US2534271A - Antenna system - Google Patents

Antenna system Download PDF

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Publication number
US2534271A
US2534271A US780448A US78044847A US2534271A US 2534271 A US2534271 A US 2534271A US 780448 A US780448 A US 780448A US 78044847 A US78044847 A US 78044847A US 2534271 A US2534271 A US 2534271A
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United States
Prior art keywords
section
paraboloid
antenna system
radiating element
horn
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Expired - Lifetime
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US780448A
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Orwald E Kienow
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Raytheon Co
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Raytheon Manufacturing Co
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Priority to US780448A priority Critical patent/US2534271A/en
Priority to DER3496A priority patent/DE827810C/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/12—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave
    • H01Q19/13—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave the primary radiating source being a single radiating element, e.g. a dipole, a slot, a waveguide termination
    • H01Q19/132—Horn reflector antennas; Off-set feeding

Definitions

  • This invention relates to microwave antenna systems.
  • Such systems have heretofore comprised a reflecting element, generally in the form of a paraboloid, and a radiating element, such as an electromagnetic horn, disposed at the focal point of said paraboloid, with the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said radiating element intersecting the surface of said paraboloid substantially at the vertex thereof.
  • a reflecting element generally in the form of a paraboloid
  • a radiating element such as an electromagnetic horn
  • the main object of the present invention to obviate the foregoing disadvantages and provide microwave antenna systems of increased directional accuracy.
  • an off-center section From a body of conventional paraboloid form, there is cut an off-center section, said section being circular, elliptical, or of any other shape, depending, in a well known manner, upon the final cross-section desired of the radiated beam.
  • Said section preferably, but not necessarily, includes Within its borders the vertex of the paraboloid from which it is cut, and where such section includes said vertex, the ratio of the distances between said vertex and the furthest and nearest points therefrom on the periphery of said section should be appreciable, for example, of the order of four or more to one.
  • a radiating element for example, an electromagnetic horn, the plane of the mouth of said horn being so angularly disposed, with respect to the line between the vertex and the focal point of said paraboloid, that said section is equally illuminated by the energy emanating from said radiating element.
  • interference between the projected beam and the radiating element is held to a minimum and, sometimes, wholly eliminated; in any event, reduced to .a point which does not substantially distort the desired radiation pattern.
  • Fig. l is a perspective view of .a microwave ,antenna system incorporating the principles of the present invention.
  • Figs. 2 and 3 are plan views illustrating, respectively, the taking of circular and elliptical cuts from a body of conventional paraboloid form.
  • the numeral l0 generally designates a microwave antenna system including a radiating element ,II for emitting or .collecting (electromagnetic energy, depending upon whether the equipment with which the system is .used is a transmitter or receiver, and , a reflecting element I2 for projecting into space the energy illuminating the same from the radiating element i I or concentrating the energy collected thereby from space towards said radiating element ii, again depending upon whether the equipment with which the system is associated is a transmitter or receiver.
  • a radiating element ,II for emitting or .collecting (electromagnetic energy, depending upon whether the equipment with which the system is .used is a transmitter or receiver
  • a reflecting element I2 for projecting into space the energy illuminating the same from the radiating element i I or concentrating the energy collected thereby from space towards said radiating element ii, again depending upon whether the equipment with which the system is associated is a transmitter or receiver.
  • the reflecting element [2 ] consists of a section is out off-center from a paraboloid l4 and may be circular, as shown in Fig. 2, or elliptical, as shown in Fig. 3, orof any other peripheral contour depending, in a manner well known to those skilled in the art, upon the cross-section desired oi the radiation pattern of the system.
  • the section l3 includes within its boundaries the vertex 55 of the paraboloid it, and the ratio of the straight-line distances between said vertex and the furthest and nearest points therefrom on the periphery of 3 the section should be appreciable, for example, of the order of four or more to one.
  • the radiating element ll may consist of a conventional electromagnetic horn 16 mounted at the outer end of a wave guide 11, said wave guide being supported in any suitable manner, for example, from the reflecting section l3, and being appropriately coupled at its other end to a transmitter or receiver not shown.
  • the horn i5 is disposed substantially at the focal point of the original parabcloid Hi, with its mouth in a plane which is at such an angle, with respect to a line between the vertex and focal point of said paraboloid, that the section [3 is substantially equally illuminated by the energy emanating from said horn.
  • the response pattern of the horn 16 has its direction of maximum response lying along a line which intersects the surface of the section 13 at such a point that the energy about the periphery of said section is of substantially equal amplitude at all points about said periphery. This may be determined by measuring the power in the side lobes projected into space by the reflecting section and adjusting the angle of said horn until the power in said side lobes is of substantially equal amplitude at a plurality of points along a path following the periphery of said section.
  • the radiating element H is located at such a point that it has a minimum or zero distorting effect upon the radiation pattern of the beam projected or received by the reflecting element I2, thereby appreciably increasing the directional accuracy of the system over what has heretofore been the case.
  • an antenna, system made in accordance with the present invention is simple in construction, easy to fabricate and assemble, and admirably adapted to perform its intended function.
  • a microwave antenna system comprising: an off-center section of a paraboloid; and a directive radiating element disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said radiating element intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
  • a microwave antenna system comprising: an off-center section of a paraboloid; and an electromagnetic horn disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said horn intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
  • a microwave antenna system comprising: a circular, off-center section of a paraboloid; and an electromagnetic horn disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said horn intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
  • a microwave antenna system comprising: an elliptical, ofi-center section of a paraboloid; and an electromagnetic horn disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said horn intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
  • a microwave antenna system comprising: an off-center section of a paraboloid; the surface of said section including the vertex of said paraboloid; and an electromagnetic horn disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said horn intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
  • a microwave antenna system comprising: an off-center section of a paraboloid; the surface of said section including the vertex of said paraboloid, and the ratio of the distances between said vertex and the furthest and nearest points therefrom on the periphery of said section being not less than about 4 to l; and a directive radiating element disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said radiating element intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.

