US2545982A - Television pickup tube - Google Patents

Television pickup tube Download PDF

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Publication number
US2545982A
US2545982A US792944A US79294447A US2545982A US 2545982 A US2545982 A US 2545982A US 792944 A US792944 A US 792944A US 79294447 A US79294447 A US 79294447A US 2545982 A US2545982 A US 2545982A
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United States
Prior art keywords
electrons
target
envelope
scattered
electrode
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Expired - Lifetime
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US792944A
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English (en)
Inventor
Paul K Weimer
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RCA Corp
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RCA Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to NL87171D priority Critical patent/NL87171C/xx
Priority to NL737304633A priority patent/NL143937B/xx
Priority to BE486376D priority patent/BE486376A/xx
Priority to US792944A priority patent/US2545982A/en
Application filed by RCA Corp filed Critical RCA Corp
Priority to FR976323D priority patent/FR976323A/fr
Priority to ES0186306A priority patent/ES186306A1/es
Priority to CH272961D priority patent/CH272961A/de
Priority to GB32914/48A priority patent/GB686093A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2545982A publication Critical patent/US2545982A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J31/00—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes
    • H01J31/08—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted, or stored
    • H01J31/26—Image pick-up tubes having an input of visible light and electric output
    • H01J31/28—Image pick-up tubes having an input of visible light and electric output with electron ray scanning the image screen
    • H01J31/34—Image pick-up tubes having an input of visible light and electric output with electron ray scanning the image screen having regulation of screen potential at cathode potential, e.g. orthicon
    • H01J31/36—Tubes with image amplification section, e.g. image-orthicon

