US2530425A

US2530425A - Embossing machine drive

Info

Publication number: US2530425A
Application number: US85452A
Authority: US
Inventors: Eberhardt Herman
Original assignee: Van Vlaanderen Machine Co
Current assignee: Van Vlaanderen Machine Co
Priority date: 1949-04-04
Filing date: 1949-04-04
Publication date: 1950-11-21
Anticipated expiration: 1967-11-21

Description

Nov. 21, 1950 H. EBERHARDT EMBOSSING MACHINE DRIVE 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed April 4, 1949 INVEN TOR. HEEMflA/ EB EEHHEDT BY W Nov. 21,1950 H. EBERHARDT 2,530,425

EMBOSSING MACHINE DRIVE Filed April 4, 1949 '4 Sheets-Sheet 2 W VM ATTORNEY Nov. 21, 1950 H. EBERHARDT 2,530,425

EMBOSSING MACHINE DRIVE g 2 INVENTOR. Haw/4N f5 EPHFYEDT BY ,4 TTOP/VEY Nov. 21, 1950 EBERHARDT EMBOSSING MACHINE DRIVE 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed April 4, 1949 Ill INVEN TOR. HEP/144M 65521141907 m wm 147' TOP/V5 Y Patented Nov. 21, 1950 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE EMBOSSING MACHINE DRIVE Herman Eberhardt, Fairlawn, N. 3., assignor to Van Vlaanderen Machine Company, Paterson, N. J., a corporation of New Jersey Application April 4, 1949, Serial No. 85,452

11 Claims. 1

This invention relates to a synchronizing drive for a machine wherein two rotatively driven parts, adjustable toward each other, must be maintained in very accurate angular synchro- More particularly, the invention relates to a drive of the above indicated character for the rolls of an embossing machine for paper, cloth, and the like.

In machines for embossing paper, cloth, and the like, of the type in which the drive of the present invention is particularly useful, there is employed a hardened steel roll provided on its periphery with the desired pattern in relief, such steel roll lying above and parallel to a bottom roll, the bottom roll being constantly strongly urged into contact with the upper roll. Such bottom roll is conventionally formed by pressing together a large number of paper discs, the paper roll being quite hard but yet sufiiciently soft so that the upper, steel roll impresses therein a pattern corresponding to the pattern on such upper roll. Continued rotation on the two rolls with an interposed layer of thin material such as paper and cloth during the embossing operation results in wear of an appreciable amount on the paper roll, use of such roll being continued until the roll reaches a predetermined minimum diameter, after which it is discarded.

In embossing machines of the described type it has been attempted to maintain the two rolls in synchronism by means of meshing gears one of which is mounted fixedly on the neck of one roll and the other of which is mounted fixedly on the corresponding neck of the other. It will be appreciated, however, that, as the bottom roll wears in such machine, the meshing engagement of the two gears changes progressively. Thus, although'the two gearscontinue to maintain approximately angular synchronism between the two rolls, such change of meshing engagement of the gears introduces numerous variations in the peripheral engagement of the two rolls. In addition, the change in diameter of the lower roll is sometimes so great that one or both gears has to be ground down on their .peripheries in order that the points of their teeth do not engage the roots of the teeth of the other gear.

Thus the described prior synchronizing gears of embossing machines of this type have been faulty because of the progressive change of the mesh of the gears and, as a result, accelerated wear of such gears results. Furthermore, maintenance costs are high due to the necessity of altering the gears as the paper roll wears. Such continual variation in the mesh between the gears results in momentary angular accelerations and decelerations of one roll with respect to the other, thereby causing faulty peripheral synchronism of the rolls, the machine, as a result, yielding a goods treated thereby which have a non-uniform pattern." Such non-uniformity of peripheral synchronism further accelerates the wearing down of the paper roll.

In the embossing machine drive of the present invention the gears maintaining synchronism between the. rolls of the machine are so mounted as to retain a constant meshing relationship regardless of the change in diameter of one or more of the rolls. Broadly, the drive of the invention provides a. flexible driving means between the rolls, the preferred primary driving means maintaining. synchronism between the two rolls being gears which are fixedly mounted with respect to each other during operation of the machine, so that the manner of mesh of the gears remains constant. As a result such primary driving gears remain unaltered during the wearing down of any particular paper roll, and may be continued to be used when .a new, larger, diameter paper roll is substituted for the old paper roll. Such gears need, therefore, seldom to be replaced and an embossing machine embodying such drive requires much less maintenance. Also, a more uniformly embossed product results from use of the machine, and the paper roll in the machine, because of the markedly increased accuracy of peripheral synchronism, is worn down at a much slower rate than formerly.

