US2553405A - Preparation of benzonitriles - Google Patents
Preparation of benzonitriles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2553405A US2553405A US154869A US15486950A US2553405A US 2553405 A US2553405 A US 2553405A US 154869 A US154869 A US 154869A US 15486950 A US15486950 A US 15486950A US 2553405 A US2553405 A US 2553405A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cyanogen
- benzonitrile
- reaction
- benzene
- chloride
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 150000008359 benzonitriles Chemical class 0.000 title description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 3
- JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1 JFDZBHWFFUWGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- QPJDMGCKMHUXFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanogen chloride Chemical compound ClC#N QPJDMGCKMHUXFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- -1 CYANOGEN HALIDE Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- JMANVNJQNLATNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycolonitrile Natural products N#CC#N JMANVNJQNLATNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000005171 halobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- ATDGTVJJHBUTRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanogen bromide Chemical compound BrC#N ATDGTVJJHBUTRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005297 pyrex Substances 0.000 description 2
- WBUOVKBZJOIOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chlorobenzonitrile Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(C#N)=C1 WBUOVKBZJOIOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJNGXPDXRVXSEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-chlorobenzonitrile Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(C#N)C=C1 GJNGXPDXRVXSEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanamide Chemical compound NC#N XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C255/49—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the preparation of benzonitriles.
- the reaction is preferably carried out at an average reaction tube temperature of at least 600 C. and still more preferably at an average temperature within the range 650-700 C. Temperatures as high as 800 C. and even higher may be used but the yields are greatly reduced. In most cases optimum yields will be obtained at an average temperature of about 675 C.
- the vaporized reactants should be forced through the hot reaction tube at a velocity sufiiciently slow to permit reaction but not so slowly that the materials have an opportunity to decompose.
- a residence time of at least about /2 second at reaction temperature is necessary, and a residence time of 5-15 seconds is preferred.
- the ratio of reactants is not critical and some benzonitrile will be formed even though the mol ratio of the reactants varies from 0.1 to 10.
- the cyanogen halide is generally more expensive than benzene, it is economically preferable to use the benzene in molar excess.
- the reaction is preferably conducted at atmospheric pressure but superatmospheric pressures may be used if desired.
- Example 1 Benzene vapor (3.64 mols) and cyanogen chloride vapor (1.45 mols) were passed into a Pyrex tube heated in an electric furnace. The reaction tube was maintained at an average temperature of 659 C. and the contact time was 5.3 seconds. The resulting vapor mixture was condensed in a receiver maintained at a temperature of 85 C., which was sufiicientl hot to condense benzene and benzonitrile, while keeping by-product hydrogen chloride and unreacted cyanogen chloride in the vapor phase. The latter gases were drawn of! from the top of the receiver through an alkaline trap which was vented to the atmosphere.
- the crude benzonitrile together with unreacted benzene was passed into a fractionating column where the benzene was stripped out and recovered for recycling and crude benzonitrile was taken off at the bottom of the column for reiractionation. In one pass the conversion of cyanogen chloride to benzonitrile was 9.7%.
- Example 2 Using a procedure analogous to that of the preceding example, 1.73 mols of chlorobenzene was reacted with 0.83 mol of cyanogen chloride at an average reaction tube temperature of 656 C. for a contact time of 12.5 seconds to yield 0.08 mol of m-chlorobenzonitrile and 0.04 mol of p-chlorobenzonitrile, amounting to conversions of input cyanogen chloride of respectively 9.6% and 4.8
- halobenzenes can be used in analogous reactions to yield other halobenzonitriles.
- the method of preparing a benzonitrile that comprises heating a member of the group consisting of benzene and a halobenzene with a cyanogen halide of the group consisting of cyanogen chloride and cyanogen bromide at a temperature of at least about 600 C., and recovering the thus-formed benzonitrile.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Description
2,553,405 ATENT OFFICE PREPARATION OF BENZONITRILES James Dixon, Riverside, Cnn., assignor to American Cyanamid Company,
New York,
N. Y., a corporation of Maine No Drawing. Application April 8, 1950, Serial No. 154,869
3 Claims.
The present invention relates to the preparation of benzonitriles.
It is an object of the invention to react a cyanogen halide such as cyanogen chloride or cyanogen bromide with benzene or a halobenzene to prepare the corresponding benzonitrile. It is a further object to react benzen or a halobenzene with a cyanogen halide at elevated temperatures in the vapor phase. Additional objects will be apparent from the discussion hereinafter.
The reaction is preferably carried out at an average reaction tube temperature of at least 600 C. and still more preferably at an average temperature within the range 650-700 C. Temperatures as high as 800 C. and even higher may be used but the yields are greatly reduced. In most cases optimum yields will be obtained at an average temperature of about 675 C. In carrying out the reaction the vaporized reactants should be forced through the hot reaction tube at a velocity sufiiciently slow to permit reaction but not so slowly that the materials have an opportunity to decompose. A residence time of at least about /2 second at reaction temperature is necessary, and a residence time of 5-15 seconds is preferred.
The ratio of reactants is not critical and some benzonitrile will be formed even though the mol ratio of the reactants varies from 0.1 to 10. However, as the cyanogen halide is generally more expensive than benzene, it is economically preferable to use the benzene in molar excess.
The reaction is preferably conducted at atmospheric pressure but superatmospheric pressures may be used if desired.