Definitions

  • This invention relates to pickup tubes used for converting photo images into electrical impulses and more especially to tubes in which the cathode ray beam approaches the target at substantially zero velocity but the invention is not limited thereto.
  • the targets in such tubes may be either single or two sided such as in the orthicon and image orthicon described in the patent to Albert Rose, No. 2,407,906, September 17, 1946, and my Patent No. 2,433,941, filed September 16, 1944, Serial Number 554,949, respectively.
  • the electrons leave the thermionic cathode of the gun at an irregular rate which produces spurious signals called shot noise.
  • the photoelectrons are also emitted from the photocathode at an irregular or random rate, and produce additional shot noise. It is well known that the electron current emitted by such photocathode has a noise current associated with it given by the formula:
  • the multiplier gain required for this is approximately 1300.
  • a iundamental difiiculty in orthicon pickup tubes which prevents the attainment of maximum signal-to-noise ratio at all light levels of the picture. This is due to the inverted polarity of the modulated electron stream entering the multiplier.
  • the charge image on the target varies in a positive direction with the brightness of the areas of the picture and the low velocity beam scanning the target deposits sufiicient electrons to discharge the areas.
  • the fraction of the beam not landing on the target forms a modulated beam which returns toward the cathode ray beam gun and is directed into the multiplier.
  • the current entering the multiplier, and hence the shot noise is maximum in the dark parts of the picture and minimum in the bright parts which gives a signal-to-noise ratio in the low lights which is poorer than that permitted in the low lights by Equation 1.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a pickup tube in which the electrons landing on the target and escaping therefrom as scattered electrons are the only ones utilized for producing the useful signal. 4
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a pickup tube in which helical motion is imparted to the beam electrons to provide efficient separation of the returning reflected electrons from the returning scattered electrons.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a tube in which substantially modulation of the current entering the multiplier can readily be obtained.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a pickup tube having increased signal-to-noise ratio.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a pickup tube in which scanned spots on the first dynode of the multiplier are eliminated and do not appear in the transmitted picture.
  • Another object of the invention is to position the first-dynode of the multiplier of a cathode ray beam.tube at .an. antinode of .the. return beam.
  • Another object of the invention is to transmit a more uniform signal for black areas of th image.
  • Figure 1 is a diagrammatic. illustration. by which the principle of the invention may be explained;
  • Figure 2 is an imaginary section of the beam illustrating the spiral paths .of electrons .endwise of Figure l at an antinode of the spiral;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic axial view of a pickup tube embodying the invention.
  • Figure 4. is an endview. of the separatorplate andassociated parts shown in Figure 3;
  • Figure 5 is asectional elevation by which the .principlespf aisecond embodiment of thein- .vention may be explained;
  • Figure 6 is a diagrammatic illustration of spiral .pathsof. the reflected and scattered electrons end- .wi-sebf Figure 5;
  • Figure 7 is an imaginarysection of the beam of Figure frat. the separator electrode showing the reflected. and scattered electrons .of. the return beam;
  • Figure 8 is agraph'shoWin-g the value of the total return beam and the value of the scattered .electron beam at. the separator plate;
  • Figure 9 shows another and .preferredembodi- .ment .of the invention.
  • . . Figurelfl. is an. end view otthe separator plate ,andassociated partsof Figure 9.
  • ottheanode or anodes such as the first anode 2 of the gun, produces spiral movement of the electrons,. eachspi-ral passing through the center line 3.-.of..the beam.
  • the diameter of the helix traversed by each electron is proportional. to .its..transverse .velocity, an-end view .ofthe paths .traversedcan .be visualized-as in Figure 2; the line 3hr the magnetic field F being. the .one where .somepf. the [electrons enter the field with. no
  • the scattered electrons outside the envelope I3 then strike the first dynode, as in my said application, while the reflected electrons pass through the aperture in first dynode IQ and are collected by anode 2 and discarded, which anode 2 would not be a dynode "roughly proportional to the number of electrons landing on the target and are proportional to "the brightness of the target areas.
  • the signal current,-carried by thescattered electrons is therefore of direct, and not reversed,- polarity and 'the modulation. can be made substantially I prefer. not to rely on the inherent transverse velocities -of the "emitted electrons as just dewithin the reflected beam envelope [2 as is evident from Figure 2, and hence they will pass through the aperture in the first dynode as at 14* and are not utilized and (b) the electrons .which land in the gray areas are not scattered beyond the reflected beam envelope i2 and hence cannot-be separated from the reflected electrons.
  • the disadvantage of the first operation will be apparent.
  • the disadvantage of the second is that it amounts to clipping the signal current for gray areas.
  • Greatly reducing the section of the beam eliminates the disadvantageous effects but this is not easily carried out.