It is, accordingly, an object of the invention to provide an improved drive for elements such as the cooperating rolls of an embossing machine wherein the maintenance of the synchronizing gears is minimized, a more uniform synchronized drive is produced, and a more perfect, more uniform, product is obtained.

The invention has as a further object the provision of acompact, efiicient, easily constructed and maintained drive for machinesof theabove typ These and further objects of the invention will be more readily apparent in the following descrip-tion of. preferred embodiments thereof shown in the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a view in perspective from the front of an embossing machine of the described type embodying the synchronizing drive of the invention;

Fig. 2 is a view of the'machine in side elevation, the view being taken in a direction from right to left in Fig. .l;

Fig. 3 is a view partially in elevation and partially in longitudinal vertical section through the machine of the invention, portions of the machine in the longitudinal center being omitted;

Fig. 4 is an enlarged view partially in elevation and partially in vertical section through the flexible synchronizing driving means between rolls of the machine; and

Fig. 5 is a view in front elevation of a portion of an alternative construction of the synchronizing driving means of the invention.

As above mentioned, Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 show a first embodiment of the synchronizing drive of the invention, and Fig. 5 shows a second embodiment thereof. In Fig. l the embossing machine is shown comprising two spaced vertically extending side frame members 2 and 4, such side frame members being connected together by means of the bottom cross-rods 6 and the top cross-rod 8. Each side frame member is provided with a vertically extending guideway, that on member 2 being shown at I6, and that on frame member 4 being designated I2. Supported between the side frame members in vertically aligned parallel relationship are the top steel embossing roll I4 and the bottom paper embossing roll I6. Roll I4 is mounted for rotation by means of the bearing chocks I8 and 20 slidingly mounted and retained on guideways I and I2, respectively. Roll 56 is rotatably mounted in the

bearin chocks

22 and 24 which are slidably mounted and retained upon guideways H] and I2, respectively. Cooperating with the seat 30 on chock I8 is a vertical screw 26 which is threadedly engaged in an overhanging portion of frame member 2. A similar screw 28 is provided in frame member 4 for cooperation with seat 32 on chock 20.

Screws

26 and 28 are initially adjusted, upon installation of a new roll IE, to bring the roll Hi into the desired horizontal alignment. During regular operation of the embossing machine,

screws

26 and 28 are not normally adjusted. Roll i6 is thrust upwardly into contact with roll I4 by means of the plunge-

rs

34 and 36 which engage

abutments

36 and 46 on

chock members

22 and 24, respectively.

Plungers

34 and 38 are urged upwardly with the desired predetermined force by means of conventional weighted lever systems, the removable weights acting upon plunger 35 through levers (not shown) being shown at 4-2 and those acting upon plunger 36 through similar levers being shown at 44.

As shown in Figs. 2 and 3 the embossing machine is driven by means of the electric motor 46 which drives through belt 48 into the adjustable speed changing mechanism 56. The drive proceeds from speed change box 59, from delivery sprocket thereon through the chain 52 to the sprocket 55 aflixed to the right-hand end of countershaft '54, as shown in Fig. 3. Countershait 54 runs horizontally along the back of the machine and carries upon its left-hand end, as shown in Fig. 1, a sprocket 56. From sprocket 65 there runs a. chain 58 which is entrained over sprocket 66 on the left-hand roll neck of roll I4.

The synchronizing driving mechanism between the two rolls I4 and I6 is shown at the right in Fig. 3. As there shown, apinion gear 62 is fixedly keyed upon the right-hand end of the roll neck 64 of roll I l. A vertically disposed side plate 66 is mounted upon the outer side of frame memher t, being spaced therefrom by spacer sleeves of which one is shown at 68 and being retained thereon by means of the lower front stud l6 and the two rear studs 12 and I4. as shown in Fig. 2,

4- Secured to plate 66 is the horizontal laterally extending support member I6. Member 26 carries at its outer end a vertically extending support I8 which has a bearing 88 disposed in its upper end.