The following examples illustrate without limiting the invention.
Example 1 Benzene vapor (3.64 mols) and cyanogen chloride vapor (1.45 mols) were passed into a Pyrex tube heated in an electric furnace. The reaction tube was maintained at an average temperature of 659 C. and the contact time was 5.3 seconds. The resulting vapor mixture was condensed in a receiver maintained at a temperature of 85 C., which was sufiicientl hot to condense benzene and benzonitrile, while keeping by-product hydrogen chloride and unreacted cyanogen chloride in the vapor phase. The latter gases were drawn of! from the top of the receiver through an alkaline trap which was vented to the atmosphere. The crude benzonitrile together with unreacted benzene was passed into a fractionating column where the benzene was stripped out and recovered for recycling and crude benzonitrile was taken off at the bottom of the column for reiractionation. In one pass the conversion of cyanogen chloride to benzonitrile was 9.7%.
Several modifications will be immediately apparent to one skilled in the art. It will not be necessary to use a tube of Pyrex but any reaction tube resistant to the relatively high temperatures of the reaction will be suitable including nickel, quartz, the alloy known as Inconel, and the like. Furthermore, instead of usin a hot receiver to keep hydrogen chloride and cyanogen chloride in the vapor phase, if desired, all of the gaseous products can be condensed, followed by distillation to recover the nitrile product, or, if desired, the reaction liquor washed in alkali to remove dissolved hydrogen chloride and cyanogen chloride, followed by fractionation to recover the unreacted hydrocarbon and the nitrile.
While the above example deals with cyanogen chloride, cyanogen bromide can be used equally well.
Example 2 Using a procedure analogous to that of the preceding example, 1.73 mols of chlorobenzene was reacted with 0.83 mol of cyanogen chloride at an average reaction tube temperature of 656 C. for a contact time of 12.5 seconds to yield 0.08 mol of m-chlorobenzonitrile and 0.04 mol of p-chlorobenzonitrile, amounting to conversions of input cyanogen chloride of respectively 9.6% and 4.8
Other halobenzenes can be used in analogous reactions to yield other halobenzonitriles.
While the invention has been described with particular reference to specific embodiments, it is to be understood that it is not to be limited thereto but is to be construed broadly and restricted solely by the scope of the appended claims.
I claim:
1. The method of preparing a benzonitrile that comprises heating a member of the group consisting of benzene and a halobenzene with a cyanogen halide of the group consisting of cyanogen chloride and cyanogen bromide at a temperature of at least about 600 C., and recovering the thus-formed benzonitrile.
2. The method according to claim 1 in which the reaction is carried out at a temperature within the range 650-700 C., using cyanogen chloride.
3. The method according to claim 2 in which the cyanogen chloride is in a molar deficiency.
JAMES K. DIXON.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date Cosby Sept. 21, 1948 OTHER REFERENCES Number
Claims (1)
1. THE METHOD OF PREPARING A BENZONITRILE THAT COMPRISES HEATING A MEMBER OF THE GROUP CONSISTING OF BENZENE AND A HALOBENZENE WITH A CYANOGEN HALIDE OF THE GROUP CONSISTING OF CYANOGEN CHLORIDE AND CYANOGEN BROMIDE AT A TEMPERATURE OF AT LEAST 600* C., AND RECOVERING THE THUS-FORMED BENZONITRILE.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US154869A US2553405A (en) | 1950-04-08 | 1950-04-08 | Preparation of benzonitriles |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US154869A US2553405A (en) | 1950-04-08 | 1950-04-08 | Preparation of benzonitriles |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2553405A true US2553405A (en) | 1951-05-15 |
Family
ID=22553153
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US154869A Expired - Lifetime US2553405A (en) | 1950-04-08 | 1950-04-08 | Preparation of benzonitriles |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2553405A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2745864A (en) * | 1953-02-18 | 1956-05-15 | American Cyanamid Co | Method of prteparing unsaturated nitriles |
| US3179691A (en) * | 1959-04-28 | 1965-04-20 | Philips Corp | Method of producing dichloro-benzonitriles |
| US3287393A (en) * | 1963-04-22 | 1966-11-22 | Bofors Ab | Method of preparing 2-chloro-6-nitro-benzonitrile |
| US3431275A (en) * | 1965-03-08 | 1969-03-04 | Du Pont | 3a,6a-diazapentalenes and method of preparing the same |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2449643A (en) * | 1946-04-26 | 1948-09-21 | Allied Chem & Dye Corp | Benzonitrile production from benzene or diphenyl and hcn |
-
1950
- 1950-04-08 US US154869A patent/US2553405A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2449643A (en) * | 1946-04-26 | 1948-09-21 | Allied Chem & Dye Corp | Benzonitrile production from benzene or diphenyl and hcn |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2745864A (en) * | 1953-02-18 | 1956-05-15 | American Cyanamid Co | Method of prteparing unsaturated nitriles |
| US3179691A (en) * | 1959-04-28 | 1965-04-20 | Philips Corp | Method of producing dichloro-benzonitriles |
| US3287393A (en) * | 1963-04-22 | 1966-11-22 | Bofors Ab | Method of preparing 2-chloro-6-nitro-benzonitrile |
| US3431275A (en) * | 1965-03-08 | 1969-03-04 | Du Pont | 3a,6a-diazapentalenes and method of preparing the same |
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