US2508228A - Discharge tube - Google Patents

Discharge tube Download PDF

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Publication number
US2508228A
US2508228A US662971A US66297146A US2508228A US 2508228 A US2508228 A US 2508228A US 662971 A US662971 A US 662971A US 66297146 A US66297146 A US 66297146A US 2508228 A US2508228 A US 2508228A
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electrode
electrons
velocity
control
electrodes
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Cocterier Frederik
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Hartford National Bank and Trust Co
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Hartford National Bank and Trust Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/32—Tubes with plural reflection, e.g. Coeterier tube

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a device in which is produced a beam 01' electrons and the velocity of the electrons in the beamis controlled by anontrol oscillation, whereupon the velocity variations are converted into intensity variations and an outputv voltage may be taken from the beam whose intensity is varied.
  • a device is particularly suitable for producing, amplifying and/ or moduthe potential in the control space is higher than the potential at the boundary inquestion of the control space, whereas electrons entering the control space during the half cycle of the control oscillation, during which the potential in the con-- trol space is lower than the limiting potential. are accelerated, the average velocity of the electrons being so chosen, in conjunction with the length or the control space, that each electron traversing this space is influenced in the same way upon entering and leaving. the control space, so that the electron-beam comprises accelerated and retarded electrons after leaving the control space.
  • velocity variations are converted into intensity variations by means of a perforated brake-field electrode, by which the electrons whose velocity lies below a, definite value, are caused to reverse their direction during the conversion of velocity variations into intensity variations in such manner that these electrons traverse the control electrodesystem for the second time, whilst the direction of motion of the swi'fter electrons remains the same, the electrons traversing the control electrode system for the second time preferably supplying energy to a circuit connected to this system.
  • Figs. 1 to 8 inclusive are schematic diagrams showing various electron discharge tube systems in accordance with the invention.
  • Fig. 1 represents a device according to the invention which serves toproduce ultra-high frequency oscillations.
  • This device comprises a discharge tube in which a beam of electrons is produced.
  • the electrode system generating the beam of electrons comprises a preferably earthed cathode 2 indirectly heated by a filament, an accelerating electrode 3' having a constant positive voltage relatively to the cathode 2, and an electrode 4 whose purpose will be set out herein after and whose potential substantially corresponds to that of the cathode.
  • the tube i comprises a control electrode system consisting of a control electrode 5 and two bounding electrodes 8 and l by which the control space is sharply bounded, all of these electrodes having a higher positive direct voltage with respect to the cathode 2 than the accelerating electrode 3.
  • the electrode 5 is connected to one end of a resonant. circuit 8, whose other end is connected to the bounding electrodes 8, I and, through the intermediary of a condenser 9, which constitutes a short circuit in regard to oscillations whose frequency corresponds to that of the resonant circuit 8, is connected to the cathode 2.
  • the resonant circuit 8 is tuned-to the frequency of the oscillations to be generated. 1
  • a perforated brake-field electrode III which has supplied to it a small voltage which is negative with respect to the cathode. This voltage is chosen in such manner that the potential in the center of the aperture of the electrode it corresponds at the most to the potential of the cathode.
  • the electrons whose velocity is higher than the average value, traverse the aperture of the brake-field electrode l and impinge on a collecting electrode ll having a positive voltage with respect to the cathode, which voltage preferably corresponds to the voltage of the electrodes 5, 8 and 'I relatively to the
  • the collecting electrode II is connected to one end of an impedance, in the present embodiment a resonant circuit l2 tuned to the frequency of the oscillations to be produced, whose other end is connected to the cathode through a condenser It in regard to oscillations of the frequency of the resonant circuit II.
  • a condenser serves to earth the perforated brake-field electrode III for ultra-high frequencies.
  • control oscillations whose frequency corresponds at least substantially to the natural frequency of the circuit 8 are set up.in the circuit 8.
  • an electric alternating field prevails in the control space between the control electrode 5 on the one hand and the bounding electrodes 6 and I on the other hand, which acts upon the velocity of the electrons traversing the control space.
  • the electrons whose velocity is varied and which issue from the control space find their way to the braking field which is produced by the electrode in and by which the electrons, which are retarded in the control space and whose velocity lies below the average velocity of the electrons, are caused to reverse their direction, whereas the'direction of motion of the electrons accelerated by'the two alternating fields in the control space remains the same.
