US2509998A - Pulsing arrangement - Google Patents

Pulsing arrangement Download PDF

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Publication number
US2509998A
US2509998A US665310A US66531046A US2509998A US 2509998 A US2509998 A US 2509998A US 665310 A US665310 A US 665310A US 66531046 A US66531046 A US 66531046A US 2509998 A US2509998 A US 2509998A
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United States
Prior art keywords
voltage
cathode
grid
control grid
anode
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US665310A
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English (en)
Inventor
Mark Jan Van Der
Venis Adolph
Roszbach George Philip
Blok Laurens
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Hartford National Bank and Trust Co
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Hartford National Bank and Trust Co
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Publication of US2509998A publication Critical patent/US2509998A/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R13/00—Arrangements for displaying electric variables or waveforms
    • G01R13/20—Cathode-ray oscilloscopes
    • G01R13/22—Circuits therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
    • H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
    • H03K3/04—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use, as active elements, of vacuum tubes only, with positive feedback

Definitions

  • the time interval which elapses between the arrival of the signal, in the present case the single phenomenon to be recorded, and the release of the cathode ray beam, which time interval is sometimes referred to as the switching time should be a minimum in order that as little as possible of the phenomenon to be observed becomes lost.
  • the time interval within which the sudden variation in current or voltage has itself to take place in the circuit arrangement necessary for setting up thereof should be materially shorter than the desired switching time because for example the impedances of the connecting leads between the circuit for setting up the variation in current of voltage and the cathode ray oscillograph bring about an unavoidable time lag, or in other words an undesired decrease of the flank steepness of the switching voltage.
  • the flank steepness of the switching voltage generated and also its amplitude should therefore have a maximum value.
  • pulse-like oscillations are used for example in television devices for disrupting the cathode ray beam in a cathode ray tube during the striking back time.
  • Pulse-like oscillations are also frequently used for measuring practice, for example in devices comprising a cathode ray oscillcgraph for enabling a plurality of phenomena to be observed simultaneously, the phenomena being in succession fed in quick sequence to the oscillograph by means of discharge paths used as inertialess switches (for example diodes or amplifier valves) and rendered operative in turn by means of the pulse-like oscillations serving as a switching voltage.
  • flank steepness and amplitude of the pulse-like oscillations are very high.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a circuit arrangement permitting of generating single or pulse-like current or voltage variations or else pulse-like oscillations having particularly high flank steepness and amplitude.
  • a circuit arrangement comprises a secondary emission valve whose control grid circuit and auxiliary cathode circuit impedances are each substantially formed by ohmic resistances and in which the control grid circuit and the auxiliary cathode circuit are coupled regeneratively, the value of the auxiliary cathode circuit resistance and the strength of the coupling being chosen to be such that only by means of control grid voltages which are lower than a first limit value (at which the anode current at least has a given value) or are higher than a second larger limit value (at which the anode current is at least substantially suppressed) a stable operating point of the value can be acljusted.
  • Fig. 1 shows a circuit arrangement according to the invention by reference to which the operation will be set out.
  • Figs. 2 and 3 show control grid voltage-anode current characteristic curves to elucidate the operation of the circuit arrangement shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 4 shows a circuit arrangement for setting up a single variation in current or voltage.
  • Fig. 5 shows a circuit arrangement for setting up a pulse-like current or voltage variation upon the arrival of a signal of given polarity.
  • Fig. 6 shows a circuit arrangement responsive to a signal of any polarity.
  • Fig. 7 shows a circuit arrangement for setting up pulse-like oscillations
  • Fig. 8 shows a circuit arrangement in which various measures are taken to shorten the switching time.
  • I designates a secondary emission valve comprising a cathode 2, a control grid 3, a secondary electron emitting electrode or auxiliary cathode 4 and an anode 5.
  • the anode and auxiliary cathode voltage of the valve is obtained from two series-connected batteries 5, 'I, the negative terminal of the battery 6 being connected directly to the cathode 2 the point of connection between the batteries 6' and 1 via an ohmic resistance 8 to the auxiliary cathode l and the positive terminal of the battery '5 via an ammeter 9 and an ohmic resistance It to the anode 5 of the valve.
  • the auxiliary cathode I and the cathode 2 have interconnected between them the series combination of an ohmic resistance II and a battery I2 with adjustable terminal voltage, whereas control grid 3 is connected to a variable tapping point 53 of the resistance I I.
