US2582994A - Underwater microphone - Google Patents

Underwater microphone Download PDF

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US2582994A
US2582994A US489669A US48966943A US2582994A US 2582994 A US2582994 A US 2582994A US 489669 A US489669 A US 489669A US 48966943 A US48966943 A US 48966943A US 2582994 A US2582994 A US 2582994A
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microphone
casing
water
coil
underwater
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US489669A
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James M Kendall
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Geophysical Research Corp
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Geophysical Research Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
    • B06B1/02—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
    • B06B1/04—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with electromagnetism
    • B06B1/045—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with electromagnetism using vibrating magnet, armature or coil system

Definitions

  • This invention relates to underwater microphones and more particularly to microphones employed for detecting, indicating, and measuring underwater sounds for the purpose of making seismic surveys in areas covered by water or for the purpose of studying underwater sound phenomena.
  • the seismic detectors usually used are microphones of a special type which are adapted for low frequency operation and are known in the art as geophones.
  • the geophones may be of the same type as are used in land surveys but they are sealed up watertight and lowered to the bottom of the water body. If the bottom is of firm, solid material, this procedure usually works quite well. However, in the case where the bottom material is soft muck or ooze, a geophone resting thereon does not always give satisfactory results. In such cases, the practice usually has been to push the geophone down through the soft material until it rests on firm material. This is an awkward and diflicult procedure in shallow water and becomes practically impossible when the water is very deep.
  • a geophone or wave detector of any suitable type such as used on land is enclosed in a watertight casing.
  • the dimensions of the casing are so proportioned that the effective density of the assembly is slightly greater than the density of water.
  • the geophone or wave detector is mounted at or close to one end of the container so as to make the center of gravity of the device close to that end. As the device almost but not quite floats, it will rest on the bottom but will exert practically no pressure thereon. Therefore, it will respond to any wave motion in the water surrounding it because its,
  • the wave motion in the water will move the detector just as it would move the water displaced by the detector, if the detector were not there, and the wave field will not be substantially distorted by the presence of the detector. This is true provided the wave length of the wave motion is large as compared with the dimens'ions of the casing.
  • the velocity of seismic waves in water is approximately 5000 feet per second so that the wave length of a seismic wave of frequency equal to 200 cycles per second is 25 feet.
  • the greatest linear dimension of the casing can usually be made of the order of one foot. Since the frequencies recorded in seismic prospecting are always less than 200 cycles per second, the response of the wave detector will be independent of wave length. As a matter of fact. by suitable design, the device can be made small enough so that frequencies up to at least 2000 cycles may be recorded.
  • the wave length of the sound begins to approach the dimensions of the microphone and the microphone no longer partakes of the particle motion of the water in responding to the sounds. It is then necessary to reduce the size of the microphone considerably but it has been found that when the microphone is made relatively small. bubbles which collect thereon produce inaccuracies in the microphone response by reason of the fact that the bubbles are compressible and each bubble covers a proportionately larger percentage of the microphone surface area than is true in the case where a large microphone is employed. It is, therefore, necessary to shape the microphone so that it can be easily debubbled.
  • the small microphone should also have a shape which easily lends itself to mathematical analysis for the purpose of computing the corrections which are necessary when the microphone is sub- Ject to sounds in the higher frequency ranges having a wave length approaching the dimensions of the microphone. It is also necessary that the shape of the microphone be such that it is fairly easy to compute corrections when the mass of the moving parts of the microphone differs from the mass of the water which the microphone displaces and thereby produces distortion in the 'wave field.
  • the shape of the microphone case should be such as to provide as rigid a structure as possible thereby to eliminate as far as practicable resonance effects within the frequency range in which sound measurements are to be made.
  • a second form of the invention has been devised to conform to the above-mentioned prerequisites.
  • the second form comprising a. microphone which has a substantially spherical casing comprised of two hemispheres having a watertight joint therebetween and is, therefore, capable of being easily debubbled because it presents no recesses within which bubbles may adhere. Since a sphere is symmetrical about all its axes, it lends itself to relatively simple mathematical analysis for the purpose of making the aforementioned corrections.
  • a sphere is the most rigid structural shape obtainable and a microphone casing having a spherical shape will therefore have the least tendency to resonate at frequencies within the range to be measured.
  • One hemisphere of the spherical microphone casing has rigidly mounted thereon and extending into the interior of the casing a coil which is associated with a magnetic structure mounted within the casing and flexibly supported by the hemisphere upon which the coil is mounted thus providing a magnetic field in which the coil moves.
  • the coil is provided with terminal leads which pass through packing glands in the microphone casing for connection to indicating apparatus located exteriorly thereof.
  • the weight of the casing and the elements rigidly mounted thereon is made substantially equal to the weight of the volume of water displaced thereby when the microphone is suspended in a body of water.
  • the weight of the magnetic structure which is flexibly supported within the casing increases the overall weight of the complete microphone structure considerably over the weight of the volume of water displaced but this produces no effect on the ability of the casing to partake of the particle motion of the water without substantial distortion of the wave field thereof.
  • the inertia of the magnetic structure causes it to remain stationary as the casing moves in response to underwater sounds and the motion of the coil in the stationary magnetic field generates a voltage proportional to the velocity of the motion of the sphere and, hence, proportional to the particle velocity of the fluid.
  • a flexible suspension comprising a circular brass ring havin hooks placed at intervals in its circumference.
  • the spherical casing is provided with similarly spaced hooks and flexible bands are arranged to extend from the hooks on the ring to the respective hooks on the casing.
  • the ring may be supported from the surface of the body of water in any suitable manner.
  • the velocity microphone is placed on the bed of the body of water with the axis of the coil normal to the bed and the response of the microphone to sounds is measured simultaneously with the acoustic sound pressure at substantially the same location. From these measurements, the acoustical impedance of the bed at that point may readily be determined.
  • the construction of the microphone permits determination of the absolute sensitivity thereof by the use of a. simple calibrating device and method.
  • the two hemispheres are separated and the hemisphere on which the coil and magnetic structure are mounted is aflixed to a calibrating device which permits measurement of the change in flux linkages of the coil when the magnetic structure is moved a known amount with respect to the coil.
  • the change in flux linkages is measured by a fiuxmeter and the movement of the magnetic structure may be measured by either a microscope or a micrometer, a method being employed which insures accurate measure- 20 underwater sound pressures.
  • a velocity microphone when constructed in accordance with the invention, does not substantially disturb the wave or sound field into which it is introduced and a measurement of the true field pressure is therefore obtained except at the high frequencies at which the wave length is comparable to the microphone diameter.
  • This makes it possible to obtain the field response of a pressure microphone by placing it at a point at which the free field produced by an underwater loudspeaker has been calibrated by the velocity microphone, and the velocity microphone therefore may be utilized as a standard for the calibration of pressure microphones which are employed for the study of The method of and apparatus for calibrating pressure microphones by employing the velocity microphone as a standard will be more fully described hereinafter.
  • pressure refers 26 to the acoustical sound pressures within a body of water and is in no way related to the hydrostatic pressure occurring in the water by reason of the hydrostatic head thereof.
  • One of the objects of the present invention is 30 the provision of a new and improved underwater wave detector or microphone possessing all of the advantages of devices heretofore proposed for this purpose and in which the foregoing disadvantages have been eliminated.
  • Another object of the invention is the provision of an underwater microphone which responds to the particle motion of the water without substantially distorting the wave field thereof.
  • Still another object of the invention is the pro- 0 vision of a new and improved microphone which will aid in the accurate determination of the particle velocity of the bed of a body of water in the presence of sound waves for the purpose of determining the acoustical impedance of said bed.
  • Still another object is the provision of an underwater velocity microphone which is sufflciently accurate in its response to serve as a, primary standard for the calibration of other underwater microphones.
  • Another of the objects of the present invention resides in the provision of a novel method of and apparatus for determining the absolute sensitivity of a velocity microphone.
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel method of and apparatus for callbrating an unknown microphone by employing a velocity microphone as a primary standard.
  • Fig. l is a diagrammatic view partly in section of one form of the apparatusin accordance with the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a view in elevation of a preferred form of the invention and illustrating a spherical velocity microphone and the manner of supporting same;
  • Fig. 3 is a view in section of the'microphone of Fig. 2 taken substantially on the line 3-3 thereof;
  • Fig. 4 is a view taken on the line 44 of Fig. 3 and illustrating the arrangement for centering the magnetic structure of the microphone with respect to the coil carrying element:
  • Fig. 5 is a perspective view of an apparatus suitable for determining the absolute sensitivity of a velocity microphone
  • Fig. 6 is an enlarged view partly in section and partly broken away of a portion of the apparatus of Fig. 5;
  • Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic view of the apparatus employed for calibrating underwater microphones
  • Fig. 8 is an enlarged view of a portion of Fig. 7
  • Fig. 9 is a view taken on the line 9-9 of Fig. 8;
  • Fig. 10 is a diagrammatic view of the electrical apparatus employed for the purposes of calibration and utilizing a velocity microphone as a standard;
  • Fig. 11 is a view illustrating the apparatus of Fig. 10 with the velocity microphone replaced by an unknown microphone.