  • the increased spiraling may be induced in a number of ways.
  • FIG. 3 One form of cathode ray beam tube for forming a return beam of scattered electrons that do not appreciably intermingle with the returning reflected electrons is shown in Figure 3.
  • the evacuated envelope l5 of glass or other suitable material contains the gun G, having the usual grid and cathode not shown but shown in my said application to which reference is made for these details.
  • Surrounding the anode l9 of gun G is a block diagram indicating a multiplier M having a plurality of multiplying dynodes,
  • the image section of the tube comprises a twosided target T consisting of a semi-conducting glass 21, or equivalent, as in my said application, closely adjacent to which isthe so-called signal screen 28 conductively attached to the electrode cylinder 29 across one end of which the glass target 21 is placed in taut condition.
  • the inside surface of the end of the transparent envelope I5 is coated with a thin semi-transparent conductor on which a light sensitive mosaic is formed, constituting a well known form of photo cathode 30. Between the photocathode and the electrode cylinder 29 is placed accelerating cylinder anode 2911.
  • This image section of the tube is constructed as described in my said application.
  • called the persuader is positioned in front of the gun G to help direct the secondary electrons from the first multiplying dynode, which in this case is the end of anode l9, into the multiplier unit 29.
  • the anode edge for separating the reflected electrons from the scattered electrons may be edge 32 of the opening of a disc 32a conductively secured to the persuader 3!. This aperture may have either a straight edge or a circular edge, the latter being shown (see Figure 4).
  • a wall coating electrode may be used, as in my said application but for convenience of manufacture I prefer a cylinder anode 33 such as disclosed in my application filedFebruary '7, 1946, Serial Number 646,076, now U. S. Patent 2,452,- 619, issued November 2, 19.48, which performs the same function as a wall coating.
  • a decelerating anode is positioned between the wall coating anode 33 and the glass target 2?.
  • This may be an anode ring 34 as in my first mentioned application, but I prefer to use a fine mesh screen 35 across the ring so as to produce a uniform and steep decelerating field in front of the target, which also reduces scanning of the first dynode by the return beam which is desirable in my present invention.
  • the screen 35 and ring 34 may be connected to the anode cylinder 33 or they may be separately supplied with voltage less or more than that of the ring.
  • a scanning yoke 31 is placed outside the envelope. This comprises a vertical scanning coil and a horizontal scanning coil (not indi- These coils are connected to sawtooth generators 38, 39 having the required frequencies and variable voltages to scan the beam across the target.
  • the focusing and scanning coils and the sawtooth generators may be of standard form well known in the art.
  • ] may be used toinitially align the beam as disclosed in the patent granted to Albert Rose, No. 2,407,905, September 17, 1946, as well as in my said application.
  • the various electrodes are given various properly proportioned voltages as will be known to those skilled in the art which particular voltages need not be given.
  • , 42 cause the electrons of the beam to spiral to a greater extent than indicated in Figure 1. This is illustrated in Figure 5 in which the outgoing beam B is shown in imaginary longitudinal section. The tube is shown broken away to reduce the size of the illustrations.
  • , 42 causes part of the energy of the electrons to be associated with the helical movement and the energy associated with the longitudinal movement thereof is decreased by that amount.
  • the target T may therefore be biased slightly positive with only a few electrons landing in the dark.
  • the polarity of the lifting plates 44, 45, appearing in Figure 3 but not in Figure 5, is such as to bend the beam B down so that electrons spiral through the line 3 instead of 3 as shown in Figure 5.
  • , 42 is such that electrons of the beam B spiral below a plane perpendicular to the plane of the drawing at the aces-cam 7E:- axis 1.3 through Jwh-ich,:of course,- :.all Tspirals "passer at .thefiocal points -:;f.
  • the scattered electrons pass through the opening and land on the first dynode 45 located substantially at a node, and. bombard secondary electrons therefrom. These. bombard additional secondary electrons from'the' succeeding dynodes. inrsuccession in the multiplier M as in my said application. 554,494 .now U. "s. Patent 2,433,941,. issued -January6,.1948,' and current intthe output line L isxgreatly multiplied.
  • the displacement of Ltheraster on-th'e target may. be. cor-i rected, if: desired,. by;-adjustmentv ofv the .sawtooth generator 3Bproducing the frame scansion;..-.
  • the anode cylinder 53 carries at the front end an integral or conductively connected disc 54 having an opening 55 for. the outgoing beam (see Figure 10) and an opening 56 therebelow for the I scattered electrons.
  • the reflected electrons land on the disc 54.
  • Back of the opening 55 is the first dynode 5'! of the multiplier. This may be conveniently made by cutting and bending back the.-v metal in forming the opening 56. The top side of the metalbeing uncut.
  • the first dynode is at or near an antinode and thereby out of focus.
  • the beam may be caused to have the desired helical motion in various other ways than those referred to in the above embodiments, and the invention is not limited to any particular construction.
  • helical motion may be imparted to the outgoing beam by slight misalignment of the gun relative to the axial focusing field.
  • the invention is not limited to tubes having magnetic focusing fields.