  • the positive terminal of the battery I2 is connected to the cathode 2 and the negative terminal to the resistance I I.
  • the part of the resistance I I which is comprised between battery I2 and tapping point I3 forms part of the control grid circuit of the valve.
  • a control grid bias is derived from the battery I 2 and the voltage between: control grid and cathode of the valve i. e. control grid voltage corresponds with the differ ence between the bias of the battery I2 and the oppositely directed voltage at the part of the resistance I! which is comprised between battery IZ and. tapping point I3.
  • the supply voltages and the resistances are chosen to be such that, as is common practice with secondary emission valves, the flow of primary electrons is always smaller than the consequent fiow of secondary electrons and an increase in the flow of primary electrons always brings about an increase in the flow of secondary electrons passing between the auxiliary cathode and the anode.
  • the tapping point I3 is displaced at least substantially wholly downwards so that the control grid voltage practically corresponds at any one time with the voltage 'of the battery I2, a stable operating point of the valve always will be obtained, in the case of" variation in the voltage of the batteries between for example 30 volts and 0 volt, in conformity with the relation, shown in Fig. 2 .by the curve A, between control grid voltage e and the anode current ie of the valve which is determined byineans of the ammeter 9.
  • the auxiliary cathode voltage practically corresponds with the voltage of the battery 6; the auxiliarycathode voltage, however, increases with the anode current la due to the voltage brought about across the resistance 8 by'the aux-- iliary cathode current.
  • the increase in the auxiliary cathode voltage will also result in an increase in the current passing through the resistance *II but with a tapping point I3 displaced completely downwards this does not bring about any alteration of the control grid voltage.
  • control grid voltage is initially lower than the limit value I, at which the anode current has a given, comparatively larger value and the battery voltage I2 is increased, as soon as the control grid voltage exceeds the limit value I the latter will, due tc the regenerative coupling, spontaneously assume the limit value II, at which the anode currentfis suppressed at least substantially.
  • limit value I the limit value at which the anode current has a given, comparatively larger value and the battery voltage I2 is increased
  • the operating point adjusted atcontro-l grid voltages lower than the limit value I would be unstable if the grid current which occurs at these control grid voltages and which counteracts a reduction in the grid current voltage had not a stabilizing efiect.
  • the anode current upon exceeding the limit value II in the direction of the limit value I, will spontaneously assume and retain a value corresponding to the limit value I until for any reason the control grid voltage exceeds the limit value I with the result that the operating point of the valve again shiftsto II.
  • the time period for the leaping of the operating point from I to II or vice versa is dependent on various factors. This time period is lower, as the negative steepness of the control grid voltageauxiliary cathode current characteristic curve is increased, said steepness being, as is well-known,
  • amplifier valves comprising several cascade-connected auxiliary cath odes (electron multiplicator) it is possible to obtain an even greater negative steepness.
  • the use of a very strong regenerative coupling between control grid and auxiliary cathode circuits also permits of decreasing the said time period; the coupling may, for example, be in creased by connecting a condenser between auxiliary cathode and control grid so that a particularly strong coupling is provided for alternating voltages which are responsible for the leaping of the operating point.
  • An increase of the resistance 3 in the auxiliary cathode circuit has a similar effect but it is advantageous if in the conductive condition of the circuit arrangement (limit value I) the auxiliary cathode potential is so much lower than the anode potential that the steepness of the control grid voltage-auxiliary cathode voltage characteristic curve at the then obtaining operating point is still so negative that the operatin point is only stable due to a secondary effect since otherwise the said time period increases.
  • auxiliary cathode and anode voltage is obtained from a single common source of voltage, for example rectifier apparatus.
  • the auxiliary cathode 4 is connected on the one hand via a resistance 14 to the positive terminal of the common source of anode voltage not shown whose negative terminal I 5 is earthed.
  • the auxiliary cathode 4 is connected via a potentiometer constituted by resistances IS, IT and corresponding to II of Fig. 1 to the negative terminal of the bias battery.
  • the control grid is connected to the point of connection of the resistances I6, I!
  • the other input terminal is earthed, as is also the cathode 2 of the tube.
  • the anode of the tube is also connected to the positive terminal l5 via an anode resistance Ill.
  • the ends of the anode resistance I0 are connected respectively to the output terminals 20.