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  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)

Description

C. E. KIENOW ANTENNA SYSTEM Dec. 19, 1950 Filed Oct. 17, 1947 INVENTOR V1. m w w fi fi awn Patented Dec. 19, 1950 ANTENNA SYSTEM Orwald .E. Kiencw, South Acton, Mass., assignor to'Raytheon Manufacturing Company, Newton, Mass., a corporation of Delaware Application October .17, 1947, Serial No. 780,448 fi Claims. (Ci.25033.65)
This invention relates to microwave antenna systems.
Such systems have heretofore comprised a reflecting element, generally in the form of a paraboloid, and a radiating element, such as an electromagnetic horn, disposed at the focal point of said paraboloid, with the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said radiating element intersecting the surface of said paraboloid substantially at the vertex thereof.
The objective of said systems is the projection into space of a highly directional, cylindrical, or other shaped beam of microwave energy. It has been found, however, that due to the locationof the radiating element within the area of the projected beam, the desired pattern is not wholly attained, the resulting distortion "causing an unwanted scattering of the energy of said beam whereby inaccuracies are introduced into calcu= lations relying on the directive character of said beam. This is particularly disturbing-where such systems are employed in precision radar installations and certain forms of communication equipment.
It is, therefore, the main object of the present invention to obviate the foregoing disadvantages and provide microwave antenna systems of increased directional accuracy.
It is a further object of the present invention to accomplish this purpose in a simple and expeditious manner.
These, and other objects of the present invention, which will become more apparent as the detailed description thereof progresses, are attained, briefly, in the following manner.
From a body of conventional paraboloid form, there is cut an off-center section, said section being circular, elliptical, or of any other shape, depending, in a well known manner, upon the final cross-section desired of the radiated beam. Said section, preferably, but not necessarily, includes Within its borders the vertex of the paraboloid from which it is cut, and where such section includes said vertex, the ratio of the distances between said vertex and the furthest and nearest points therefrom on the periphery of said section should be appreciable, for example, of the order of four or more to one.
Disposed in advance of said section, substantially at the focal point of the original paraboloid, is a radiating element, for example, an electromagnetic horn, the plane of the mouth of said horn being so angularly disposed, with respect to the line between the vertex and the focal point of said paraboloid, that said section is equally illuminated by the energy emanating from said radiating element.
With such a construction, interference between the projected beam and the radiating element is held to a minimum and, sometimes, wholly eliminated; in any event, reduced to .a point which does not substantially distort the desired radiation pattern.
In the accompanying specification there shall be described, and in the annexed drawing shown, an illustrative embodiment of the microwave antenna system of the present invention. It is, however, to be clearly understood that thepresent invention is not to be limited to the details herein shown and described for purposes of illustration only, inasmuch as changes therein may be made without the exercise of invention, and within the true spirit and scope of the claims hereto appended. I
In said drawing:
Fig. l is a perspective view of .a microwave ,antenna system incorporating the principles of the present invention; and
Figs. 2 and 3 are plan views illustrating, respectively, the taking of circular and elliptical cuts from a body of conventional paraboloid form.
Referring now more in detail to the aforesaid illustrative embodiment of the present invention, with particular reference .to the drawing illustrating the .same, the numeral l0 generally designates a microwave antenna system including a radiating element ,II for emitting or .collecting (electromagnetic energy, depending upon whether the equipment with which the system is .used is a transmitter or receiver, and ,a reflecting element I2 for projecting into space the energy illuminating the same from the radiating element i I or concentrating the energy collected thereby from space towards said radiating element ii, again depending upon whether the equipment with which the system is associated is a transmitter or receiver.