  • Fig. 1 a complete system according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • the seismic operations are conducted from a boat iii in which are provided the necessary recording and control equipment which is not shown in detail.
  • Another boat, not shown, is equipped with devices for lowering and firing the explosive charge by which the seismic waves are generated.
  • the wave detector or geophone II is located at one end of a cylindrical casing or tank l2, the size of which is dependent upon the weighted size of the geophone.
  • the size and material of the casing are such that the effective density of the assembly is Just slightly greater than that of the water covering the areas to be surveyed so that the assembly rests on the bottom without exerting any appreciable pressure thereon.
  • a two-conductor insulated cable l3 leads from the geophone through the side of the casing near its lower end to the recording equipment l4 contained in the boat. This cable serves to conduct electrical impulses from the geophone to the recording equipment and may also be used for lowering the g iiphone to the bottom and raising it therefrom, or a separate cable may be provided for this purpose.
  • this device In the use of this device for seismic surveying, it is lowered to the bottom and because of the arrangement of the geophone at one end, such end contacts the surface of the bottom without exerting appreciable pressure thereon.
  • the assembly will respond to any wave motion in the water without substantial distortion of the wave field. Seismic waves are generated in the usual manner and the geophone detects the waves which pass up through the earth into the water and produce wave motion therein corresponding to the wave motion produced in the earth. Electrical impulses corresponding to the wave motion are impressed by the geophone on the recording equipment in the usual manner.
  • condition of the bottom has no eflect on the response of the geophone since it is fully responsive to the wave motion in the water.
  • a preferred embodiment of a device for measuring underwater sounds comprises a microphone designated generally by the numeral IS, the microphone having a substantially spherical shell 16 about 2% inches in diameter which is made of Duralumin or any other suitable light weight metal.
  • the shell is divided into two substantially hemispherical sections l1 and I8 connected to each other as by threads on the male portion I! of the section ll andthe female portion 2
  • a thin cylindrical coil form 23 made of plastic or any other suitable material about flve-eighths of an inch in diameter on which is wound a coil 24 which, by way of example, may comprise about 250 turns of #39 Forrnex magnet wire.
  • the coil 24 is provided with terminal leads 25 and 26 supported within the section ll as by an adhesive 21, the leads 25 and 26 being Joined to insulated conductors 26 and 29 respectively which pass through water-tight packing glands 3
  • and 32 may be of any conventional construction but the metal portions thereof should preferably be made of a light weight metal such, forexample, as Duralumin.
  • a magnetic structure designated generally by the numeral 34 and comprising a cylindrical soft iron pole member 35 having a circular aperture 36 therein, the coil 24 being located within the aperture 36 which is slightly greater in diameter than the coil so as to provide a small amount of clearance therefor.
  • the rubber blocks 33 are affixed to the pole member 35 by a suitable adhesive and support the pole member 35 centrally of a cylindrical seat 31 within the hemispherical section II.
  • the cylindrical pole member 35 has attached thereto as by screws 38, a circular soft iron plate 39 having a circular aperture 4
  • the magnet 44 which is preferably made of Alnico, is square in cross-section and has the end 45 reduced to a circular form to provide a surface to which a cylindrical soft iron pole piece 46 is welded as at 41.
  • the pole piece 46 has a diameter slightly less than the internal diameter of the cylindrical coil form 23 so that it is freely movable within the coil form in juxtaposition to the coil 24.
  • a flexible rubber disc 48 having four arms 49, as shown in Fig. 4, is clamped to the top of the pole piece 46 as by a screw 5
  • the shell i8 For supporting the microphone IS in a body of water so as to be substantially free of mechanical restraint, the shell i8 has embedded therein a plurality of eyes 53 arranged in the same plane and spaced symmetrically about the circumference of the shell.
  • a brass ring 64 about 10 inches 1 diameter is provided with symmetrically spaced yes 55 and flexible supporting means such as ubber bands 56 are arranged between the repective eyes 53 and 55, the shell It being subtantially free to move in a direction normal to he plane of the ring 56.
  • the conductors 28 and 9 are clipped to the ring 54 by clips 57, the ring eing provided with an upstanding member 58 hrough which the conductors 28 and 29 pass to orm the cable 59 held to the member 58 as by clamping nut 8
  • the conductors 28 and 28 re provided with suflicient slack between. the hell [6 and the ring 54 thereby to permit the hell to have substantial freedom of movement.
  • the spherical shell l8 and all the parts rigidly vfiixed thereto, such as the coil form 23, the coil 4, the leads 25 and 26 and the packing glands I and 32, are so designed that the weight thereof rill substantially equal the weight of the volume f water displaced thereby when the shell is submerged in water.
  • the inertia of he magnetic structure 34 prevents its moving ,ppreciably.
  • the shell l6, being substantially tee of mechanical restraint by reason of itsfiexble connection to the magnetic structure and to he supporting ring 54, will have a motion sub-.
  • the spherical shape of the shell [6 ] possesses everal advantages.
  • bubbles which collect on the surface of a submerged microphone are a source of inaccuracy lecause of their compressibility thereby preventmg the sphere from truly responding to the fluid larticle motion.
  • a sphere is easily debubbled necause of the absence of recesses therein within which bubbles may collect.
  • Such bubbles which may collect thereon when the microphone I is ubmerged may be removed therefrom by wiping vith a wet cloth or by forcing a stream of water hereagainst and, since the bubbles are easily isible, it is a simple matter to discern whether ;he shell I8 of the microphone is entirely free if bubbles.
  • Another advantage possessed by the spherical .hell is that its simple symmetrical geometrical ,hape lends itself to accurate mathematical cal- ;ulation for any departure from true fluid par- .icle motion which may be caused either by any mall difference which may exist between the veight of the shell l6 and the weight of the olume of water displaced thereby or by the fact hat the wave length of the sound being measured s relatively short and therefore begins to ap )roach the diameter of the microphone shell.
  • the manner in which such calculations are made vill be apparent to those skilled in the art an :orms no part of this invention.
  • the mi- :rophone will have an apparent sensitivity dif- 'ering from its true or absolute sensitivity which, ;herefore, makes it necessary to determine the tbsolute sensitivity before any underwater measirements made by the microphone can be given heir proper interpretation.
  • the manner in ea e) which the absolute sensitivity of the microphone can be determined will now be described in connection with the calibration apparatus required for thi purpose and illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6.
  • the calibration apparatus comprises a fixture shown generally by the numeral 62 and a microscope shown generally by the numeral 83.
  • the fixture 82 has a base 64 supporting at one end thereof as by screws 65, an upstanding plate 68 having therein a threaded circular opening 61 adapted to receive the male portion IQ of the shell l6.
  • an upstanding plate 68 having a pair of clamps 69 adjustably fastened to the upper edge thereof as by screws H each adapted to be screwed into any one of a plurality of threaded holes 12.
  • the clamps 68 are adapted to adjustably fasten a micrometer 13 to the upper edge of plate 68.
  • the base, 64 also has fastened thereto as by machine screws I5 and nuts 18 a flat plate 18 and an angle member 11, the latter having a circular aperture therethrough for receiving a freely slidable shaft 18.
  • the shaft 18 has threadedly connected to one end thereof a screw element 18 which is adjustably held in any desired position with respect to the shaft 18 by a lock-nut 8!.
  • the opposite end of the screw element 19 has rigidly fastened thereto by the pair of lock-nuts 82 a coupling bar 83 which is adapted to be fastened to the plate 39 of the magnetic structure 34 of the microphone by several of the screws 38 which have been previously removed for this purpose.
  • the rod 18 also has mounted thereon a collar 84 which is adjustable along the shaft and may be clamped in any position thereon by the knurled set-screw 85, the collar 84 being placed between the measuring faces. of the micrometer 13.
  • a removable spring 86 is arranged to bias the collar 84 away from the member 11 for a purpose which will become more apparent as the description proceeds.
  • the microscope 83 is provided with a base 81 upon which the fixture G2 is clamped by any conventional means in a position such that the objective lens 88 of the microscope is centered on the shaft 18 regardless of the adjustment of the shaft.
  • the microscope is also provided with a filar micrometer eyepiece having a. cross-hair adjustment dial 89 which, when properly cali-. brated, is employed to make very exact measurements in a well known manner.
  • the manner in which the calibration apparatus is employed to determine the absolute sensitivity of the microphone l5 will now be described.
  • the hemisphere I8 of the microphone is removed and the male portion IQ of the hemisphere I1 is screwed into the opening 61 of the plate 66.
  • Two diametrically opposite screws 38 are removed from the magnetic structure 34 and the coupling bar 83 is attached thereto by means of the same screws 38.
  • the spring 86 is removed and the set-screw loosened to permit the collar 84 to slide freely on the shaft I8 and permit the magnetic structure 34 to assume its normal position within the hemisphere I! as determined by the unstressed condition of the rubber blocks 33 which support the magnetic structure within the hemisphere.
  • the measuring faces of the micrometer 13 are separated by a distance equal to the width of the collar 84 plus 0.015inch, the micrometer faces being locked in this position, and the collar 84 is clamped to the shaft 18 by the set-screw 8 88 substantially centrally of the distance between the micrometer measuring faces or about 0.0075 inch from either face. This distance is not critical as the exact measurements will be made by the microscope 88.