  • the last-mentioned electrons traverse the aperture in the electrode l0 and hit the electrode II which is connected to the resonant circuit l2.
  • the brake-field electrode It causes separation of the electrons retarded and accelerated in the control space, the beam of electrons leaving the braking field being split up into two parts in both of which there occur succeeding maxima (groups of electrons) and minima of the electron density, in other terms the velocity variations of the beam of electrons have been converted into intensity variations by the braking field.
  • the intensity-modulated part of the beam of electrons which leaves the braking field at the side facing the cathode, traverses the control space for the second time, but now in opposite direction and subsequently reaches the braking field prevailing between the bounding electrode 8 and the; electrode 4, which field has substantially the same intensity as the braking field of the a perforated braking-field electrode II.
  • the electrons retarded in the control space perform an oscillatory movement in the axial direction of the control-electrode 5, the groups of electrons traversing the controlelectrode for the second, or third time etc. ceding energy to the resonant circuit 8, which is connected to this electrode, and thus induce an oscillation in the circuit in question.
  • the oscillation induced in the circuit now causes velocity control of the electrons in the beam of electrons as referred to above, as a result of which oscillations self-maintaining can be generated in the circuit 8.
  • the voltage applied between the perforated brakefield electrode and the neighbouring electrode 1 of the control-electrode system in conjunction with the distance between the centre of the controlelectrode system and the brake field electrode It, should be chosen in such manner that the electrons cover the distance from the centre of the s,sos,aas
  • the retarded electrons will cedeenergyii' they pass through the contract the control-space for the second time alter a time corresponding to the period of oscillation oi the con-' troI-oscillation or a multiple thereof: however,
  • a magnetic fleld'directed axially of the control-electrode I whichileld may be produced by means of one or more coils or by means of one or more permanent magnets and by which the electrons are formed into a beam.
  • the intensity-modulated part of the beam of electrons which comprises the electrons accelerconverted into intensity variations.
  • the accelerated electrons being overtaken by the retarded electrons, and that consequently the groups of electrons traversing the electrode system for the second time are composed of retarded and accelerated electrons.
  • these groups oi electrons, on passing for the second time, cede energy only if the electrons of these groups traverse the control-electrode system for the second time after a time amounting to 5/4. 9/4. etc.
  • the ated in the control-space wanders through the aperture of the brake-field electrode i I to the collecting electrode II and sets up a voltage across the resonant circuit I2 in the output circuit of trons cover this distance in a time corresponding to half a period or an odd number of half periods oi the control-oscillation.
  • both the'movement of the electrons retarded in the control space and the movement of the electrons, accelerated in the control space are caused to reverse their direction by a brake-field electrode.
  • a brake-field electrode In this case it is not feasible to choose the (I by the electrodes I and I.
  • the control electrodes moment at which the electrons of the groups pass through the centre of the control space for the first time being determined'hy the moment at which electrons, which are positioned between the electrons that are retarded and the electrons that are accelerated on entering. pass through the centre.
  • the resonant circuit II which may be used as an output circuit. is coupled solely by means of electrons to the resonant circuit I in which oscillations are generated. If desired the circuit I: may be 'coupled inductively or capacltatively or in some other way to the circuit I. In this case care is to be taken that the coupling should be made so that the oscillations set up in the two resonant circui support each other.
  • Fig. 2 represents a device according to the invention which substantially corresponds to the device shown in Fig. 1.
  • the electrode I has been omitted and the electrode I bounding the control space acts at the same time as an anode ior producing the beam of electrons.
  • the circuits I and II are united inone resonant circuit II, which is connected between the control electrode 8 and the electrode II, in which circuit oscillations are generated and from which oscillations can be taken in the manner set out above.
  • Fig. 3 represents an embodiment in which, in contradistinction to Fig. 1, two control electrodes in and 5b are located in the control space bounded 5a and-5b are connected respectively to the ends of a resonant circuit l8.
  • the control electrodes 5a and 5b and the limiting electrodes 6 and] have supplied to them a high positive voltage with respect to the cathode.
  • the output circuit of the electrode includes a resonant circuit l2 from which energy can be taken.
  • the average velocity at which the electrons enter the control-electrode system is-preferably so chosen, in conjunction with the length of the control-electrodes 5a and 5b in axial direction, that the electrons traverse each control-electrode in a time corresponding to a half period of the resonant circuit l2. Since two control electrodes are used the optimum emciency is obtained if the distance between the centre of the control electrode system and the perforated.
