1 mode, froma suitable source.
  • the Y branch 3.3 and the corresponding wave guide section 41 are coupled for A. C. propagation to an amplifier wave .guide section 42 similar to section 34, having two wave guide 'Sections 43, 44, with a common foraminous con'- ductive separating wall or grid 45.
  • the Wall of section. 44 opposite. to grid 45 carries an electron emitting oathode 46 which is suitably D'. C. insulated from theguide 42 and is arranged to be raised to 'emission temperature by any suitablev means which may be the-same means that heats the cathode 38 as above described.
  • the Sections 35, 36 can be suitahly phased with respect to veach other as.
  • the Wave guides above described should have their diameters or transverse dimensions correspondingly changed to lower the propagational Velocity, and by also using appropriate match-ing. means at. each end.
  • wave ampliflcatio'n is obtained by employing for example a circular wave guide 41 which is rolled up into a spiral, so that all the turns are in substantially the same plane and preferably with the walls of the adjacent turns in contact.
  • the wall-to-wall radio frequency voltage of the guide is in phase.
  • the walls of the turns are provided with windows or openings all of which are in alignment along the line L-L.
  • Adjacent the outer window 48 is an electron gun 49 or any other well-known means for developing a beam of high Velocity electrons which can be focussed or directed so as to move along the line L--L.
  • a high potential anode 50 can be located adjacent the opposite window to facilitate the acceleration of the electrons in the beam.
  • the electron beam can be blanked off at an appropriate rate by any well-known source of periodic blanking potentials.
  • the passage of the electron beam serially through the several turns of the coiled wave guide is timed so that they pass transversely through each turn only at the instants when the E vector of the traveling wave propagated through the guide 41 has a decelerating action on the electrons emanating from the gun 49.
  • the energy of these electrons is then transferred to the radio frequency field and the amplitude of the traveling wave in the guide is correspondingly increased.
  • the wave guide 53 which may be a circular wave guide, is coiled to substan- -2 tially spiral form, as in the case of Fig. '7.
  • the walls of the adjacent turns of the spiral have aligned windows.
  • another suitable electron emitting cathode 54 Centrally mounted within the spiral is another suitable electron emitting cathode 54, and located on opposite sides of the L.
  • cathode 54 externally of the spiral wave guide and in alignment with the windows, are respective anodes 55, 56 which are suitably biassed positively with respect to the cathode 54.
  • the grids 51 and 58 are connected respectively to a radio frequency oscil'lator 59 in push-pull relation so that when one grid is bi'assed positively with respect to the cathode 54, the other grid is biassed to plate current cutoff.
  • the oscillator 59 is adjusted to operate at the same frequency as the frequency of the waves propagated through the guide 53.
  • the spirally formed wave guide 53 is so dimensioned, that regardless of whether the electrons are flowing to anode 55 or to anode 56, the electric field of the traveling waves within the guide are always in decelerating phase with respect to the electrons passing through the guide from the cathode 54, resulting in 'a greatly increased overall wave amplification at the output end 60 of the guide.
  • the cathode 54 may be provided with three or more grids symmetrically surrounding the cathode, and each of these grids will then be in alignment with a corresponding aligned set of windows in the spiralized wave guide. These grids can then be connected to any well-known form of polyphase radio frequency oscillator so as further to increase the over-all wave amplification at the output end of the guide.
  • Figs. 9a and 9b the distribution of the vector in a rectangular wave guide excited in the TEo.: mode.
  • the guide may be eigcited in the 'I'E1,i mode.
  • the E vector lines are symmetrical as illustrated in Fig. 10, in which case an electron emitting cathode, corresponding to cathode 24 (Fig. 3) can then be mounted within the guide in this plane of symmetry, without disturbance, and
  • the cathode is maintained negative with respect to the guide walls.
  • the invention is not limited to wave guides of rectangular cross-section and therefore circular cross-section wave guides may also be employed.