Plate 66 has a circular opening 83 therein which is generally coaxial with the roll neck 82 of the roll I6, as shown more clearly in Fig. 4. Opening 83, which is of a diameter substantially exceeding the outer end I30 of the roll neck 82, has a counterbore 86 which receives the outer edge of the flange portion of the outwardly projecting sleeve member 84. Member 84 is fixedly retained in position on plate 66 by means of the studs 88. A ring gear 98 having within it the bearing bushing 92 is rotatably supported on the outer cylindrical surface of sleeve 84, as shown. Gear at is permanently in mesh with gear 62 on the neck of roll Hi, the axes of such two gears remaining fixed with relation to each other during regular operation of the embossing machine.

AfiiXed to the outer surface of gear is the elongated hollow shaft or housing 94. One of the angularly spaced studs securing parts 90 and 93 together is shown at 96. A stepped stub shaft 98 supports the outer end of member 94 upon the standard '18. As shown, the smaller portion of the stub shaft is rotatably supported in bearing 88, the larger portion of such a stub shaft being keyed in the end boss I00 in housing 94.

stub shaft 98 terminates inwardly with the flange I62, which is positioned within the outer end portion of housing 94. Flange I62 constitutes an end portion of a flexible coupling which i is generally designated I63. The coupling shown is of the type known as the Dykman sphere gear coupling which allows a misalignment between the coupling parts of as much as 2 while maintaining zero backlash between such parts. A

"- coupling of the type described is also designated the Barcus aligning shaft coupling, such coupling being made by the Barcus Engineering Company, Baltimore, Maryland The outer portion of coupling I03 is completed by the cylindrical housing I64 which is secured to flange I62 by means of angularly spaced studs I66. Member I34 carries within it the straight, angularly spaced, radially directed gear teeth I08 Within which fit the rounded, angularly spaced, outwardly directed gear teeth II2 on the inner coupling part H0. Part H6 is provided with a central bore I It within which is keyed the outer end of the shaft II6. Shaft II6, which is disposed coaxially with the housing 94 and with gear 36, is connected at its inner end to another flexible coupling I I8 which is similar to coupling H3. The inner end of shaft I I6 is keyed within the bore I22 in the inner coupling part I20. Part 126 carries on a projecting flange the outwardly directed rounded gear teeth 124 which fit within the inwardly directed straight gear teeth I26 on the outer coupling part I28. Part I28 of coupling H8 is keyed, as shown, to the outer projecting end I36 of the roll neck '82 of roll I6.

The manner of operation of the synchronizing drive above described will be clearly apparent. In such first embodiment, the drive proceeds from the motor 46 to the left-hand end of roll I4. Roll Id, in turn, drives gear 62 which is permanently in mesh with gear 96, gear 96 rotating on a fixed axis. Roll It is, of course, mounted for vertical movement, in response to thrust by the lever system, which is independent of the gear 90. Thus the mesh of the two

gears

52 and 98 remains constant during operation of the maeases EL Li chine regardless f the ancestor wear incorrect by and the vertical waver er the roll la.- The drive proceeds em gear' 7 so throngs hdll'ow shah housing 94 back through the flexible drive system composed of the flexible coupling I03, thej sh'aft H6, andthe second flexible (Sou-- pling H8, tothe neck of the roll IE.-

I Because-er the accurate and fixed meshing re" lationship between the gears 62 and 9D, and eecause of the type of flexible coupling piereraei empipyed, n which the backlash is at least sub"- stantially zero; the drive maintainsat all times aii ang'ular ynehremsm between rolls H a e I suchs'yfiehrenism be g maintainedcom-ever: an and also inclielhenta-l'ly; that is at any-given instant. addition to siich enema-r syriehio nism, the drive of the invent n maintainssubstantial perip eral synchronise between the ions, excepting, of coarse, the eirect in'tfodue d because of the constants diminishing diameter of roll I6. The drive of the invention, however; intro'duces no additional variable factors to such} c nstantl diminishing diameter ofroll' Hi; and thusvariation in peripheral synchroni'sm between the two rolls-occursonly gradually. Thus the product treated by an embossing machine embodying the drive of the invention is distin' gui'shed by its substantial and continueduniformity';