  • This potential variation may be utilized for example for the sudden suppression of the disruption of the cathode ray beam of an oscillograph. It has been found that the time that elapses between the arrival of the input signal 2
  • the circuit arrangement shown in Fig. 5 is adapted for the generation of a double pulse like potential variation on the arrival of a signal of suitable polarity.
  • This circuit arrangement is differentiated from that shown in Fig. 4 in that the part of the potentiometer which is comprised between auxiliary cathode 4 and control grid 3 is formed by a condenser 22 and the auxiliary cathode is connected via the auxiliary cathode resistance 8 to the point of connection between the resistance l4 and a resistance 23, said resistances constituting a low ohmic potentiometer connected in parallel with the source of anode voltage.
  • the operating point of the tube that corresponds to I will leap to II if the voltage pulse of negative polarity is fed to the input terminals l 9 but, after a lapse of the time period governed by the RC time of the circuit arrangement and required for the charging of the condenser 22, will spontaneously leap back to I so that the initially occurring anode current is first suddenly suppressed and eventually, suddenly starts to flow again with the original strength.
  • a pulse-like voltage may be obtained from the output terminals 20 and this voltage may be utilized for example for the transient release or disruption of an oscillograph.
  • circuit arrangement illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5 are only responsive to an output signal of predetermined polarity, said polarity being dependent on the operating point chosen for the circuit arrangement in the awaiting condition.
  • circuit'arrangement should: beresponsive to a signal of any polarity'and this can be ensured by the use of the circuit arrangement shownin Fig. 6.
  • aportion 2% of the control grid circuit resistance 24,25 is included in thecathode lead of the valve I and control grid and cathodeare connected respectively via oppositely connected diode rectifiers 26, Zltothelinput terminal E9 not earthed.
  • Circuit arrangements according to the invention may also be used for generating pulse-like oscillations.
  • the regenerative coupling be tween control grid and auxiliary cathode circuits, which should be at least preponderantly capacitative, is solely capacitative and the voltage of thebattery I2 is so adjusted that irrespective of whether the operating point I or II obtains the control grid voltage eventually approaches a valuewhich-is comprised between the values corresponding to the operating points I and II.
  • the generated pulse-like oscillations may be obtained from the output terminals 20, as is denoted in the figure at28.
  • lations may be synchronised by synchronising pulses 29 fed to the control grid via the input terminals [9.
  • the output impedance may be inserted not only in the anode lead of the tube butalso for example in the cathode lead or alternatively it may form the resistance M or part thereof. Generally, however, preference should be given to the circuit arrangement illustrated.
  • control grid 3 and the cathode 2 have interconnected between them the series combination of a diode and a battery 3!.
  • the cathode of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery 3! and thus exhibits a potential, which is negative relatively to the cathode 2 of the valve l; the diode-anode is connected to the control grid 3 of the valve 5.
  • the control grid voltage is thus prevented from falling below a limit value governed by the voltage of the battery 22 and designated I in Fig. 3. Due to this the operating point of the valve in the conductive condition becomes stable even at the limit value I of the control grid voltage instead of only at II due to the grid current.
  • the diode characteristic curve manifests an intenser ourvation near the zero point than the corresponding grid cathode characteristic curve of the valve 1 the variation of the efiective steepness at the limit value I' for the characteristic curve designated (tin Fig. 3 and obtainingffor the circuit arrangement shown in Fig. 8 exceeds 'that'at the limit value I in the foregoing circuit arrangements. Due to this the operating point will leap particularly quickly from I to II so that if very quick response of the circuit arrangement to an incoming signal is required preferably the operating point corresponding to the limit value I is adjusted.
  • the limit value II in Fig. 3 can be shifted to the right in a similar manner.
  • a voltage-constant resistance for example a glow discharge tube '32
  • the auxiliary cathode voltage may have a favourable value both at limit value I and II, the current passing through the potentiometer connected in parallel with the source of anode voltage (for example I i, 25 in Fig. 6)--from which theauxiliary cathode voltage is derivedshould as a matter of fact be considerably larger than the auxiliary cathode current.
  • the use of the glow discharge tube 32 ensures that with suppressed anode'current of the valve i the auxiliary cathode voltage does not fall below a value governed by the voltage at the glow discharge tube 32 and the battery [2.
  • the circuit arrangement according to the invention may be used with ad vantage with oscillographs for the sudden release and/or disruption of the cathode ray beam.
  • the generated sudden variations in the current or voltage may also be used'for causing a saw tooth generator supplying the time base voltageofthe oscillograph to become operative. 'Itis, however,