  • Apparatus for amplifying high frequency wave energy comprising a pair of wave guides each having an input end and an output end and the pair having a common electron permeable separating wall, means in one of said guides to emit electrons transversely thereacross through said dividing wall and thence transversely across the other wave guide, and means to introduce traveling wave energy into the input ends of said wave guides in opposite phase with respect to their action on the emitted electrons.
  • Apparatus for amplifying high frequency wave energy comprising a pair of wave guides, means in one guide to emit electrons into the other guide, a wave guide coupled to both said wave guides on one side of said electron emitting means for applying high frequency energy thereto, a wave guide coupled to both said wave guides on the other side of said electron emitting means for extracting the amplified high frequency energy therefrom and means to delay the electric field of the wave energy in the first guide with respect to the field of the wave energy in the other guide whereby more electrons are emitted into said other guide when the electric fields in said other guide are in decelerative phase with respect to said electrons as compared with the number of electrons that are emitted into said other guide when the electric fields in said other guide are in accelerative the electrons.
  • a wave amplifier of the traveling wave type comprising a Wave guide, means for emitting electrons interiorly of the guide and transversely thereacross, a foraminous conductive member dividing said guide into two sections, means for coupling one of said sections to a source of high frequency Wave energy, and means for coupling the other of said sections also to said source, the last-mentioned means including means to delay the wave energy excitation of one of said sections with respect to the wave energy excitation of the other of said sections so that for corresponding regions of both said sections the electric fields are of substantially opposite phase.
  • a high frequency wave amplifier of the traveling wave type comprising a wave guide, a foraminous conductive wall dividing said wave guide into two similar wave guide sections, an electron emitting cathode carried by one of said sections for emitting electrons transversely therephase with respect to across and thence through said dividing wall and transversely across the other section, a T-junction for coupling a source of high frequency wave energy respectively to said sections, one leg of the T-junction being of greater transmission length than the other so that at corresponding regions of said two sections the electric fields of the traveling Waves are of substantially opposite phase with respect to the electrons from said cathode.
  • a traveling Wave amplifier according to claim 4 in which said sections of the traveling wave amplifier are adapted to be coupled to said source through respective Wave guides one of which delays the electric field by one-half the wave length of the traveling wave.
  • a traveling wave amplifier in which said dividing wall is adapted to be biassed with respect to the cathode so that when the electric fields of the traveling Waves in the first section are in decelerative phase with respect to the electrons, the electron emission s substantially cut off from the other section.
  • a traveling wave amplifier according to claim 4 in which said wave guide is coiled to helical shape.
  • a traveling wave amplifier in which said wave guide is of the rectangular type having said cathode forming one of the walls between which the electric fields are propagated, said guide being coiled to helical shape whereby said cathode assumes a substantially cylindrical formation around the interior of the coil.
  • a traveling wave amplifier comprising a pair of amplifier units, each unit consisting of a Wave guide divided into two sections by a foraminous conductive wall, each unit also having means to emit electrons transversely across both sections and through the respective foraminous wall, means to couple both of said units to a source. of high frequency energy, the last-mentioned means including a pair of linear wave guides for coupling the corresponding sections of said units to said source, and a Y-juncton wave guide having the arms of the Y respectively coupled to the other sections of said units to cause the electric fields of the wave energy in the two sections of each unit to be of substantially opposite phase.