  • brake field electrode Ill in conjunction with the voltage between the electrode l and the neighbouring electrode of the control-electrode system, is so chosen that the electrons pass through the centre of the control-electrode system for the second time after a time amounting to a half period or to an odd number of half periods of the oscillations in the circuit It.
  • the electrons returning at the electrodes Ill and 4 will in each instan'cecede energy upon traversing the control space for the second, third time etc.
  • circuit may be coupled again inductively or in some other way to the circuit It.
  • the circuit I6 connected to the control-electrodes is included at the same time in the output circuit of the electrode H in such manner that the oscillations set up in the circuit it are maintained not only by the electrons retarded in the control space, but at the same time by the electrons which are accelerated in the control space and reach the electrode l I.
  • the electrode II is connected to the end of the circuit l6 connected to the control electrode 5a, thus ensuring that an electron, which passes through the centre of the trodes 5a and 5b respectively and whose length control-electrode system and impinges on the electrode after a whole period of the oscillations in the circuit It or a whole multiple thereof, acts upon the circuit IS in the same way.
  • Fig. 5 represents a. simplified embodiment of the device shown in Fig. 4.
  • the simplification conponds to'that of the device shown in Fig. 4, but
  • the condenser I4 is interposed in the short-eircuitin bridge of a leeher-wire system 24, in which the ends of the leads are connected to the electrodes It and 4 respectively and of which the length, inclusive of the electrode supply leads in the tube amounts to half a wave-length of the oscillations to be generated.
  • a leeher-wire system in which the ends of the leads are connected to the electrodes It and 4 respectively and of which the length, inclusive of the electrode supply leads in the tube amounts to half a wave-length of the oscillations to be generated.
  • Such a device is eminently adapted for producing ultra-high frequencies. at which the electrode supply leads have a non-negligible inductance.
  • control-electrode system comprises a controlelectrode 5 and two bounding electrodes I and the electrons accelerated in the control space
  • the electrode-system in question consists of the electrodes l1, l8 and I9 and substantially corresponds to the electrode-system constituted by the electrodes 5, 6 and
  • the electrode ll of the second electrode system is connected to one end of a resonant circuit 20 whose other end is connected to the limiting electrodes l8 and J8 and by passed to the cathode in regard to the oscillations whose frequency corresponds to that. of the circuit t.
  • a highpositive voltage with respect to the cathode 2. which voltage preferably corresponds to that supplied to the electrodes 5. 6 and I of the control electrode system.
  • which has a small positive voltage relatively to the cathode and serves to collect the electrons having trav-' ersed the second electrode system.
  • a perforated preferably grid-shaped electrode 22 is provided at the side of the collecting electrode 2
  • the greatest efiiciency is obtained if the length of the electrode IT, in conjunction with the velocity at which the electrons enter the second electrode system, is so chosen that the electrons traverse this electrode in a time correspondingto a half period or to an odd number of half period of the control-oscillation.
  • the device shown in Fig. 6 affords the advantage over the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 that the electrons having traversed the second electrode-system can be braked before hitting the electrode 2
  • circuits I and 20 may be coupled together or united in one circuit which is interposed between the electrode 5 and the electrode l1 and whose electric centre is connected to the limiting electrodes 6, I, I8 and II.
  • Fig. 7 represents an embodiment in which the control-electrode system corresponds to the device as shown in Figures 3 and 4 and in which energy is withdrawn by means of a second electrode system which comprises two output electrodes Ila and "b located in a space which is bounded by-the limiting electrodes l8 and I8. These electrodes are connected respectively to the ends of a resonant circuit 23, whose electric'centre is and to the cathode in regard to oscillations whose frequency corresponds to that of the resonant circuit.
  • the limiting electrodes 6, I, II and I9 may be interconnected electric'ally inside or outside the tube and the condenser 9 serves for high-frequency earthing of the electric centre of both the circuit l6 and the circuit 23.
  • a brake-field electrode is provided at the side of the second electrode system remote from the cathode, to which brakefield electrode is supplied a voltage which is negative relatively to the cathode and preferably corresponds to the voltage of the perforated brake-field electrode I 0 with respect to the cathode.
  • This choice of the intensity of the braking field which is determined by the voltage loss between the neighbouring electrode of the second electrode system and the brake-field electrode 25, prevents the groups of electrons, which have been retarded in the second electrode system, from hitting the electrode 25 and causes them to reverse their direction of motion in the vicinity of the said electrode, and to traverse the second electrode-system for the second time.