  • Other means for focusing the beam electrons on the target may be used such as electrostatic focusing fields which are, of course, well known in the art.
  • a signal generating apparatus comprising an envelope, means for forming an axial magnetic focusing field within said envelope, a cathode ray beam gun within said envelope having a cathode and positioned to project an electron beam into said field, some of the electrons of said beam having an inherent velocity component transverse to the axis of said field whereby they spiral along said field through common nodal points, a target within said envelope adapted to have substantially the potential of said cathode and positioned in the paths of the electron spirals at a nodal point thereof, and a multiplying dynode positioned in said envelope in the path of electrons landing on the target and scattered therefrom and out of the path of electrons reflected by said target.
  • a signal generating apparatus comprising an envelope, means for forming an axial magnetic focusing field within said envelope, a gun including a cathode and anode electrodes for projecting electrons into said field angularly cf the lines of force thereof, whereby the electrons spiral along said focusing field through common nodal points, a target within said envelope adapted to have substantially the potential of said cathode and positioned in the path of the electron spirals at a nodal point thereof, and a multiplying dynode within said envelope positioned in the path of electrons landing on the target and scattered therefrom and out of the path of electrons reflected by said target.
  • a signal generating apparatus comprising an envelope, means for forming an axial magnetic focusing field therein, a target within said envelope adapted to'have a charge image thereon and positioned in said field substantially perpendicular thereto, a gun within said envelope including a cathode and anode electrodes for forming and projecting a beam of electrons into said field at an angle to the lines of force thereof whereby the electrons of the beam spiral along said focusing field through common nodal points, electrode means adjacent said target for decelerating the electrons of said beam to substantially zero velocity at the target, said target being at a nodal point of the electron spirals, and a multiplying dynode positioned in the path of electrons landing on the target and scattered therefrom and positioned out of the path of the electrons reflected by said target.
  • a signal generating apparatus comprising an envelope, means for forming an axial magnetic field therein, a target positioned within said envelope in said field substantially perpendicular thereto, a gun in said envelope including a cathode and anode electrodes for forming and projecting a beam of electrons into said field at an angle to the lines of force thereof whereby the electrons spiral along said focusing field through common nodal points, electrode means adjacent said target for decelerating the electrons of said beam to substantially zero velocity at the target, said target being at nodal points of the electron spirals, and a multiplying dynode positioned in the path of electrons landing on the target and scattered therefrom and positioned out of the path of the electrons reflected by said target.
  • a pickup tube comprising an envelope, means for forming a uniform axial magnetic field within said envelope, a target positioned within said envelope in said field substantially perpendicular to the lines thereof, a cathode ray beam gun within said envelope for projecting a beam of electrons along said field towards said target, said gun having a cathode adapted to have substantially the same potential as said target, electric field producing means for causing said beam to enter the axial field at an angle thereto whereby said beam electrons follow spiralling paths passing through common nodal points, said target being positioned at a nodal point of the electron spirals, an electrode having a surface positioned between said gun and said target substantially in the plane of an antinode of the spirals, said electrode having an edge lying between the electron reflected by said target and those landing thereon and scattered therefrom, said surface being in the path of the electrons landing on the target and scattered therefrom and positioned out of the path of the scattered electrons, and a multiplier between said electrode and said gun in the path of scattered electrons passing said
  • a signal generating device comprising an envelope, a target electrode mounted within said envelope, a source of electron emission within said envelope, means for directing said emission as a beam along a normal path to and from said target electrode, an electrode within said envelope for collecting electrons of said beam reflected from said target, and a second electrode within said envelope for collecting beam electrons scattered from the surface of said target.
  • a signal generating device comprising an envelope, a target electrode mounted within said envelope, at source of electron emission within said envelope, means for directing said emission as a beam along a normal path to and from said target electrode, means including an electrode positioned between said electron source and said target electrode for separating the electrons of said beam reflected from said target electrode from said beam electrons scattered from the surface of said target electrode.
  • a signal generating device comprising an envelope, a target electrode mounted within said envelope, a source of electron emission within said envelope, means for directing said electron emission as a beam along a normal path to and from said target electrode, means including an electrode positioned between said electron source and said target electrode for separating the electrons of said beam reflected from said target electrode from said beam electrons scattered from the surface of said target electrode, and an electrode within said envelope for collecting said scattered beam electrons.