The reflecting element [2 consists of a section is out off-center from a paraboloid l4 and may be circular, as shown in Fig. 2, or elliptical, as shown in Fig. 3, orof any other peripheral contour depending, in a manner well known to those skilled in the art, upon the cross-section desired oi the radiation pattern of the system. Preferably, but not necessarily, the section l3 includes within its boundaries the vertex 55 of the paraboloid it, and the ratio of the straight-line distances between said vertex and the furthest and nearest points therefrom on the periphery of 3 the section should be appreciable, for example, of the order of four or more to one.
The radiating element ll may consist of a conventional electromagnetic horn 16 mounted at the outer end of a wave guide 11, said wave guide being supported in any suitable manner, for example, from the reflecting section l3, and being appropriately coupled at its other end to a transmitter or receiver not shown. The horn i5 is disposed substantially at the focal point of the original parabcloid Hi, with its mouth in a plane which is at such an angle, with respect to a line between the vertex and focal point of said paraboloid, that the section [3 is substantially equally illuminated by the energy emanating from said horn. In other words, the response pattern of the horn 16 has its direction of maximum response lying along a line which intersects the surface of the section 13 at such a point that the energy about the periphery of said section is of substantially equal amplitude at all points about said periphery. This may be determined by measuring the power in the side lobes projected into space by the reflecting section and adjusting the angle of said horn until the power in said side lobes is of substantially equal amplitude at a plurality of points along a path following the periphery of said section.
It will be noted that in constructing the system as aforesaid, the radiating element H is located at such a point that it has a minimum or zero distorting effect upon the radiation pattern of the beam projected or received by the reflecting element I2, thereby appreciably increasing the directional accuracy of the system over what has heretofore been the case. It will further be noted that an antenna, system made in accordance with the present invention is simple in construction, easy to fabricate and assemble, and admirably adapted to perform its intended function.
' Other advantages of the present invention will readily occur to those skilled in the art to which the same relates.
What is claimed is:
1. A microwave antenna system comprising: an off-center section of a paraboloid; and a directive radiating element disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said radiating element intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
2. A microwave antenna system comprising: an off-center section of a paraboloid; and an electromagnetic horn disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said horn intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
3. A microwave antenna system comprising: a circular, off-center section of a paraboloid; and an electromagnetic horn disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said horn intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
4. A microwave antenna system comprising: an elliptical, ofi-center section of a paraboloid; and an electromagnetic horn disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said horn intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
5. A microwave antenna system comprising: an off-center section of a paraboloid; the surface of said section including the vertex of said paraboloid; and an electromagnetic horn disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said horn intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
6. A microwave antenna system comprising: an off-center section of a paraboloid; the surface of said section including the vertex of said paraboloid, and the ratio of the distances between said vertex and the furthest and nearest points therefrom on the periphery of said section being not less than about 4 to l; and a directive radiating element disposed substantially at the focal point of said paraboloid; the line corresponding to the direction of maximum response of said radiating element intersecting the surface of said section at a point equally to illuminate the edges of said section.
ORWALD E. KIENOW.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,427,005 King Sept. 9, 1947 2,436,408 Tawney Feb. 24, 1948 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 770,482 France July 2, 1934 678,010 Germany June 24, 1939
US780448A 1947-10-17 1947-10-17 Antenna system Expired - Lifetime US2534271A (en)