  • the electrons accelerated in the control space perform an oscillatory movement in the axial direction of the electrodes Fla and Nb of the second electrode system.
  • a brake-field electrode may be provided at the side of the second electrode system remote from the cathode. by which brake-field electrode the direction of motion ofthe groups of electrons, which have traversed the second electrode-system, is reversed. In this case the largest delivery of energy is obtained, if the groups of electrons cover the distance from the centre of the second electrode system to the brake-field electrode and back again in a time which corresponds to the period or to a whole number of periods of the oscillations produced in the circuit connected to the output-electrode.
  • the embodiment shown in Fig. 8 is a simplified realisation of the device illustrated in Fig. 7, in which the limiting electrodes have been omitted and the control electrodes 5a and 5b, or the electrodes Fla and Nb, have a negligible di-' mension in the direction of motion of the electrons.
  • the distance of these disc-shaped electrodes with respect to each other and with re. spect to the brake-field electrodes 4, 9 and 25 corresponds to the distance of the centre of the control electrodes or the output electrodes shown in Fig. 7, respectively, relatively to the said electrodes.
  • the operation of the device which entirely corresponds to that of the device shown in Fig. 7, will not be further described.
  • the device according to the invention is particularly suitable for the production of ultra-frequency oscillations of cm.- or dm.-wavelength.
  • the resonant circuits shown in the figures should consist of lecher lines or concentric conductors, of which the electrode supply leads and the electrodes connected thereto may form part. Since it is desirable, moreover, that the conductors electrically interconnecting the various electrodes for the oscillations to be produced, should also be as short as possible, these connections are preferably established in the tube itself and, moreover, the arrangement of the electrode systems unmodulated oscillations have been described.
  • the device according to the invention may also be used for amplifying, mixing or modulating oscillations.
  • the devices according to the invention permit the obtainment of amplitude-modulated oscillations by supplying the modulated oscillations to an electrode, or electrode system, which controls the intensity of the cathode emission, as result of which the intensity of the electron beam entering the control space varies in the rhythm of the modulated oscillations.
  • modulated oscillation can be obtained by varying the voltage of the brake-field electrode, I0, 4 or 25 with respect to the cathode in the rhythm of the modulated oscillations.
  • Frequency-modulated oscillations can be ob tained by variation of the positive potential of the control-electrode system in accordance with a modulating oscillation. Thereby the average velocity, at which the electrons enter the controlelectrode system and consequently the period of an electron-oscillation in the control-electrode system and, consequently the frequency of oscillations produced in the resonant circuit connected to the control-electrode system, is varied.
  • High frequency electron discharge apparatus of the velocity modulation type comprising an envelope and within the envelope a cathode source to generate a beam of electrons, electrode means tovelocity modulate said beam, output electrode means for abstracting high frequency energy from the velocity modulated beam, and a. brake field electrode provided with an aperture and interposed between said velocity modulating electrode means and said output electrode means, said brake field electrode having a potential at which a portion of the electrons of said beam are returned to said velocity modulating electrode means and a portion of the said electrons are passed through said aperture to said output electrode means.
  • High frequency electron discharge apparatus of the velocity modulation type comprising an envelope and within the envelope a cathode source to generate a beam of electrons and having a given potential, electrode means to velocity modulate said beam, output electrode means for abstracting high frequency energy from the velocity modulated beam, a first brake field electrode provided with an aperture and interposed between said velocity modulating electrode means and said 'output electrode means, said brake field electrode having a potential at which a portion of the electrons of said beam are returned to said velocity modulating electrode means and a portion of the said electrons are passed through said aperture to said output electrode means, and a second brake field electrode provided with an aperture and in.
  • High frequency electron discharge apparatus of the velocity modulation type comprising an envelope and within the envelope a cathode source to generate a beam of electrons having a having a potential at which the said electrons having a velocity less than the said average velocity are returned to said modulating electrode means and the said electrons having a velocity greater than the said average velocity are passed through said aperture to said output electrode means.