  • the spring 88 is again placed between the member 11 and the collar 84 thus biasing the collar against the movable measuring face of the micrometer and simultaneously moving the magnetic structure 34 approximately 0.0075 inch from its normal position.
  • a fluxmeter (not shown) is connected to the conductors 28 and 29 for measuring the flux linkages produced when the magnetic structure 34 is moved 0.015 inch with respect to the coil 24.
  • Aluminum dust is sprinkled on the shaft I8 directly below the objective lens 88 of the microscope and the cross-hair of the microscope is centered on one side of a selected particle of aluminum dust.
  • the collar 84 is manually moved against the bias of the spring 86 until it strikes the stationary measuring face of the micrometer and thus causes a displacement of approximately 0.015 inch of the magnetic structure 34 to the other side of the normal position thereof with respect to the coil 24.
  • the cross-hair of the microscope 83 is again centered on the same side of the same particle of aluminum dust on the shaft I8 and another reading on the scale and the cross-hair adjustment dial 89 is taken.
  • S absolute sensitivity in microvolts/dyne/cmfi.
  • K fluxmeter sensitivity in linkages/division.
  • A fluxmeter deflections in divisions.
  • B displacement in microscope divisions.
  • D cm./microscope division.
  • R specific acoustic resistance of water.
  • j frequency in cycles per second.
  • Figs. 7 to 11 inclusive an apparatus and method is disclosed for calibrating a pressure responsive condenser type microphone eniiploying the microphone II as a primary t dar
  • the microphone calibrations are conducted in a tank 9
  • the water should be at least fourteen feet deep and the tank must be at least equally wide and long to prevent serious reflection of sounds from the surface of the water or from the bottom and side walls of the tank.
  • the velocity microphone I8 to be employed as a standard is suspended by adjustable links 92 fastened at one end to the brass ring 04 and at the other end to a wooden support 93 by any suitable means.
  • adjustable links 94 mounted by means of adjustable links 94 about one foot away from the microphone I8 is an underwater loudspeaker 98 having a supply cable 98 connected thereto, the microphone I5 and the loudspeaker 95 being so placed with respect to each other that the axis of the microphone coil 24 is in alinement with the axis of the loudspeaker diaphragm.
  • the wooden support 93 is suspended at the proper depth within the tank 9i as by a pair of links'9l fastened at one end thereof to the support 93 by any suitable means and joined together at the other end by a fixture 98 fastened to a raising and lowering cable 89, the two ends of whichpass over pulleys IOI fastened to the ceiling I02.
  • the ends of the cable 99 are adapted to be wound around individual wall cleats I08 which permit adjustment of the microphone and loudspeaker at any desired position within the tank 9 I.
  • the microphone cable 89 and the loudspeaker cable 98 are connected to the calibrating apparatus, shown generally by the numeral I04, which rests upon a table I05.
  • the calibration apparatus I04 is more fully illustrated in Figs. 10 and 11 and comprises an oscillator I08 which is adjustable by means of a control knob I0I through a frequency range of 100 to 10.000 cycles per second, this being the range of sound frequencies through which it is desirable to calibrate a pressure microphone.
  • the output of the oscillator I08 is ada ted to be connected by the transfer switch I08 either across a resistor I09 in series with the microphone I! or to an amplifier III having a volume control H2.
  • An ammeter II 3 is provided to indicate the value of the current being supplied to the resistor I09 by the oscillator I08 which is provided with a volume control IIO for varying this current.
  • the output of the amplifier III is connected to the loudspeaker 95 through the cable 98. a voltmeter II4 being connected thereacross.
  • the cable 89 of the microphone I5 is connected to a preamplifier N8. the output of which is connected to an amplifier I I8 having a volume control I" and thence to a rectifier H8.
  • the output of the rectifier H8 is connected to a recording instrument II9 provided with a pen iii and a cylindrical drum on which is carried a recording chart I22.
  • the cylindrical drum is provided with a central shaft I 23 having a pulley (not shown) fixed on one end which is driven by a ,belt I20 operated from a pulley (not shown) which is fixed to a shaft I25 geared to the frequency control knob I! of the oscillator I06.
  • the apparatus so far described is employed for the purpose of calibrating the output of the loudspeaker at a point in the water one foot away; that is, at the point at which the standard velocity microphone I is located. Having once done so, it is a simple matter to calibrate an unknown pressure microphone by replacing the standard microphone I5 by the microphone to be calibrated and recording its response to the loudspeaker 95 under a similar set of conditions.
  • Fig. 11 the apparatus of Fig. is illustrated as it appears after the unknown microphone shown generally by the numeral I26 has been substituted for the standard microphone I5, the microphone I being supported by thewooden support 03 (Fig. 8) by links in a similar fashion to that employed in supporting the microphone I5 and in exactly the same position with respect to the loudspeaker 95.
  • the unknown microphone in the present example comprises a condenser transducer I21 connected inseries with a resistor I28 to the conventional built-in preamplifier I29. the output of which is connected by the cable I3I to the amplifier H6 in a manner similar to the arrangement of Fig. 10.
  • the resistor I28 is adapted to be connected by .the cable I3I to the oscillator I06 .in the upper position of the switch I00.
  • the oscillator I06 is now enereized and its volume control I I0 is adjusted until the ammeier II3 reads a current value which will produce for pur oses of illustration about microvolts across the resistor I00. This current value rema n ng fixed dur ng the subsequent measurements.
  • the pen I2I is now replaced on the chart I 22.
  • the volume control I I! havin previously been arliusted to a value which experience has taught will give a satisfactory trace on the chart.
  • the frequency control knob I0! is now slowly rotated through the entire ran e of the oscillator I00 from 100 to 10.000 cvcles per second, the belt I24 slowly operating the chart I22 in synchronism with the control knob I01. S multaneously, the pen I 2
  • the switch I08 is now moved to its lower position thereby disconnecting the oscillator from 12 resistor I00 and connecting it to the loudspeaker 00 and the volume control H2 is adjusted until a satisfactory input as indicated by the voltmeter IIl is supplied to the loudspeaker.
  • the frequency control knob I01 is again rotated whereby a second trace is placed on the chart I 22. the latter trace being representative of the response at each frequency of the microphone II.
  • the calibration of the loudspeaker output in dynes/cm. at a point one foot away for any or all frequencies may easily be determined.
  • the calibration of the loudspeaker output in dynes/cm. equals the ratio of the magnitude of the second trace at that frequency to the magnitude of the first trace at the same frequency multiplied by the number of microvolts placed across the resistor I00, the resultant being divided by the absolute sensitivity of the microphone IS in microvolts/dyne/cm..
  • the support 03 (Fig. 7) is raised from the tank 0
  • the pressure microphone and loudspeaker are submerged in the tank, it being understood that the pressure microphone I26 is placed in exactly the same space relation to the loudspeaker 00 as the standard microphone bore to it.
  • the volume controls H0, H2 and II! are allowed to remain in exactly the same positions to which they were adjusted in making the calibration of the loudspeaker output.
  • the switch I00 (Fig. 11) is placed in its upper position and a first trace is made on the same record chart I22 preferably in a different colored ink than was employed in making the earlier traces, the trace being made by rotating the frequency control knob III! as heretofore.
  • the reading of the ammeter H3 is noted as it will differ considerably from the reading noted in Fig. 10, the value of the resistor I28 being considerably higher than that of the resistor I00 by reason of the much greater sensitivity of the condenser transducer I21 over that of the velocity microphone I5.
  • the microvolts applied thereacross may be determined.
  • the switch I00 is now moved to its lower position and a trace in still another colored ink is made upon the chart I22 by rotating the frequency control knob I0'I.
  • the calibration of the pressure microphone I26 at any frequency may readily be determined.
  • the calibration of the pressure microphone in microvolts/dyne/cm? equals the ratio of the magnitude of the second pressure microphone trace at that frequency to the magnitude of the first pressure microphone trace at the same frequency multiplied by the number of microvolts applied across resistor I20, the resultant being divided by the loudspeaker output calibration at the same frequency in dynes/cmfl.
  • the velocity microphone of this invention may also be employed for determining the acoustical impedance of the bed of a body of water.
  • the ring 54 is disconnected from the links 82 and the ring, with the microphone l still mounted therein, is laid horizontally upon the bed of the body of water at the point at which the acoustical impedance is to be determined.
  • the ring 54 performs the function of maintaining the axis of the coil 24 normal to the bed of the body of water so as to place the coil in a position wherein it will respond to the particle motion at the interface between the water and the bed by reason of the fact that the microphone shell IG has practically the same density as the water.
  • a pressure type microphone such as the microphone I26 of Fig. 11, is supported adjacent the microphone i5 and both microphones are subjected to sounds of various frequencies, so that both the acoustical velocity and the acoustical pressure of the sounds may be simultaneously recorded on suitable instruments located at the surface of the Water.
  • the present invention contemplates the provision of a new and improved underwater sound wave detector or microphone adapted to respond to the fiuid particle motion of the water without substantial distortion of the wave field thereof.