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  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
US768577A 1947-08-14 1947-08-14 Traveling wave amplifier device Expired - Lifetime US2654004A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE484239D BE484239A (en, 2012) 1947-08-14
NL656510638A NL141901B (nl) 1947-08-14 Werkwijze voor het stabiliseren van polyalkenen.
US768577A US2654004A (en) 1947-08-14 1947-08-14 Traveling wave amplifier device
GB17109/48A GB660362A (en) 1947-08-14 1948-06-25 High frequency line repeaters
FR970337D FR970337A (fr) 1947-08-14 1948-08-13 Amplificateurs à haute fréquence du type à onde progressive

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US768577A US2654004A (en) 1947-08-14 1947-08-14 Traveling wave amplifier device

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US2654004A true US2654004A (en) 1953-09-29

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US (1) US2654004A (en, 2012)
BE (1) BE484239A (en, 2012)
FR (1) FR970337A (en, 2012)
GB (1) GB660362A (en, 2012)
NL (1) NL141901B (en, 2012)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2774913A (en) * 1951-05-31 1956-12-18 Csf Electron discharge tube with crossed electric and magnetic fields
US2959707A (en) * 1958-03-03 1960-11-08 Itt Slow wave propagating structure
US3305752A (en) * 1963-12-06 1967-02-21 Friz Walter Fast wave crossed field travelingwave tube
US3971966A (en) * 1975-08-14 1976-07-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Planar ring bar travelling wave tube
US4091332A (en) * 1977-02-03 1978-05-23 Northrop Corporation Traveling wave tube amplifier employing field emission cathodes
FR2449965A1 (fr) * 1978-11-24 1980-09-19 Us Energy Amplificateur a haute frequence a faisceau tournant
US4967162A (en) * 1988-01-28 1990-10-30 Star Microwave Stripline traveling wave device and method

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2109843A (en) * 1933-08-31 1938-03-01 Kassner Ernst Eduard Wilhelm Apparatus for generating and applying ultrashort electromagnetic waves
US2122538A (en) * 1935-01-22 1938-07-05 American Telephone & Telegraph Wave amplifier
US2129669A (en) * 1937-03-30 1938-09-13 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Guided wave transmission
US2153728A (en) * 1936-10-07 1939-04-11 American Telephone & Telegraph Ultra high frequency signaling
US2367295A (en) * 1940-05-17 1945-01-16 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2368031A (en) * 1940-03-15 1945-01-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2402184A (en) * 1941-05-03 1946-06-18 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Ultra high frequency electronic device contained within wave guides
US2418484A (en) * 1941-05-03 1947-04-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Frequency multiplying system
US2524283A (en) * 1946-12-27 1950-10-03 Rca Corp Microwave measuring apparatus

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2109843A (en) * 1933-08-31 1938-03-01 Kassner Ernst Eduard Wilhelm Apparatus for generating and applying ultrashort electromagnetic waves
US2122538A (en) * 1935-01-22 1938-07-05 American Telephone & Telegraph Wave amplifier
US2153728A (en) * 1936-10-07 1939-04-11 American Telephone & Telegraph Ultra high frequency signaling
US2129669A (en) * 1937-03-30 1938-09-13 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Guided wave transmission
US2368031A (en) * 1940-03-15 1945-01-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2367295A (en) * 1940-05-17 1945-01-16 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2402184A (en) * 1941-05-03 1946-06-18 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Ultra high frequency electronic device contained within wave guides
US2418484A (en) * 1941-05-03 1947-04-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Frequency multiplying system
US2524283A (en) * 1946-12-27 1950-10-03 Rca Corp Microwave measuring apparatus

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2774913A (en) * 1951-05-31 1956-12-18 Csf Electron discharge tube with crossed electric and magnetic fields
US2959707A (en) * 1958-03-03 1960-11-08 Itt Slow wave propagating structure
US3305752A (en) * 1963-12-06 1967-02-21 Friz Walter Fast wave crossed field travelingwave tube
US3971966A (en) * 1975-08-14 1976-07-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Planar ring bar travelling wave tube
US4091332A (en) * 1977-02-03 1978-05-23 Northrop Corporation Traveling wave tube amplifier employing field emission cathodes
FR2449965A1 (fr) * 1978-11-24 1980-09-19 Us Energy Amplificateur a haute frequence a faisceau tournant
US4967162A (en) * 1988-01-28 1990-10-30 Star Microwave Stripline traveling wave device and method

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Publication number Publication date
GB660362A (en) 1951-11-07
BE484239A (en, 2012)
NL141901B (nl)
FR970337A (fr) 1951-01-03

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