  • a circuit arrangement for generating a sudden impulse in responseto aninput voltage comprising an electron discharge tube having a cathode, a control grid, an auxiliary electrode emitting secondary'electrons upon the flow thereto of primary electrons fromthe cathodeand an anode, first and second impedance eiements, a source of operating potential having its negative terminal connected to Sal-f1 cathode and its positiveterm nal connected through said first element to said auxiliary electrode and through said second elementtc said anode.
  • auxiliary electrode means regeneratively coupling auxiliary electrode to said grid, a source of bias potential having its positive terminal connected to said cathode and its negative terminal VG grid, voltage responsive means connected between said grid and said cathode arranged to prevent the voltage the grid from falling below a predetermined value, and means to "apply an input voltage to said grid causing a sudden impulse to be developed across said second element.
  • a circuit arrangement for generating a sudden impulse in response to an input voltage comprising an electron discharge tube having a cathode, a control grid, an auxiliary electrode emitting secondary electrons upon the flow thereto of primary electrons from the cathode and an anode, first and second impedance elements, a source of operating potential having its negative terminal connected to said cathode and its positive terminal connected through said first element to said auxiliary electrode and through said second element to said anode, means regeneratively coupling said auxiliary electrode to said grid, a source of bias potential having its positive terminal connected to said cathode and its negative terminal connected to said grid, voltage responsive means connected between said grid and said cathode and arranged to prevent the voltage on the grid from falling below a predetermined value, said voltage responsive means including a unidirectional rectifier connected in series with an auxiliary potential source, said predetermined value depending on the magnitude of said auxiliary source and means to apply an input voltage to said grid causing a sudden impulse to be developed across said second element.
  • a circuit arrangement for generating a sudden impulse in response to an input voltage comprising an electron discharge tube having a cathode, a control grid, an auxiliary electrode emitting secondary electrons upon the fiow thereto of primary electrons from the cathode and an anode, first and second impedance elements, a source of operating potential I having its negative terminal connected to said cathode and its positive terminal connected through said first element to said auxiliary electrode and through said second element to said anode, means regeneratively coupling said auxiliary electrode to said grid, a source of bias potential having its positive terminal connected to said cathode and its negative terminal connected to said grid, voltage responsive means connected between said grid and said cathode and arranged to prevent the voltage on the grid from falling below a predetermined value, said voltage responsive means including a diode device having an anode and a cathode, and an auxiliary potential source, the anode of said device being connected to the grid of said tube, the cathode of said device being connected to the
  • a circuit arrangement for generating a sawtooth pulse in response to an input voltage comprising an electron discharge tube having a cathode, a control grid, an auxiliary electrode emitting secondary electron upon the flow thereto of primary electrons from the oathode and an anode, first and second impedance elements, a source of operating potential having its negative terminal connected to said cathode and its positive terminal connected through said first element to said auxiliary electrode and through said second element to said anode, a first capacitor connected between said auxiliary electrode and said grid to provide regeneration therebetween, a source of bias potential having its positive terminal connected to said cathode and its negative terminal connected to said grid, a diode rectifier having an anode connected to said grid and a cathode, an auxiliary potential source having its negative terminal connected to the oathode of said diode and its positive terminal connected to the cathode of said tube, said rectifier acting to prevent the voltage on said grid from falling below a level depending on the magnitude of said
  • a circuit arrangement for generating a sudden impulse in response to an input voltage comprising an electron discharge tube having a cathode, a control grid, an auxiliary electrode emitting secondary electrons upon the flow thereto of primary electrons from the oath-- ode and an anode, first and second impedance elements, a source of operating potential having its negative terminal connected to said cathode and its positive terminal connected through said first element to said auxiliary electrode and through said second element to said anode, a capacitor connected between said auxiliary electrode and said grid to provide regeneration therebetween, a source of bias potential having its positive terminal connected to said cathode and its negative terminal connected to said grid, a diode rectifier having an anode connected to said grid and a cathode, an auxiliary potential source having its negative terminal connected to the cathode of said diode and its positive terminal connected to the cathode of said tube whereby the voltage on said grid cannot exceed a predetermined value, a voltage regulating gaseous discharge device connected