  • the microphone is so shaped that it may be readily debubbled and lends itself to mathematical analysis for the purpose of calculating the corrections which are necessary when there is either a difference in the mass of the microphone from the mass of the water which it displaces or when the wave lengths of the sounds to be detected approach the dimensions of the microphone.
  • the invention further contemplates the provision of a novel methodof and apparatus for determining the absolute sensitivity of the microphone of the present invention and also a new and useful method of and apparatus for employing the microphone of the instant invention as a standard for calibrating other microphones.
  • a substantially spherical watertight casing adapted to be submerged in said liquid, a tubular projection extending from the interior wall of said casing, a coil wound exteriorly of said projection, a magnetic field structure movably supported within said casing comprising a permanent magnet and a pair of pole pieces carried thereby, one of the pole pieces surrounding said coil and the other of the pole pieces extending into said tubular projection, and flexible means on said other of the pole pieces for centering it with respect to said tubular projection.
  • a substantially spherical watertight casing adapted to be submerged in said liquid, a tubular projection extending from the interior wall of said casing, a coil wound exteriorly of said projection and having a pair of terminal leads, a magnetic field structure movably supported within said casing comprising a permanent magnet and a pair of pole pieces carried thereby and having an air gap therebetween, said pole pieces being disposed to include said coil in a magnetic path of substantially maximum flux density therebetween, one of the pole piece being adjacent said coil and the other of the pole pieces extending into said tubular projection, flexible means on one of said pole pieces for centering it with respect to said tubular projection, and watertight means on said casing through which said terminal leads pass.
  • a substantially watertight casing adapted to be submerged in said liquid, a tubular projection extending from the interior wall of said casing, a coil wound exteriorly of said projection and having a pair of terminal leads, a magnetic field structure within the casing comprising a permanent magnet and a pair of pole pieces carried thereby, elastic blocks intermediate the magnetic field structure and the casing for movably supporting the field structure substantially centrally of the casing so that one of said pole pieces is adjacent said coil and the other of said pole pieces extends into said tubular projection, flexible means on said other of the pole pieces for centering it with respect to said tubular projection, and watertight means on said one section through which said terminal leads pass.
  • a substantially spherical watertight casing adapted to be submerged in said liquid, a tubular projection extending interiorly from the wall of said casing, a coil wound on said projection, a magnetic field structure movably supported within said casing and comprising a permanent magnet and a pair of pole pieces carried thereby, one of the pole pieces surrounding said coil and the other of the pole pieces extending into said tubular projection, and flexible means on one of said pole pieces for centering it axially with respect to said tubular projection.
  • a device for measuring particle motion at the interface between a body of liquid and the bed thereof comprising a spherical casing adapted to be placed adjacent the bed of said body of liquid and having an outer uninterrupted surface area whereby distortion of the particle motion is prevented, an electromagnetic generating means comprising rigidly mounted and flexibly supported portions within the casing and associated therewith, said casing being moved relatively to said flexibly supported portion of said generating means by particle motion of said liquid, the weight of the casing and rigidly mounted portion of said generating means movable with said casing being such that it engages the bed without exerting pressure thereon whereby it is moved by particle motion at the interface of said body of liquid and said bed without substantially altering said particle motion.
  • a substantially spherical watertight casing adapted to be submerged in said liquid, a tubular projection extending from the interior wall of said casing, a coil wound exteriorly of said projection and having a pair of terminal leads, a magnetic field structure movably supported within said casing comprising a permanent magnet and a pair of pole pieces carried thereby, one of the pole pieces being adjacent said coil and the other of the pole pieces extending into said tubular projection, flexible means on said other of the pole pieces for centering it with respect to said tubular projection, a pair of packing glands substantially diametrically opposite each other on said casing through which said terminal leads respectively pass, a series of hook fastening means attached to said spherical casing, a mounting ring concentrically 16 arranged with said spherical casing having a series of hook fastening means on the inner side thereof and a plurality oi. flexible elements connecting said hook fastening means on said concentric ring to

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Description

Jan. 22, 1952 J. M. KENDALL 2,582,994
UNDERWATER MICROPHONE Filed June 4, 1943 '7 Sheets-Sheet 1 awe/WM J. M. KENDALL Jan. 22, 1952 J. M. KENDALL 2,582,994
UNDERWATER MICROPHONE Filed June 4, 1945 '7 Sheets-Sheet 2 gwuq/wbo'v J. M. KENDALL Jan. 22, 1952 J KENDALL 2,582,994
UNDERWATER MICROPHONE Filed June 4, 1945 '7 Sheets-Sheet 3 6 as I? 7 37 45 1s 38 34 4| Xmas 42 39 3a gwua/wto J. M. KENDALL Jan. 22, 1952 .1. M. KENDALL 2,582,994
UNDERWATER MICROPHONE Filed June 4, 1943 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 IIII HIHHHHHHH"mmHHI HHIIMWWW A 64 HF J. M. KENDALL Jan. 22, 1952 .1. M. KENDALL 2,582,994
UNDERWATER MICROPHONE Filed June 4, 1943 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 1 i,' |o| I02 lol 1,
lwue/vvbom J. M. KENDALL Gbtowwn;
22, 1952 J. M. KENDALL 2,582,994
UNDERWATER MICROPHONE Filed June 4, 1943 7 Sheets-Sheet e J. M. KENDALL I .P. 22, 1952 J. M. KENDALL 2,582,994
UNDERWATER MICROPHONE J. M. KENDALL Patented Jan. 22, 1952 UNDERWATER MICROPHONE James M. Kendall, Coral Hills, Md., assignor to Geophysical Research Corporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New Jersey Application June 4, 1943, Serial No. 489,669
(Granted under the act of March 3, 1883, as amended April 30, 1928; 370 0. G. 757) 6 Claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 435,614, filed March 21, 1942, for Seismic Surveying Equipment which is now abandoned and is also related to the copending division application, Serial No. 543,180, filed July 1, 1944.
This invention relates to underwater microphones and more particularly to microphones employed for detecting, indicating, and measuring underwater sounds for the purpose of making seismic surveys in areas covered by water or for the purpose of studying underwater sound phenomena.
Many areas in which seismic surveys are conducted are covered with water. In surveying such areas, it is customary to mount the recording apparatus on boats. The seismic detectors usually used are microphones of a special type which are adapted for low frequency operation and are known in the art as geophones. The geophones may be of the same type as are used in land surveys but they are sealed up watertight and lowered to the bottom of the water body. If the bottom is of firm, solid material, this procedure usually works quite well. However, in the case where the bottom material is soft muck or ooze, a geophone resting thereon does not always give satisfactory results. In such cases, the practice usually has been to push the geophone down through the soft material until it rests on firm material. This is an awkward and diflicult procedure in shallow water and becomes practically impossible when the water is very deep.
In one form of the invention, a geophone or wave detector of any suitable type such as used on land is enclosed in a watertight casing. The dimensions of the casing are so proportioned that the effective density of the assembly is slightly greater than the density of water. The geophone or wave detector is mounted at or close to one end of the container so as to make the center of gravity of the device close to that end. As the device almost but not quite floats, it will rest on the bottom but will exert practically no pressure thereon. Therefore, it will respond to any wave motion in the water surrounding it because its,
density is practically the same as that of the water. The wave motion in the water will move the detector just as it would move the water displaced by the detector, if the detector were not there, and the wave field will not be substantially distorted by the presence of the detector. This is true provided the wave length of the wave motion is large as compared with the dimens'ions of the casing. The velocity of seismic waves in water is approximately 5000 feet per second so that the wave length of a seismic wave of frequency equal to 200 cycles per second is 25 feet. The greatest linear dimension of the casing can usually be made of the order of one foot. Since the frequencies recorded in seismic prospecting are always less than 200 cycles per second, the response of the wave detector will be independent of wave length. As a matter of fact. by suitable design, the device can be made small enough so that frequencies up to at least 2000 cycles may be recorded.
For higher sound frequencies up to 10,000 cycles per second, the wave length of the sound begins to approach the dimensions of the microphone and the microphone no longer partakes of the particle motion of the water in responding to the sounds. It is then necessary to reduce the size of the microphone considerably but it has been found that when the microphone is made relatively small. bubbles which collect thereon produce inaccuracies in the microphone response by reason of the fact that the bubbles are compressible and each bubble covers a proportionately larger percentage of the microphone surface area than is true in the case where a large microphone is employed. It is, therefore, necessary to shape the microphone so that it can be easily debubbled.
' The small microphone should also have a shape which easily lends itself to mathematical analysis for the purpose of computing the corrections which are necessary when the microphone is sub- Ject to sounds in the higher frequency ranges having a wave length approaching the dimensions of the microphone. It is also necessary that the shape of the microphone be such that it is fairly easy to compute corrections when the mass of the moving parts of the microphone differs from the mass of the water which the microphone displaces and thereby produces distortion in the 'wave field. The shape of the microphone case should be such as to provide as rigid a structure as possible thereby to eliminate as far as practicable resonance effects within the frequency range in which sound measurements are to be made.