  • High frequency electron discharge apparatus of the velocity modulation type comprising an envelope and within the envelope a cathode source to generate a beam of electrons having a given average velocity, electrode means to velocity modulate said beam and thereby accelerate a portion of the electrons of said beam to a velocity greater than said average velocity and decelerate a portion of said electrons to a velocity less than said average velocity, output electrode means for abstracting high frequency energy from the velocity modulated beam, a brake field electrode provided with an aperture and interposed between said velocity modulating electrode means and said output electrode means, said brake field electrode having a potential at which the said electrons having a velocity less than the said average velocity are returned to said modulating electrode means and the said electrons having a velocity greater than the said average velocity are passed through said aperture to said output electrode means, and means to electrically couple said output electrode means to said velocity modulating means.
  • High frequency electron discharge apparatus of the velocity modulation type comprising an envelope and within the envelope a cathode source to generate a beam of electrons having a given average velocity, means to velocity modulate said beam and thereby accelerate a portion of the electrons of said beam to a velocity greater than said average velocity and decelerate a portion of said electrons to a velocity less than said average velocity, said velocity modulating means comprising two apertured boundary electrodes, an apertured control electrode interposed between said boundary electrodes and means to apply a modulating potential to said control electrode, output electrode means for abstracting high frequency energy from the velocity modulated beam, and a brake field electrode provided with an aperture and interposed between said velocity modulating means and said output electrode means, said brake field electrode having a potential at which the said electrons having a velocity less than the said average velocity are returned to said control electrode and the said electrons having a velocity greater than the said average velocity are passed asoaaas 1.5 through the aperture of said brake field electrode envelope and within the envelope a cathode source to generate a beam of
  • High frequency electron discharge apparatus of the velocity modulation type comprising an envelope and within the envelope a cathode source to'generate a beam of electrons having a given average velocity, means to velocity modulate said beam afid thereby accelerate a-portion of the electrons of said beam to a velocity greater than said average velocity and decelerate a portion of said electrons to a velocity less than said average velocity, said velocity modulating means comprising two annular electrodes spaced apart and having a central aperture and means to apply a modulating potential to said annular electrodes, output electrode means for bstracting high frequency energy from the ve ity modulated beam, a first brake field electrode provided with an aperture and interposed between said velocity modulating means and said output electrode means, said brake field electrode having a potential at which the said electrons having a velocity less than the said average velocity are returned to said annular electrodes and the said electrons having a velocity greater than the said average velocity are passed through the aperture of said brake field electrode to said output electrode means, and a second brake
  • High frequency electron discharge apparatus of the velocity modulation type comprising an envelope and within the envelope a cathode source to generate a beam of electrons having a given average velocity, electrode means to velocity modulate said beam and thereby accelerate a' portion of the electrons of said beam to a velocity greater than said average velocity and decelerate a portion of said electrons to a velocity less than said average velocity, output electrode means for abstracting high frequency energy from the velocity modulated beam, a brake field electrode provided with an aperture and interposedbetween said velocity modulating electrode means and said output electrode means, said brake field electrode having a potential at which the said electrons having a velocity less than the .said average velocity are returned to said modulating electrode means and the said electrons having a velocity greater than the said average velocity are passed through said aperture to said output electrode means, an electron collector electrode arranged on the side of said output electrode means remote from said cathode source.
  • High frequency electron discharge apparatus of the velocity modulation type comprising an envelope and within the envelope a cathode source to generate a beam of electrons having a given average velocity, means to velocity modulate said beam and thereby accelerate a portionof the electrons of said beam to a velocity greater than said average velocity and decelerate a portion of said electrons to a velocity less than said 4 average velocity, said velocity modulating means comprising two apertured bounding electrodes spaced apart, a cylindrical control electrode interposed between said bounding electrodes and resonant circuit means connected to said control-- electrode, an output electrode arranged in thepath of the beam emerging from said velocity modulating means, load circuit means connected to said output electrode, a first brake field electrode provided with an aperture and interposed between said modulating means and said output electrode, said brake field electrode having a potential at which the said electrons having a velocity less than the said average velocity are returned to said control electrode and the said electrons having a velocity greater than the said average velocity are passed through the aperture oi said brake field electrode to said output electrode,