In the alternative embodiment of the synchronizing driveof the invention, shown in Fig. 5, the main parts thereofare the same as those shown in Figures 1 to 4, inclusive. and are thus similarly designated. In the construction shown in Fig. 5' the drive from" the prime mover through the change speed mechanism is effected directly from the hollow shaft or housing 94. Conse qu'e'ntly, countersliaft 54 and the sprockets there"- on; as well as the sprocket 60 at the left-hand end of roll M, as shown in Fig. 3, are omitted. In their stead there is provided a sprocket I32 which embraces and is keyed to the housing 94. The driving chain from the output end of the change speed mechanism 50, designated I34 in Fig. 5, is entrained directly over the delivery sprocket 5| of means 50' and over the sprocket I32 on housing 94. The construction shown in 5 is of advantage because of its simplicity, and thus because of the added ease of its main tenance. In addition it eliminates the necessity for several parts and, consequently, reduces the cost of the synchronizing drive.

Whereasfor purposes of illustration Lhave shown and described two preferred embodiments of the drive for embossing machines of my invention, it is to be understood that such em-; bodiments are illustrative only and that the invention is capable of considerable variations as to its details of construction and also as to its manner of application. The invention is, therefore, to be defined by the scope of the claims appended hereto.

I claim as new the following:

1. In a machine including two rotary driven members mounted on axes .parallel and adjacent to each other, means for mounting the first member with its axis is fixed position during operation of the machine, means for mounting the second one of the members so that its axis may move toward the axis of the first member, the improved means to drive such two rotary members inopposite directions in synchronism with. each other comprising a first gear fixedly connected to and rotatable with the first one of an new driven e on 'meurited on a listed was generally ccaxiai wit 6% the second drivefimefiibei" arid permanently meshing with the first gear, a first, hollow, shaftconn cted to and rotatable with the second gear, said hollow shaftlying generally coaxial with the second rotary dr ven member and extending away from said secondrotary driven member to a point substantially removed from the sec-- 0nd gear and fui the'? removedfrom said second rotary driven member, a second shaft lying with in the hollow shaft andconnected thereto sub'-- stafitially atsaid point: spaced from the second gear and to the second rotary driven member and rotatable withthe hollow shaft,- the' train con sisting of the hollow shaft and the second shaft rotating at the s'amespeed as the second gear; said train incorporating serially thereof a sex: ible driving connection, and means for rotatably driving the connected system consisting of the two rotary driven members. the first and sec- 0nd gears, and the first and second shafts.

2. In an embossing machine including two rolls mounted on axes parallel to' each other, means for mounting the first roll with its axis in fixed position during operation of the machine,

means for mounting the second roll so that its said first driving means extending awayfrom said second roll to a point substantially removed from the second gear and further removed from said second roll, a second driving means connected to the first driving means substantially at said point spaced from the second gear and to the second roll and rotatable with thefirst driv ing means,,the train consisting of the firstand second driving means rotating at the same speed as the second gear, said train incorporating serially thereof a flexible driving connection, and

. means for rotatably driving the connected sys* tem consisting of the two rolls,- the first and second gears, and the first and second drivingmeans. v I

3. In an embossing machine including two rolls mounted on axes parallel to each other; means formounting the first roll with its axis in fixed positioh during operation of the machine, means for mounting the second roll so that its axis may move toward the axis of the first roll, the improved means to drive such two rolls in opposite directions in synchronism with each other comprising afirst gea fixedly connected to and rotatable with the first roll, a second gear mounted on a fixed axis and permanently meshing with the first, gear, a first driving means connected to and rotatable with the second gear, said first driving means extending away from said second roll generally parallel to the axis" of the second roll to a point substantially removed from the second gear and further removed from said second roll, a second driving means connected to the first driving means substantially at said point spaced from the second gear and to the second roll and rotatable with the first driving means, the train consisting of the firstand second driving means rotating at the same speed as the second gear, said train incorporating serially thereof a nexibie driving coiii'leetiofi, and means for rotatab-ly driving the connected s'y'stfii mesmeof the are sets,- the first ee tee 7 ond gears, and the first and second driving means. I