A second form of the invention has been devised to conform to the above-mentioned prerequisites. The second form comprising a. microphone which has a substantially spherical casing comprised of two hemispheres having a watertight joint therebetween and is, therefore, capable of being easily debubbled because it presents no recesses within which bubbles may adhere. Since a sphere is symmetrical about all its axes, it lends itself to relatively simple mathematical analysis for the purpose of making the aforementioned corrections. A sphere is the most rigid structural shape obtainable and a microphone casing having a spherical shape will therefore have the least tendency to resonate at frequencies within the range to be measured.
One hemisphere of the spherical microphone casing has rigidly mounted thereon and extending into the interior of the casing a coil which is associated with a magnetic structure mounted within the casing and flexibly supported by the hemisphere upon which the coil is mounted thus providing a magnetic field in which the coil moves. The coil is provided with terminal leads which pass through packing glands in the microphone casing for connection to indicating apparatus located exteriorly thereof. The weight of the casing and the elements rigidly mounted thereon is made substantially equal to the weight of the volume of water displaced thereby when the microphone is suspended in a body of water. The weight of the magnetic structure which is flexibly supported within the casing increases the overall weight of the complete microphone structure considerably over the weight of the volume of water displaced but this produces no effect on the ability of the casing to partake of the particle motion of the water without substantial distortion of the wave field thereof. By reason of the flexible mounting of the magnetic structure within the casing, the inertia of the magnetic structure causes it to remain stationary as the casing moves in response to underwater sounds and the motion of the coil in the stationary magnetic field generates a voltage proportional to the velocity of the motion of the sphere and, hence, proportional to the particle velocity of the fluid.
To permit the casing to move freely within the body of water, a flexible suspension is provided therefor comprising a circular brass ring havin hooks placed at intervals in its circumference. The spherical casing is provided with similarly spaced hooks and flexible bands are arranged to extend from the hooks on the ring to the respective hooks on the casing. The ring may be supported from the surface of the body of water in any suitable manner.
It is sometimes desirable to measure the acoustical impedance of the bed of a body of water. To secure such measurements, the velocity microphone is placed on the bed of the body of water with the axis of the coil normal to the bed and the response of the microphone to sounds is measured simultaneously with the acoustic sound pressure at substantially the same location. From these measurements, the acoustical impedance of the bed at that point may readily be determined.
The construction of the microphone permits determination of the absolute sensitivity thereof by the use of a. simple calibrating device and method. To determine the absolute sensitivity of the microphone, the two hemispheres are separated and the hemisphere on which the coil and magnetic structure are mounted is aflixed to a calibrating device which permits measurement of the change in flux linkages of the coil when the magnetic structure is moved a known amount with respect to the coil. The change in flux linkages is measured by a fiuxmeter and the movement of the magnetic structure may be measured by either a microscope or a micrometer, a method being employed which insures accurate measure- 20 underwater sound pressures.
ment thereby. A simple formula permits the translation of the two measurements into the absolute sensitivity of the microphone stated in microvolts/dyne/cmfi.
As pointed out'hereinbefore, a velocity microphone when constructed in accordance with the invention, does not substantially disturb the wave or sound field into which it is introduced and a measurement of the true field pressure is therefore obtained except at the high frequencies at which the wave length is comparable to the microphone diameter. This makes it possible to obtain the field response of a pressure microphone by placing it at a point at which the free field produced by an underwater loudspeaker has been calibrated by the velocity microphone, and the velocity microphone therefore may be utilized as a standard for the calibration of pressure microphones which are employed for the study of The method of and apparatus for calibrating pressure microphones by employing the velocity microphone as a standard will be more fully described hereinafter.
The term "pressure" as employed herein refers 26 to the acoustical sound pressures within a body of water and is in no way related to the hydrostatic pressure occurring in the water by reason of the hydrostatic head thereof.
One of the objects of the present invention is 30 the provision of a new and improved underwater wave detector or microphone possessing all of the advantages of devices heretofore proposed for this purpose and in which the foregoing disadvantages have been eliminated.
85 Another object of the invention is the provision of an underwater microphone which responds to the particle motion of the water without substantially distorting the wave field thereof.
Still another object of the invention is the pro- 0 vision of a new and improved microphone which will aid in the accurate determination of the particle velocity of the bed of a body of water in the presence of sound waves for the purpose of determining the acoustical impedance of said bed.
An additional object of the present invention Still another object is the provision of an underwater velocity microphone which is sufflciently accurate in its response to serve as a, primary standard for the calibration of other underwater microphones.
Another of the objects of the present invention resides in the provision of a novel method of and apparatus for determining the absolute sensitivity of a velocity microphone.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel method of and apparatus for callbrating an unknown microphone by employing a velocity microphone as a primary standard.
Still other objects, advantages and improvements will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig. l is a diagrammatic view partly in section of one form of the apparatusin accordance with the invention;
Fig. 2 is a view in elevation of a preferred form of the invention and illustrating a spherical velocity microphone and the manner of supporting same;
Fig. 3 is a view in section of the'microphone of Fig. 2 taken substantially on the line 3-3 thereof;
Fig. 4 is a view taken on the line 44 of Fig. 3 and illustrating the arrangement for centering the magnetic structure of the microphone with respect to the coil carrying element:
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of an apparatus suitable for determining the absolute sensitivity of a velocity microphone;
Fig. 6 is an enlarged view partly in section and partly broken away of a portion of the apparatus of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic view of the apparatus employed for calibrating underwater microphones;
Fig. 8 is an enlarged view of a portion of Fig. 7
and illustrating the manner in which certain of the apparatus is supported;
Fig. 9 is a view taken on the line 9-9 of Fig. 8;
Fig. 10 is a diagrammatic view of the electrical apparatus employed for the purposes of calibration and utilizing a velocity microphone as a standard; and
Fig. 11 is a view illustrating the apparatus of Fig. 10 with the velocity microphone replaced by an unknown microphone.
Referring now to the drawings in which like numerals of reference are employed to designated like parts throughout the several views, there is shown in Fig. 1 a complete system according to one embodiment of the invention. As indicated in this figure, the seismic operations are conducted from a boat iii in which are provided the necessary recording and control equipment which is not shown in detail. Another boat, not shown, is equipped with devices for lowering and firing the explosive charge by which the seismic waves are generated.
The wave detector or geophone II is located at one end of a cylindrical casing or tank l2, the size of which is dependent upon the weighted size of the geophone. The size and material of the casing are such that the effective density of the assembly is Just slightly greater than that of the water covering the areas to be surveyed so that the assembly rests on the bottom without exerting any appreciable pressure thereon. A two-conductor insulated cable l3 leads from the geophone through the side of the casing near its lower end to the recording equipment l4 contained in the boat. This cable serves to conduct electrical impulses from the geophone to the recording equipment and may also be used for lowering the g iiphone to the bottom and raising it therefrom, or a separate cable may be provided for this purpose.
In the use of this device for seismic surveying, it is lowered to the bottom and because of the arrangement of the geophone at one end, such end contacts the surface of the bottom without exerting appreciable pressure thereon. The assembly will respond to any wave motion in the water without substantial distortion of the wave field. Seismic waves are generated in the usual manner and the geophone detects the waves which pass up through the earth into the water and produce wave motion therein corresponding to the wave motion produced in the earth. Electrical impulses corresponding to the wave motion are impressed by the geophone on the recording equipment in the usual manner. The
condition of the bottom has no eflect on the response of the geophone since it is fully responsive to the wave motion in the water.
Referring now to Figs. 2 to 11 inclusive and more specifically to Figs. 2, 3 and 4, a preferred embodiment of a device for measuring underwater sounds is illustrated and comprises a microphone designated generally by the numeral IS, the microphone having a substantially spherical shell 16 about 2% inches in diameter which is made of Duralumin or any other suitable light weight metal. The shell is divided into two substantially hemispherical sections l1 and I8 connected to each other as by threads on the male portion I! of the section ll andthe female portion 2| of the section [6 to form a water-tight joint therebetween at the machined abutting faces 22 of the two hemispherical sections.
Screwed into the section I1 is a thin cylindrical coil form 23 made of plastic or any other suitable material about flve-eighths of an inch in diameter on which is wound a coil 24 which, by way of example, may comprise about 250 turns of #39 Forrnex magnet wire. The coil 24 is provided with terminal leads 25 and 26 supported within the section ll as by an adhesive 21, the leads 25 and 26 being Joined to insulated conductors 26 and 29 respectively which pass through water-tight packing glands 3| and 32, respectively, arranged in the hemispherical section [1. The packing glands 3| and 32 may be of any conventional construction but the metal portions thereof should preferably be made of a light weight metal such, forexample, as Duralumin.
Flexibly supported within the hemispherical section I! as by the soft rubber blocks 33 is a magnetic structure designated generally by the numeral 34 and comprising a cylindrical soft iron pole member 35 having a circular aperture 36 therein, the coil 24 being located within the aperture 36 which is slightly greater in diameter than the coil so as to provide a small amount of clearance therefor. The rubber blocks 33 are affixed to the pole member 35 by a suitable adhesive and support the pole member 35 centrally of a cylindrical seat 31 within the hemispherical section II.
The cylindrical pole member 35 has attached thereto as by screws 38, a circular soft iron plate 39 having a circular aperture 4| therein within which is welded as indicated at 42 a cylindrical extension 43 of a permanent magnet 44. The magnet 44, which is preferably made of Alnico, is square in cross-section and has the end 45 reduced to a circular form to provide a surface to which a cylindrical soft iron pole piece 46 is welded as at 41.