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US662971A 1941-06-25 1946-04-18 Discharge tube Expired - Lifetime US2508228A (en)

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NL234470X 1941-06-25

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US (1) US2508228A (en:Method)
BE (1) BE446137A (en:Method)
CH (1) CH234470A (en:Method)
DE (1) DE846706C (en:Method)
FR (1) FR883545A (en:Method)
GB (1) GB616816A (en:Method)
NL (1) NL66302C (en:Method)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2657305A (en) * 1947-01-28 1953-10-27 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Traveling wave tube mixing apparatus
US2876351A (en) * 1955-08-29 1959-03-03 Sanders Associates Inc Ionic time-delay apparatus
US3314016A (en) * 1964-09-04 1967-04-11 Iii John B Payne Apparatus for varying time delay in electron drift tube by velocity modulating electron beam

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1096538A (fr) * 1953-12-18 1955-06-21 Electronique & Physique Perfectionnement aux procédés de modulation des tubes hyperfrequences
DE1239370B (de) * 1960-10-27 1967-04-27 Telefunken Patent Verstaerkungsregelungseinrichtung fuer einen Funkpeiler nach dem Zweikanalprinzip

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2190515A (en) * 1938-07-15 1940-02-13 Gen Electric Ultra short wave device
US2312919A (en) * 1940-09-19 1943-03-02 Int Standard Electric Corp Modulation system for velocity modulation tubes
US2393284A (en) * 1941-04-30 1946-01-22 Rca Corp Ultra short wave system
US2414843A (en) * 1943-06-16 1947-01-28 Sperry Gyroscope Co Inc High-frequency apparatus utilizing electron debunching

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2190515A (en) * 1938-07-15 1940-02-13 Gen Electric Ultra short wave device
US2312919A (en) * 1940-09-19 1943-03-02 Int Standard Electric Corp Modulation system for velocity modulation tubes
US2393284A (en) * 1941-04-30 1946-01-22 Rca Corp Ultra short wave system
US2414843A (en) * 1943-06-16 1947-01-28 Sperry Gyroscope Co Inc High-frequency apparatus utilizing electron debunching

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2657305A (en) * 1947-01-28 1953-10-27 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Traveling wave tube mixing apparatus
US2876351A (en) * 1955-08-29 1959-03-03 Sanders Associates Inc Ionic time-delay apparatus
US3314016A (en) * 1964-09-04 1967-04-11 Iii John B Payne Apparatus for varying time delay in electron drift tube by velocity modulating electron beam

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GB616816A (en) 1949-01-27
NL66302C (en:Method)
FR883545A (fr) 1943-07-07
DE846706C (de) 1952-08-18
CH234470A (de) 1944-09-30
BE446137A (en:Method)

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