4. In an embossing machine including two rolls mounted on axes parallel to each other, means for mounting the first roll with its axis in fixed position during operation of the machine, means for mounting the second roll so that its axis may move toward the axis of the first roll, the improved means to drive such two rolls in opposite directions in synchronism with each other comprising a first gear fixedly connected to and rotatable with the first roll, a second gear mounted on a fixed axis generally coaxial with the second roll and permanently meshing with the first gear, a first, hollow, shaft connected to and rotatable with the second gear, said hollow shaft lying generally coaxial with the second roll and extending away from said second roll to a point substantially removed from the second gear and further removed from said second roll, a second shaft lying within the hollow shaft and connected thereto substantially at said point spaced from the second gear and to the second roll and rotatable with the hollow shaft, the train consisting of the hollow shaft and the second shaft rotating at the same speed as the second gear, said train incorporating serially thereof, a flexible driving connection, and means for rotatably driving the connected system consisting of the two rolls, the first and second gears, and the first and second shafts.

5. In an embossing machine including two rolls mounted on axes parallel to each other, a frame for mounting the first roll with its axis in fixed position during operation of the machine, means for mounting the second roll in such frame so that its axis may move toward the axis of the first roll, the improved means to drive such two rolls in opposite directions in synchronism with each other comprising a first gear fixedly connected to and rotatable with the neck of the first roll, a second gear permanently meshing with the first gear, means on the frame for mounting the second gear on a fixed axis generally coaxial with the second roll, an elongated housing member connected to the second gear coaxially therewith, said housing member extending away from said second roll generally parallel to the second roll from the gear to an outer end spaced substantially from the second gear and further removed from said second roll, a driving means lying within the housing and extending substantially from and connecting the outer end thereof to the neck of the second roll adjacent the second gear, the

train consisting of the housing and the driving means rotating at the same speed as the second gear, said train incorporating serially thereof a flexible driving connection, and means for rotatably driving the connected system consisting of the two rolls, the first and second gears, the housing, and the driving means connecting the housing to the second roll.

6. In an embossing machine including two rolls mounted on axes parallel to each other, a frame for mounting the first roll with its axis in fixed position during operation of the machine, means for mounting the second roll in such frame so that its axis may move toward the axis of the first roll, the improved means to drive such two rolls in opposite directions in synchronism with each other comprising a first gear fixedly connected to and rotatable with the neck of the first roll at a position outside the frame, a second gear permanently meshing with the first gear, means on the frame for mounting the second gear outside the frame on a fixed axis generally coaxial with the second roll, the second roll having a. neck extending freely through the second gear, an elongated housing member connected to the outer face of the second gear coaxially therewith and extending away from said second roll to a point substantially removed from said second gear and further removed from said second roll, a driving shaft lying within the housing and extending substantially from and connecting the outer end thereof to th aforementioned neck of the second roll, said driving shaft including a flexible coupling connected serially thereof, and means for rotatably driving the connected system consisting of the two rolls, the first and second gears, the housing and the driving shaft.

7. In an embossing machine including two longitudinally contacting rolls mounted on axes parallel to each other, a frame for mounting the first roll with its axis in fixed position during operation of the machine, means for mounting the second roll in such frame so that its axis may move toward the axis of the first roll, the improved means to drive such two rolls in opposite directions in synchronism with each other comprising a first gear fixedly connected to and rotatable with the neck of the first roll at a position outside the frame, a second gear permanently meshing with the first gear, means on the frame for mounting the second gear outside the frame on a fixed axis generally coaxial with the second roll, the second roll having a neck extending freely through the second gear, the first and second gears having pitch diameters the ratio of which at least closely approximates the ratio of the diameters of the respective rolls, an elongated housing member connected to the outer face of the second gear coaxially therewith and extending away from said second roll to a point substantially removed from said second gear and further removed from said second roll, an outboard bearing connected to the frame of the ma chine rotatably supporting the outer end of the housing, a driving shaft lying within the housing and extending substantially from and connecting the outer end thereof to the aforementioned neck of the second roll, said driving shaft including a flexible coupling connected serially thereof, and means for rotatably driving the connected system consisting of the two rolls, the first and second gears, the housing, and the driving shaft.