The pole piece 46 has a diameter slightly less than the internal diameter of the cylindrical coil form 23 so that it is freely movable within the coil form in juxtaposition to the coil 24. To properly center the pole piece 46 with respect to the coil form 23 and yet permit free movement therebetween, a flexible rubber disc 48 having four arms 49, as shown in Fig. 4, is clamped to the top of the pole piece 46 as by a screw 5| and a washer 62, the arms 49 lightly gripping the interior of the coil form 23 and thereby flexibly centering the pole piece 46 with respect thereto.
For supporting the microphone IS in a body of water so as to be substantially free of mechanical restraint, the shell i8 has embedded therein a plurality of eyes 53 arranged in the same plane and spaced symmetrically about the circumference of the shell. A brass ring 64 about 10 inches 1 diameter is provided with symmetrically spaced yes 55 and flexible supporting means such as ubber bands 56 are arranged between the repective eyes 53 and 55, the shell It being subtantially free to move in a direction normal to he plane of the ring 56. The conductors 28 and 9 are clipped to the ring 54 by clips 57, the ring eing provided with an upstanding member 58 hrough which the conductors 28 and 29 pass to orm the cable 59 held to the member 58 as by clamping nut 8|. The conductors 28 and 28 re provided with suflicient slack between. the hell [6 and the ring 54 thereby to permit the hell to have substantial freedom of movement.
The spherical shell l8 and all the parts rigidly vfiixed thereto, such as the coil form 23, the coil 4, the leads 25 and 26 and the packing glands I and 32, are so designed that the weight thereof rill substantially equal the weight of the volume f water displaced thereby when the shell is submerged in water. For all underwater sound freuencies well above the resonant frequency deermined by the mass of tlve magnetic structure .nd the flexible support therefor, the inertia of he magnetic structure 34 prevents its moving ,ppreciably. The shell l6, being substantially tee of mechanical restraint by reason of itsfiexble connection to the magnetic structure and to he supporting ring 54, will have a motion sub-. tantially identical with the fluid particle motion .nd will not distort the wave field produced by he underwater sounds. The motion of the coil 4 in the stationary magnetic field which exends between the pole member 35 and the pole iece 48 generates a voltage proportional to the 'elocity of motion of the shell l6 and which is, herefore, proportional to the particle velocity of he fluid.
The spherical shape of the shell [6 possesses everal advantages. As hereinbefore pointed out Jr bubbles which collect on the surface of a submerged microphone are a source of inaccuracy lecause of their compressibility thereby preventmg the sphere from truly responding to the fluid larticle motion. A sphere is easily debubbled necause of the absence of recesses therein within which bubbles may collect. Such bubbles which may collect thereon when the microphone I is ubmerged may be removed therefrom by wiping vith a wet cloth or by forcing a stream of water hereagainst and, since the bubbles are easily isible, it is a simple matter to discern whether ;he shell I8 of the microphone is entirely free if bubbles.
Another advantage possessed by the spherical .hell is that its simple symmetrical geometrical ,hape lends itself to accurate mathematical cal- ;ulation for any departure from true fluid par- .icle motion which may be caused either by any mall difference which may exist between the veight of the shell l6 and the weight of the olume of water displaced thereby or by the fact hat the wave length of the sound being measured s relatively short and therefore begins to ap )roach the diameter of the microphone shell. the manner in which such calculations are made vill be apparent to those skilled in the art an :orms no part of this invention.
However, because of the aforementioned de- Jarture from true fluid particle motion, the mi- :rophone will have an apparent sensitivity dif- 'ering from its true or absolute sensitivity which, ;herefore, makes it necessary to determine the tbsolute sensitivity before any underwater measirements made by the microphone can be given heir proper interpretation. The manner in ea e) which the absolute sensitivity of the microphone can be determined will now be described in connection with the calibration apparatus required for thi purpose and illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6.
The calibration apparatus comprises a fixture shown generally by the numeral 62 and a microscope shown generally by the numeral 83. The fixture 82 has a base 64 supporting at one end thereof as by screws 65, an upstanding plate 68 having therein a threaded circular opening 61 adapted to receive the male portion IQ of the shell l6. Also mounted on the base 64 and fastened thereto in any suitable manner is an upstanding plate 68 having a pair of clamps 69 adjustably fastened to the upper edge thereof as by screws H each adapted to be screwed into any one of a plurality of threaded holes 12. The clamps 68 are adapted to adjustably fasten a micrometer 13 to the upper edge of plate 68.
The base, 64 also has fastened thereto as by machine screws I5 and nuts 18 a flat plate 18 and an angle member 11, the latter having a circular aperture therethrough for receiving a freely slidable shaft 18. The shaft 18 has threadedly connected to one end thereof a screw element 18 which is adjustably held in any desired position with respect to the shaft 18 by a lock-nut 8!. The opposite end of the screw element 19 has rigidly fastened thereto by the pair of lock-nuts 82 a coupling bar 83 which is adapted to be fastened to the plate 39 of the magnetic structure 34 of the microphone by several of the screws 38 which have been previously removed for this purpose. The rod 18 also has mounted thereon a collar 84 which is adjustable along the shaft and may be clamped in any position thereon by the knurled set-screw 85, the collar 84 being placed between the measuring faces. of the micrometer 13. A removable spring 86 is arranged to bias the collar 84 away from the member 11 for a purpose which will become more apparent as the description proceeds.
The microscope 83 is provided with a base 81 upon which the fixture G2 is clamped by any conventional means in a position such that the objective lens 88 of the microscope is centered on the shaft 18 regardless of the adjustment of the shaft. The microscope is also provided with a filar micrometer eyepiece having a. cross-hair adjustment dial 89 which, when properly cali-. brated, is employed to make very exact measurements in a well known manner.
The manner in which the calibration apparatus is employed to determine the absolute sensitivity of the microphone l5 will now be described. The hemisphere I8 of the microphone is removed and the male portion IQ of the hemisphere I1 is screwed into the opening 61 of the plate 66. Two diametrically opposite screws 38 are removed from the magnetic structure 34 and the coupling bar 83 is attached thereto by means of the same screws 38. The spring 86 is removed and the set-screw loosened to permit the collar 84 to slide freely on the shaft I8 and permit the magnetic structure 34 to assume its normal position within the hemisphere I! as determined by the unstressed condition of the rubber blocks 33 which support the magnetic structure within the hemisphere. The measuring faces of the micrometer 13 are separated by a distance equal to the width of the collar 84 plus 0.015inch, the micrometer faces being locked in this position, and the collar 84 is clamped to the shaft 18 by the set-screw 8 88 substantially centrally of the distance between the micrometer measuring faces or about 0.0075 inch from either face. This distance is not critical as the exact measurements will be made by the microscope 88.
The spring 88 is again placed between the member 11 and the collar 84 thus biasing the collar against the movable measuring face of the micrometer and simultaneously moving the magnetic structure 34 approximately 0.0075 inch from its normal position. A fluxmeter (not shown) is connected to the conductors 28 and 29 for measuring the flux linkages produced when the magnetic structure 34 is moved 0.015 inch with respect to the coil 24. Aluminum dust is sprinkled on the shaft I8 directly below the objective lens 88 of the microscope and the cross-hair of the microscope is centered on one side of a selected particle of aluminum dust. A'
reading of this position is taken on the microscope scale and cross-hair adjustment dial 89.
The collar 84 is manually moved against the bias of the spring 86 until it strikes the stationary measuring face of the micrometer and thus causes a displacement of approximately 0.015 inch of the magnetic structure 34 to the other side of the normal position thereof with respect to the coil 24. The cross-hair of the microscope 83 is again centered on the same side of the same particle of aluminum dust on the shaft I8 and another reading on the scale and the cross-hair adjustment dial 89 is taken. The
fluxmeter reading is also taken and the foregoing procedure is repeated a number of times to secure a good average result.
The absolute sensitivity of the microphone for plane waves may now be determined from the following formula:
where S=absolute sensitivity in microvolts/dyne/cmfi. K=fluxmeter sensitivity in linkages/division. A=fluxmeter deflections in divisions. B=displacement in microscope divisions. D=cm./microscope division. R=specific acoustic resistance of water.
=1.437 l dyne sec./cm.
If a microscope is not available, fairly accurate results may be obtained by employing the readings of the micrometer I9. When these readings are substituted for those of the microscope, two of the factors of the formula above must be redefined as follows:
B=displacement of micrometer in inches. D=2.54 cm./inch..
It will be noted that the above formula applies only when determining the absolute sensitivity of the microphone for plane waves. However. the microphone must be operated at a relatively small distance from the sound source in order that pressures under investigation will be appreciably greater than those of background noises and reflections. Hence, the sound waves at this distance will be spherical rather than plane waves. The relation of particle velocity for plane waves to that for spherical waves, at points where the pressures are equal, is
10 where v =particle velocity for plane waves. m=particle velocity for spherical waves. r=distance between sound source and detector. c=velocity of sound in water.
j=frequency in cycles per second.