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US665310A 1942-03-13 1946-04-26 Pulsing arrangement Expired - Lifetime US2509998A (en)

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2750501A (en) * 1951-12-21 1956-06-12 Ibm Secondary emission type trigger circuit
US2797319A (en) * 1952-04-28 1957-06-25 Norman F Moody Trigger circuit
US2949578A (en) * 1957-01-29 1960-08-16 Jan A Narud Millimicrosecond pulse circuits
US3027517A (en) * 1958-08-21 1962-03-27 Edgerton Germeshausen And Grie Blocking oscillator system
US3048788A (en) * 1958-08-15 1962-08-07 Edgerton Germeshausen And Grie Sweep signal generating system
US3069628A (en) * 1960-04-27 1962-12-18 Jr Henry C Mcdonald Pulse rate divider
US3141143A (en) * 1960-10-19 1964-07-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Variable width pulse gate generator

Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US120900A (en) * 1871-11-14 Improvement in roofings
US2143397A (en) * 1935-03-21 1939-01-10 Emi Ltd Generator of electrical oscillations
GB498577A (en) * 1937-03-10 1939-01-10 Philips Nv Improved circuit arrangement comprising a discharge tube
FR836876A (fr) * 1937-04-21 1939-01-27 Philips Nv Montage électrique comportant un tube à décharge
US2172324A (en) * 1936-01-24 1939-09-05 Firm Fernseh Ag Modulation circuit using a multigrid photoelectric cell
US2226752A (en) * 1938-05-13 1940-12-31 Rca Corp Thermionic valve circuit
US2274369A (en) * 1940-07-13 1942-02-24 Gen Electric Electrical control system
US2293449A (en) * 1939-02-27 1942-08-18 Rca Corp Amplifier circuit
US2297522A (en) * 1939-06-23 1942-09-29 Zanarini Giuseppe Generation of saw-tooth synchronized voltages
US2305395A (en) * 1940-05-30 1942-12-15 Strutt Maximiliaan Julius Otto Electron discharge tube circuit
US2329137A (en) * 1941-05-23 1943-09-07 Rca Corp Deflection generator
US2340407A (en) * 1941-03-06 1944-02-01 Vacuum Science Products Ltd Electron multiplier apparatus
US2416302A (en) * 1941-01-07 1947-02-25 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electronic apparatus

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US120900A (en) * 1871-11-14 Improvement in roofings
US2143397A (en) * 1935-03-21 1939-01-10 Emi Ltd Generator of electrical oscillations
US2172324A (en) * 1936-01-24 1939-09-05 Firm Fernseh Ag Modulation circuit using a multigrid photoelectric cell
US2235190A (en) * 1937-03-10 1941-03-18 Rca Corp Electronic tube circuit
GB498577A (en) * 1937-03-10 1939-01-10 Philips Nv Improved circuit arrangement comprising a discharge tube
FR836876A (fr) * 1937-04-21 1939-01-27 Philips Nv Montage électrique comportant un tube à décharge
US2226752A (en) * 1938-05-13 1940-12-31 Rca Corp Thermionic valve circuit
US2293449A (en) * 1939-02-27 1942-08-18 Rca Corp Amplifier circuit
US2297522A (en) * 1939-06-23 1942-09-29 Zanarini Giuseppe Generation of saw-tooth synchronized voltages
US2305395A (en) * 1940-05-30 1942-12-15 Strutt Maximiliaan Julius Otto Electron discharge tube circuit
US2274369A (en) * 1940-07-13 1942-02-24 Gen Electric Electrical control system
US2416302A (en) * 1941-01-07 1947-02-25 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electronic apparatus
US2340407A (en) * 1941-03-06 1944-02-01 Vacuum Science Products Ltd Electron multiplier apparatus
US2329137A (en) * 1941-05-23 1943-09-07 Rca Corp Deflection generator

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2750501A (en) * 1951-12-21 1956-06-12 Ibm Secondary emission type trigger circuit
US2797319A (en) * 1952-04-28 1957-06-25 Norman F Moody Trigger circuit
US2949578A (en) * 1957-01-29 1960-08-16 Jan A Narud Millimicrosecond pulse circuits
US3048788A (en) * 1958-08-15 1962-08-07 Edgerton Germeshausen And Grie Sweep signal generating system
US3027517A (en) * 1958-08-21 1962-03-27 Edgerton Germeshausen And Grie Blocking oscillator system
US3069628A (en) * 1960-04-27 1962-12-18 Jr Henry C Mcdonald Pulse rate divider
US3141143A (en) * 1960-10-19 1964-07-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Variable width pulse gate generator

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Publication number Publication date
BE449722A (el)
CH250408A (de) 1947-08-31
FR898580A (fr) 1945-04-26

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