  • a signal generating device comprising an envelope, a target electrode mounted within said envelope, a source of electron emission within said envelope, means for directing said electron -emission as a beam along a normal pathto and from said target electrode, means including an electrode positioned between said electron source,
  • said target electrode for separating the electrons of said beam reflected from said target electrode from said beam electrons scattered from the surface of said target electrode, said last envelope, a source of electron emission within said envelope, means for directing said electron emission as a beam along a normal path to and from said target electrode, means for establishing on said target electrode a distribution of positive and negative charges with respect to said electron source, means including an electrode positioned between said electron source and said target electrode for separating the electrons of said beam reflected from negatively charged areas of said target surface from said beam electrons scattered from positive areas of said target surface.
  • a signal generating device comprising an envelope, a target electrode mounted within said .envelope, a source of electron emission within said envelope, means for directing said electron emission as a beam along a normal path to and from said target electrode, means for establish- ,ing on said target electrode a distribution of positive and negative charges With respect to said electron source, means including an electrode positioned between said electron source and said target electrode for separating the electron of said beam reflected from negatively charged areas of said target surface from said beam electrons scattered from positive areas of said target surface, and an electrode within said envelop for collecting said scattered beam electrons.
  • a signal generating device comprising an envelope, a target electrode mounted within said envelope, a source of electron emission within said envelope, means for directing said electron emission as a beam along a normal path to and from said target electrode, means establishing a magnetic focussing field enclosing said normal beam path between said gun and target, said field having a direction substantially parallel of the normal path of said electron beam, means including an electrode positioned between said electron source and said target electrode for separating the electrons of said beam reflected from said target electrode from said beam electrons given a velocity component transverse to said field direction upon striking said target electrode and scattered therefrom.
  • a signal generating device comprising an envelope, a target electrode mounted within said envelope, a source of electron emission Within said envelope, means for directing said electron emission as a beam along a normal path to and from said target electrode, means establishin a magnetic focussing field enclosing said normal beam path between said gun and target and having a direction substantially parallel to the normal path of said electron beam, means for separating the electrons of said beam reflected from said target electrode from said beam electrons given a velocity component transverse to said field direction upon striking said target electrode and scattering therefrom, said beam separating means including electrostatic means deflecting said beam transversely to said normal beam path to produce helical motion of the electrons of said beam about said normal electron path and on one side thereof.
  • a signal generating device comprising an envelope, a target electrode mounted-within said envelope, a source of electron emission within said envelope, means for directing said electron emission as a beam along a normal path to and from said target electrode, means establishing a magnetic focussing field enclosing saidnormal beam path between said gun and target and having a direction substantially parallel to the normay path of said electron beam, means for separating the electrons of said beam reflected from said target electrode from said beam electrons upon striking said target electrode and scattering therefrom, said beam separating means including electrostatic means deflecting said beam transversely to said normal beam path to produce helical motion of the electrons of said beam about said normal electron path and on one side thereof, and means positioned on said one side of said beam path to collect the beam electrons reflected from said target electrode.
  • a signal generating device comprising an envelope, a target electrode mounted within said envelope, a source of electron emission within said envelope, means for directing said electron emission as a beam along a normal path to and from said target electrode, means establishing a magnetic focussing field enclosing said normal beam path between said gun and target and having a direction substantially parallel to the normal path of said electron beam, means for separating the electrons of said beam reflected from said target electrode from said beam electrons upon striking said target electrode and scattering therefrom, said beam separating means including electrostatic means deflecting said beam transversely to said normal beampath to produce helical motion of the electrons of said beam about said normal electron path andon one side thereof, and means positioned on said one side of said beam path to collect the beam electrons reflected from said target electrode, and a second collector electrode for collecting the scattered beam electrons returning from said target electrode on the other side of said beam path.