Referring now to Figs. 7 to 11 inclusive, an apparatus and method is disclosed for calibrating a pressure responsive condenser type microphone eniiploying the microphone II as a primary t dar The microphone calibrations are conducted in a tank 9| or other body of water which is substantiaily free from currents, waves and noise. The water should be at least fourteen feet deep and the tank must be at least equally wide and long to prevent serious reflection of sounds from the surface of the water or from the bottom and side walls of the tank.
The velocity microphone I8 to be employed as a standard is suspended by adjustable links 92 fastened at one end to the brass ring 04 and at the other end to a wooden support 93 by any suitable means. Similarly mounted by means of adjustable links 94 about one foot away from the microphone I8 is an underwater loudspeaker 98 having a supply cable 98 connected thereto, the microphone I5 and the loudspeaker 95 being so placed with respect to each other that the axis of the microphone coil 24 is in alinement with the axis of the loudspeaker diaphragm.
The wooden support 93 is suspended at the proper depth within the tank 9i as by a pair of links'9l fastened at one end thereof to the support 93 by any suitable means and joined together at the other end by a fixture 98 fastened to a raising and lowering cable 89, the two ends of whichpass over pulleys IOI fastened to the ceiling I02. The ends of the cable 99 are adapted to be wound around individual wall cleats I08 which permit adjustment of the microphone and loudspeaker at any desired position within the tank 9 I. The microphone cable 89 and the loudspeaker cable 98 are connected to the calibrating apparatus, shown generally by the numeral I04, which rests upon a table I05.
The calibration apparatus I04 is more fully illustrated in Figs. 10 and 11 and comprises an oscillator I08 which is adjustable by means of a control knob I0I through a frequency range of 100 to 10.000 cycles per second, this being the range of sound frequencies through which it is desirable to calibrate a pressure microphone. The output of the oscillator I08 is ada ted to be connected by the transfer switch I08 either across a resistor I09 in series with the microphone I! or to an amplifier III having a volume control H2. An ammeter II 3 is provided to indicate the value of the current being supplied to the resistor I09 by the oscillator I08 which is provided with a volume control IIO for varying this current. The output of the amplifier III is connected to the loudspeaker 95 through the cable 98. a voltmeter II4 being connected thereacross.
The cable 89 of the microphone I5 is connected to a preamplifier N8. the output of which is connected to an amplifier I I8 having a volume control I" and thence to a rectifier H8. The output of the rectifier H8 is connected to a recording instrument II9 provided with a pen iii and a cylindrical drum on which is carried a recording chart I22. The cylindrical drum is provided with a central shaft I 23 having a pulley (not shown) fixed on one end which is driven by a ,belt I20 operated from a pulley (not shown) which is fixed to a shaft I25 geared to the frequency control knob I! of the oscillator I06.
The apparatus so far described is employed for the purpose of calibrating the output of the loudspeaker at a point in the water one foot away; that is, at the point at which the standard velocity microphone I is located. Having once done so, it is a simple matter to calibrate an unknown pressure microphone by replacing the standard microphone I5 by the microphone to be calibrated and recording its response to the loudspeaker 95 under a similar set of conditions.
Referring now to Fig. 11", the apparatus of Fig. is illustrated as it appears after the unknown microphone shown generally by the numeral I26 has been substituted for the standard microphone I5, the microphone I being supported by thewooden support 03 (Fig. 8) by links in a similar fashion to that employed in supporting the microphone I5 and in exactly the same position with respect to the loudspeaker 95. The unknown microphone in the present example comprises a condenser transducer I21 connected inseries with a resistor I28 to the conventional built-in preamplifier I29. the output of which is connected by the cable I3I to the amplifier H6 in a manner similar to the arrangement of Fig. 10. The resistor I28 is adapted to be connected by .the cable I3I to the oscillator I06 .in the upper position of the switch I00.
The method whereby the pressure microphone I26 is calibrated with respect to the standard microphone I5 will now be described. Let it be assumed that the standard microphone I5 and the loudspeaker 05 have been submerged to a proper depth in the tank 0| as illustrated in Fig. 7 and the apparatus I04 has been connected as illustrated in Fig. 10. The pen I 2| is raised from the chart I22 and the knob I0! is adjusted to set the oscillator I06 at its lowest frequency generating position of 100 cycles per second, the oscillator meanwhile being permitted to remain unenergized. The switch I00 is placed in its upper position thereby disconnecting the loudspeaker 05 from the oscillator and connecting the oscillator across the resistor I00 in circuit with the micro hone I5. The oscillator I06 is now enereized and its volume control I I0 is adjusted until the ammeier II3 reads a current value which will produce for pur oses of illustration about microvolts across the resistor I00. this current value rema n ng fixed dur ng the subsequent measurements. The pen I2I is now replaced on the chart I 22. the volume control I I! havin previously been arliusted to a value which experience has taught will give a satisfactory trace on the chart.
The frequency control knob I0! is now slowly rotated through the entire ran e of the oscillator I00 from 100 to 10.000 cvcles per second, the belt I24 slowly operating the chart I22 in synchronism with the control knob I01. S multaneously, the pen I 2| will trace on the chart I22 the response of the elements H5. H6. H8 and H0 for each frequency supplied thereto by the oscillator through its connection to the resistor I00 thereby calibrating these elements at the various frequencies, it being understood that t e chart I22 has properly marked thereon indicia representative of the frequencies supplied by the oscillator I00.
The switch I08 is now moved to its lower position thereby disconnecting the oscillator from 12 resistor I00 and connecting it to the loudspeaker 00 and the volume control H2 is adjusted until a satisfactory input as indicated by the voltmeter IIl is supplied to the loudspeaker. The frequency control knob I01 is again rotated whereby a second trace is placed on the chart I 22. the latter trace being representative of the response at each frequency of the microphone II.
From the two traces on the chart I22 and the absolute sensitivity of the microphone I5 determined with the apparatus of Figs. 5 and 6 as hereinbefore described, the calibration of the loudspeaker output in dynes/cm. at a point one foot away for any or all frequencies may easily be determined. For any particular frequency, the calibration of the loudspeaker output in dynes/cm. equals the ratio of the magnitude of the second trace at that frequency to the magnitude of the first trace at the same frequency multiplied by the number of microvolts placed across the resistor I00, the resultant being divided by the absolute sensitivity of the microphone IS in microvolts/dyne/cm..
To calibrate an unknown pressure microphone I26 for the range of frequencies from to 10,000 cycles per second, the support 03 (Fig. 7) is raised from the tank 0| by the cable 00 and the unknown pressure microphone is substituted for the standard microphone I5 in the manner shown diagrammatically in Fig. 11. The pressure microphone and loudspeaker are submerged in the tank, it being understood that the pressure microphone I26 is placed in exactly the same space relation to the loudspeaker 00 as the standard microphone bore to it. The volume controls H0, H2 and II! are allowed to remain in exactly the same positions to which they were adjusted in making the calibration of the loudspeaker output.
The switch I00 (Fig. 11) is placed in its upper position and a first trace is made on the same record chart I22 preferably in a different colored ink than was employed in making the earlier traces, the trace being made by rotating the frequency control knob III! as heretofore. The reading of the ammeter H3 is noted as it will differ considerably from the reading noted in Fig. 10, the value of the resistor I28 being considerably higher than that of the resistor I00 by reason of the much greater sensitivity of the condenser transducer I21 over that of the velocity microphone I5. By multiplying the reading of the ammeter II3 by the resistance of the resistor I28, the microvolts applied thereacross may be determined. The switch I00 is now moved to its lower position and a trace in still another colored ink is made upon the chart I22 by rotating the frequency control knob I0'I.
From the latter two traces taken in connection ,with the calibrated loudspeaker output derived from the first two traces, the calibration of the pressure microphone I26 at any frequency may readily be determined. For any particular frequency, the calibration of the pressure microphone in microvolts/dyne/cm? equals the ratio of the magnitude of the second pressure microphone trace at that frequency to the magnitude of the first pressure microphone trace at the same frequency multiplied by the number of microvolts applied across resistor I20, the resultant being divided by the loudspeaker output calibration at the same frequency in dynes/cmfl.
It will, of course, be understood that each of the hereinbefore mentioned corrections which may be applicable under a particular set of conditions is applied in determining the calibration of the pressure microphone I26 thereby to eliminate inaccuracies produced when the wave lengths of the sounds being measured approach the diameter of the microphone I 5, or the weight of the shell I8 is diilerent from that of the volume of water displaced thereby, or the distance between the loudspeaker and the microphones during measurements is relatively small.
The velocity microphone of this invention may also be employed for determining the acoustical impedance of the bed of a body of water. The ring 54 is disconnected from the links 82 and the ring, with the microphone l still mounted therein, is laid horizontally upon the bed of the body of water at the point at which the acoustical impedance is to be determined. The ring 54 performs the function of maintaining the axis of the coil 24 normal to the bed of the body of water so as to place the coil in a position wherein it will respond to the particle motion at the interface between the water and the bed by reason of the fact that the microphone shell IG has practically the same density as the water.