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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2692984A (en) * 1950-08-30 1954-10-26 Sperry Corp Bridge obstruction marker for radar navigation
US2828486A (en) * 1955-05-23 1958-03-25 Andrew Corp Antenna feed system
US2842766A (en) * 1950-07-28 1958-07-08 Raytheon Mfg Co Beam-shaping antenna systems
US2870441A (en) * 1952-10-23 1959-01-20 Raytheon Mfg Co Microwave antennas
US2898591A (en) * 1955-05-31 1959-08-04 Andrew Corp Combination feed for reflector dish-type antenna
US2941203A (en) * 1954-12-07 1960-06-14 Western Electric Co Antenna horn
US2965898A (en) * 1958-05-26 1960-12-20 Rca Corp Antenna
US3274602A (en) * 1963-09-16 1966-09-20 North American Aviation Inc Antenna having variable beamwidth achieved by variation of source width
US3302205A (en) * 1967-01-31 Antenna range for providing a plane x wave for antenna measurements
US4355316A (en) * 1980-09-22 1982-10-19 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp. Offset J-hook reflector antenna
US5398035A (en) * 1992-11-30 1995-03-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Satellite-tracking millimeter-wave reflector antenna system for mobile satellite-tracking
US5448254A (en) * 1994-03-31 1995-09-05 Thomson Consumer Electronics, Inc. Mechanism for mounting a receiving/transmitting horn in a satellite dish
USD409622S (en) * 1996-12-26 1999-05-11 Dx Antenna Company, Limited Parabolic antenna

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE977511C (en) * 1954-12-25 1966-11-03 Telefunken Patent Directional antenna for very short electromagnetic waves

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR770482A (en) * 1933-03-27 1934-09-14 Apparatus suitable for emitting or receiving waves, radiations or the like
DE678010C (en) * 1932-12-07 1939-06-24 Julius Pintsch Kom Ges Rotatable arrangement for direction finding by means of ultra-short electric waves of centimeter and decimeter length
US2427005A (en) * 1943-11-06 1947-09-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directive microwave antenna
US2436408A (en) * 1943-05-27 1948-02-24 Sperry Corp Radio wave reflecting transducer system

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE678010C (en) * 1932-12-07 1939-06-24 Julius Pintsch Kom Ges Rotatable arrangement for direction finding by means of ultra-short electric waves of centimeter and decimeter length
FR770482A (en) * 1933-03-27 1934-09-14 Apparatus suitable for emitting or receiving waves, radiations or the like
US2436408A (en) * 1943-05-27 1948-02-24 Sperry Corp Radio wave reflecting transducer system
US2427005A (en) * 1943-11-06 1947-09-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directive microwave antenna

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3302205A (en) * 1967-01-31 Antenna range for providing a plane x wave for antenna measurements
US2842766A (en) * 1950-07-28 1958-07-08 Raytheon Mfg Co Beam-shaping antenna systems
US2692984A (en) * 1950-08-30 1954-10-26 Sperry Corp Bridge obstruction marker for radar navigation
US2870441A (en) * 1952-10-23 1959-01-20 Raytheon Mfg Co Microwave antennas
US2941203A (en) * 1954-12-07 1960-06-14 Western Electric Co Antenna horn
US2828486A (en) * 1955-05-23 1958-03-25 Andrew Corp Antenna feed system
US2898591A (en) * 1955-05-31 1959-08-04 Andrew Corp Combination feed for reflector dish-type antenna
US2965898A (en) * 1958-05-26 1960-12-20 Rca Corp Antenna
US3274602A (en) * 1963-09-16 1966-09-20 North American Aviation Inc Antenna having variable beamwidth achieved by variation of source width
US4355316A (en) * 1980-09-22 1982-10-19 Ford Aerospace & Communications Corp. Offset J-hook reflector antenna
US5398035A (en) * 1992-11-30 1995-03-14 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Satellite-tracking millimeter-wave reflector antenna system for mobile satellite-tracking
USRE37218E1 (en) 1992-11-30 2001-06-12 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Satellite-tracking millimeter-wave reflector antenna system for mobile satellite-tracking
US5448254A (en) * 1994-03-31 1995-09-05 Thomson Consumer Electronics, Inc. Mechanism for mounting a receiving/transmitting horn in a satellite dish
USD409622S (en) * 1996-12-26 1999-05-11 Dx Antenna Company, Limited Parabolic antenna

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