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  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
US792944A 1947-12-20 1947-12-20 Television pickup tube Expired - Lifetime US2545982A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL87171D NL87171C (de) 1947-12-20
NL737304633A NL143937B (nl) 1947-12-20 Werkwijze ter bereiding van een organokobaltcomplex.
BE486376D BE486376A (de) 1947-12-20
US792944A US2545982A (en) 1947-12-20 1947-12-20 Television pickup tube
FR976323D FR976323A (fr) 1947-12-20 1948-12-08 Tube de prise de vues pour la télévision
ES0186306A ES186306A1 (es) 1947-12-20 1948-12-16 UN TUBO DE TOMA DE IMáGENES
CH272961D CH272961A (de) 1947-12-20 1948-12-17 Bildfängerröhre.
GB32914/48A GB686093A (en) 1947-12-20 1948-12-20 Image pick-up tube

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US792944A US2545982A (en) 1947-12-20 1947-12-20 Television pickup tube

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US2545982A true US2545982A (en) 1951-03-20

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US792944A Expired - Lifetime US2545982A (en) 1947-12-20 1947-12-20 Television pickup tube

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US (1) US2545982A (de)
BE (1) BE486376A (de)
CH (1) CH272961A (de)
ES (1) ES186306A1 (de)
FR (1) FR976323A (de)
GB (1) GB686093A (de)
NL (2) NL87171C (de)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2700116A (en) * 1950-02-11 1955-01-18 Edward E Sheldon Device for intensification of X-ray images
US2723360A (en) * 1950-07-28 1955-11-08 Rca Corp Image orthicon
US2747133A (en) * 1950-07-05 1956-05-22 Rca Corp Television pickup tube
US2792514A (en) * 1950-12-07 1957-05-14 Rca Corp Orthicon electrode structure
US2804560A (en) * 1951-06-01 1957-08-27 Sheldon Edward Emanuel Electronic device sensitive to invisible images
US2826632A (en) * 1951-06-05 1958-03-11 Rca Corp Television pickup tube system
US2901661A (en) * 1955-03-01 1959-08-25 Rca Corp Television pickup tube circuit arrangements
US3471741A (en) * 1967-04-07 1969-10-07 Rca Corp Television camera including an image isocon tube

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2407906A (en) * 1942-08-27 1946-09-17 Rca Corp Low velocity television transmitting apparatus
US2407705A (en) * 1942-04-24 1946-09-17 Rca Corp Electron discharge device
US2413276A (en) * 1942-11-19 1946-12-24 Rca Corp Cathode-ray apparatus
US2433941A (en) * 1944-09-16 1948-01-06 Rca Corp Television transmitting tube

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2407705A (en) * 1942-04-24 1946-09-17 Rca Corp Electron discharge device
US2407906A (en) * 1942-08-27 1946-09-17 Rca Corp Low velocity television transmitting apparatus
US2413276A (en) * 1942-11-19 1946-12-24 Rca Corp Cathode-ray apparatus
US2433941A (en) * 1944-09-16 1948-01-06 Rca Corp Television transmitting tube

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2700116A (en) * 1950-02-11 1955-01-18 Edward E Sheldon Device for intensification of X-ray images
US2747133A (en) * 1950-07-05 1956-05-22 Rca Corp Television pickup tube
US2723360A (en) * 1950-07-28 1955-11-08 Rca Corp Image orthicon
US2792514A (en) * 1950-12-07 1957-05-14 Rca Corp Orthicon electrode structure
US2804560A (en) * 1951-06-01 1957-08-27 Sheldon Edward Emanuel Electronic device sensitive to invisible images
US2826632A (en) * 1951-06-05 1958-03-11 Rca Corp Television pickup tube system
US2901661A (en) * 1955-03-01 1959-08-25 Rca Corp Television pickup tube circuit arrangements
US3471741A (en) * 1967-04-07 1969-10-07 Rca Corp Television camera including an image isocon tube

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL143937B (nl)
ES186306A1 (es) 1949-03-01
GB686093A (en) 1953-01-21
NL87171C (de)
BE486376A (de)
FR976323A (fr) 1951-03-16
CH272961A (de) 1951-01-15

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