8. In an embossing machine including two longitudinally contacting rolls mounted on axes parallel to each other, means including two spaced frame members for mounting the first roll with its axis in fixed position during operation of the machine, means for mounting the second roll in such frame members so that its axis may move toward the axis of the first roll, the improved means to drive such two rolls in opposite directions in synchronism with each other comprising a first, pinion, gear fixedly connected to and rotatable with the neck of the first roll at a position outside a first one of the side frame members, a second, ring, gear permanently meshing with the first gear, means on the outer side of the first side frame member for mounting the second gear on a fixed axis generally coaxial with the second roll, the second roll having a neck extending freely through the second gear, the first and second gears having pitch diameters the ratio of which at least closely approximates the ratio of the diameters of the respective rolls, an elongated. housing member connected to the outer face of the second gear coaxially therewith and extending away from said second roll to a point substantially removed from said second gear and further removed from said second roll, an outboard bearing connected to the frame of the machine rotatably supporting the outer end of the housing, a driving connection lying within the housing from the outer end thereof to the neck of the second roll at the first frame member, said driving connection comprising a first flexible coupling connected to the housing substantially at the outer end of the latter, a shaft connected at its outer end to the inner end of the first coupling, a second flexible coupling connected to the inner end of the shaft, the inner end of the second coupling being fixedly connected to the aforesaid neck of the second roll, and means for rotatably driving the connected system consisting of the two rolls, the first and second gears, and the driving means connecting th second gear to the second roll.

9. In the combination set out in claim 8, the flexible couplings being of the backlash free gear type.

10. In an embossing machine including two rolls mounted on axes parallel to each other, means for mounting the first roll with its axis in fixed position during operation of the machine, means for mounting the second roll so that its axis may move toward the axis of the first roll, the improved means to drive such two rolls in opposite directions in synchronism with each other comprising a first gear fixedly connected to and rotatable with the first roll, a second gear mounted on a fixed axis generally coaxial with the second roll and permanently meshing with the first gear, a first, hollow, shaft connected to and rotatable with the second gear, said hollow shaft lying generally coaxial with the second roll and extending away from said second roll to a point substantially removed from the second gear and further removed from said second roll, a second shaft lying within the hollow shaft and connected thereto substantially at said point spaced from the second gear and to the second roll and rotatable with the hollow shaft, the train consisting of the hollow shaft and the second shaft rotating at the same speed as the second gear, said train incorporating serially thereof a flexible driving connection, a prime mover, and means for drivingly connecting the prime mover to the hollow shaft.

11. In an embossing machine including two longitudinally contacting rolls mounted on axes parallel to each other, means including two spaced frame members for mounting the first roll with its axis in fixed position during operation of the machine, means for mounting the 1 the improved means to drive such two rolls in oppostie directions in synchronism with each other, comprising a first, pinion, gear fixedly connected to and rotatable with the neck of the first roll at a position outside a first one of the side frame members, a second, ring, gear permanently meshing with the first gear, means on the outer side of the first side frame member for mounting the second gear on a fixed axis generally coaxial with the second roll, the second roll having a neck extending freely through the second gear, the first and second gears having pitch diameters the ratio of which at least closely approximates the ratio of the diameters of the respective rolls, an elongated housing member connected to the outer face of the second gear coaxially therewith and extending away from said second roll to a point substantially removed from said second gear and further removed from said second roll, an outboard bearing connected to the frame Of the machine rotatably supporting the outer end of the housing, a driving connection, lying within the housing, from the outer end thereof to the neck of the second roll at the first frame member, said driving connection comprising a first flexible coupling connected to the housing substantially at the outer end of the latter, a shaft connected at its outer end to the inner end of the first coupling, a second flexible coupling connected to the inner end of the shaft, the inner end of the second coupling being fixedly connected to the aforesaid neck of the second roll, a rotary prime mover, and means for connecting the prime mover to the housing whereby to rotate the latter and to effect driving of the connected system of the two rolls, the first and second gears, and the driving means connecting the second gear to the second roll.

HERMAN EBERHARDT.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 720,629 Sherwood Feb. 17, 1903 1,758,267 Wach May 13, 1930 1,774,116 Wach Aug. 26, 1930 1,892,573 Harvey Dec. 27, 1932 2,223,628 Landis Dec. 3, 1940 2,298,492 Longfield Oct. 13, 1942 2,425,167 Whitehead Aug. 5, 1947