A pressure type microphone, such as the microphone I26 of Fig. 11, is supported adjacent the microphone i5 and both microphones are subjected to sounds of various frequencies, so that both the acoustical velocity and the acoustical pressure of the sounds may be simultaneously recorded on suitable instruments located at the surface of the Water. The acoustical impedance of the bed of the body of water at any particular frequency can be determined from the formula where Z=acoustical impedance P=acoustical pressure V=acoustical velocity Briefly stated in summary, the present invention contemplates the provision of a new and improved underwater sound wave detector or microphone adapted to respond to the fiuid particle motion of the water without substantial distortion of the wave field thereof. In the preferred embodiment, the microphone is so shaped that it may be readily debubbled and lends itself to mathematical analysis for the purpose of calculating the corrections which are necessary when there is either a difference in the mass of the microphone from the mass of the water which it displaces or when the wave lengths of the sounds to be detected approach the dimensions of the microphone. The invention further contemplates the provision of a novel methodof and apparatus for determining the absolute sensitivity of the microphone of the present invention and also a new and useful method of and apparatus for employing the microphone of the instant invention as a standard for calibrating other microphones.
Although, in accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, this invention has been described in concrete form with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof which gives satisfactory results, it will be understood that this form is merely illustrative and that the invention is not limited thereto since alterations and modifications will readily suggest themselves to persons skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit of thisinvention or the scope of the annexed claims.
The invention herein described and claimed may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States. of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. In a device for measuring particle motion within a body of liquid, a substantially spherical watertight casing adapted to be submerged in said liquid, a tubular projection extending from the interior wall of said casing, a coil wound exteriorly of said projection, a magnetic field structure movably supported within said casing comprising a permanent magnet and a pair of pole pieces carried thereby, one of the pole pieces surrounding said coil and the other of the pole pieces extending into said tubular projection, and flexible means on said other of the pole pieces for centering it with respect to said tubular projection.
2. In a device for measuring particle motion within a body of liquid, a substantially spherical watertight casing adapted to be submerged in said liquid, a tubular projection extending from the interior wall of said casing, a coil wound exteriorly of said projection and having a pair of terminal leads, a magnetic field structure movably supported within said casing comprising a permanent magnet and a pair of pole pieces carried thereby and having an air gap therebetween, said pole pieces being disposed to include said coil in a magnetic path of substantially maximum flux density therebetween, one of the pole piece being adjacent said coil and the other of the pole pieces extending into said tubular projection, flexible means on one of said pole pieces for centering it with respect to said tubular projection, and watertight means on said casing through which said terminal leads pass.
3. In a device for measuring particle motion within a body of liquid, a substantially watertight casing adapted to be submerged in said liquid, a tubular projection extending from the interior wall of said casing, a coil wound exteriorly of said projection and having a pair of terminal leads, a magnetic field structure within the casing comprising a permanent magnet and a pair of pole pieces carried thereby, elastic blocks intermediate the magnetic field structure and the casing for movably supporting the field structure substantially centrally of the casing so that one of said pole pieces is adjacent said coil and the other of said pole pieces extends into said tubular projection, flexible means on said other of the pole pieces for centering it with respect to said tubular projection, and watertight means on said one section through which said terminal leads pass.
4. In a device for measuring particle motion within a body of liquid, a substantially spherical watertight casing adapted to be submerged in said liquid, a tubular projection extending interiorly from the wall of said casing, a coil wound on said projection, a magnetic field structure movably supported within said casing and comprising a permanent magnet and a pair of pole pieces carried thereby, one of the pole pieces surrounding said coil and the other of the pole pieces extending into said tubular projection, and flexible means on one of said pole pieces for centering it axially with respect to said tubular projection.
5. In a device for measuring particle motion at the interface between a body of liquid and the bed thereof comprising a spherical casing adapted to be placed adjacent the bed of said body of liquid and having an outer uninterrupted surface area whereby distortion of the particle motion is prevented, an electromagnetic generating means comprising rigidly mounted and flexibly supported portions within the casing and associated therewith, said casing being moved relatively to said flexibly supported portion of said generating means by particle motion of said liquid, the weight of the casing and rigidly mounted portion of said generating means movable with said casing being such that it engages the bed without exerting pressure thereon whereby it is moved by particle motion at the interface of said body of liquid and said bed without substantially altering said particle motion.
6. In a device for measuring particle motion within a body of liquid, a substantially spherical watertight casing adapted to be submerged in said liquid, a tubular projection extending from the interior wall of said casing, a coil wound exteriorly of said projection and having a pair of terminal leads, a magnetic field structure movably supported within said casing comprising a permanent magnet and a pair of pole pieces carried thereby, one of the pole pieces being adjacent said coil and the other of the pole pieces extending into said tubular projection, flexible means on said other of the pole pieces for centering it with respect to said tubular projection, a pair of packing glands substantially diametrically opposite each other on said casing through which said terminal leads respectively pass, a series of hook fastening means attached to said spherical casing, a mounting ring concentrically 16 arranged with said spherical casing having a series of hook fastening means on the inner side thereof and a plurality oi. flexible elements connecting said hook fastening means on said concentric ring to said hook fastening means on said casing to maintain the axis of said coil in a vertical position when said casing is submerged in a liquid to record the particle motion within said liquid.
JAMES M. KENDALL.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,393,471 Wegel Oct. 11, 1921 1,453,612 Williams May 1, 1923 v 1,470,733 Hayes Oct. 16, 1923 1,562,545 Durbin Nov. 24, 1925 1,892,147 Hayes Dec. 27, 1932 2,067,636 Heiland Jan. 12, 1937 2,069,254 Kunze Feb. 2, 1937 2,241,428 Silverman May 13, 1941 2,249,131 Hartmann et a1. July 15, 1941 2,271,864 Honnell et al Feb. 3, 1942 2,283,200 -Fiude May 19, 1942 2,311,079 Parr Feb. 16, 1943 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 467,527 France June 13, 1914
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US2755879A (en) * 1951-07-02 1956-07-24 Stanolind Oil & Gas Co Planting seismometers
US2856594A (en) * 1955-03-04 1958-10-14 Vector Mfg Company Seismic detector
US3059218A (en) * 1957-04-01 1962-10-16 Texas Instruments Inc Apparatus for combined fluid and electromagnetic damping of seismometer units
US3105456A (en) * 1954-08-09 1963-10-01 Aerojet General Co Pressure wave generator
US5091894A (en) * 1990-03-23 1992-02-25 Thomson-Csf Suspension device for acoustic base
US5392258A (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-02-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Underwater acoustic intensity probe
US20060236772A1 (en) * 2004-11-23 2006-10-26 Naluai Nathan K Ridigly mounted underwater acoustic inertial vector sensor

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US2067636A (en) * 1934-04-24 1937-01-12 Heiland Res Corp Vibration detector
US2069254A (en) * 1929-03-01 1937-02-02 Submarine Signal Co Sound apparatus
US2241428A (en) * 1938-06-28 1941-05-13 Stanolind Oil & Gas Co Apparatus for underwater seismic surveying
US2249131A (en) * 1939-03-18 1941-07-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Method of and apparatus for testing receivers
US2271864A (en) * 1938-06-10 1942-02-03 Texas Co Seismic wave detector
US2283200A (en) * 1939-09-16 1942-05-19 Flude John William Method and apparatus for subsurface mining
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1453612A (en) * 1923-05-01 mains
FR467527A (en) * 1913-03-31 1914-06-13 Societe F Ducretet Et E Roger Improvements in methods and apparatus for receiving underwater sound vibrations
US1470733A (en) * 1919-06-25 1923-10-16 Submarine Signal Co Sound detection
US1393471A (en) * 1919-10-09 1921-10-11 Western Electric Co Submarine signaling
US1562545A (en) * 1923-04-13 1925-11-24 Holtzer Cabot Electric Co Apparatus for testing telephone receivers
US1892147A (en) * 1927-09-23 1932-12-27 Harvey C Hayes Vibration detector
US2069254A (en) * 1929-03-01 1937-02-02 Submarine Signal Co Sound apparatus
US2067636A (en) * 1934-04-24 1937-01-12 Heiland Res Corp Vibration detector
US2271864A (en) * 1938-06-10 1942-02-03 Texas Co Seismic wave detector
US2241428A (en) * 1938-06-28 1941-05-13 Stanolind Oil & Gas Co Apparatus for underwater seismic surveying
US2249131A (en) * 1939-03-18 1941-07-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Method of and apparatus for testing receivers
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2755879A (en) * 1951-07-02 1956-07-24 Stanolind Oil & Gas Co Planting seismometers
US3105456A (en) * 1954-08-09 1963-10-01 Aerojet General Co Pressure wave generator
US2856594A (en) * 1955-03-04 1958-10-14 Vector Mfg Company Seismic detector
US3059218A (en) * 1957-04-01 1962-10-16 Texas Instruments Inc Apparatus for combined fluid and electromagnetic damping of seismometer units
US5091894A (en) * 1990-03-23 1992-02-25 Thomson-Csf Suspension device for acoustic base
US5392258A (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-02-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Underwater acoustic intensity probe
US20060236772A1 (en) * 2004-11-23 2006-10-26 Naluai Nathan K Ridigly mounted underwater acoustic inertial vector sensor
US7536913B2 (en) 2004-11-23 2009-05-26 The Penn State Research Foundation Rigidly mounted underwater acoustic inertial vector sensor

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