US2502545A - Cigarette filter tip - Google Patents

Cigarette filter tip Download PDF

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Publication number
US2502545A
US2502545A US691442A US69144246A US2502545A US 2502545 A US2502545 A US 2502545A US 691442 A US691442 A US 691442A US 69144246 A US69144246 A US 69144246A US 2502545 A US2502545 A US 2502545A
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smoke
sheet
cigarette
passage
tip
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US691442A
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Starnes R Wellborn
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/04—Tobacco smoke filters characterised by their shape or structure
    • A24D3/045—Tobacco smoke filters characterised by their shape or structure with smoke acceleration means, e.g. impact-filters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a filter tip for cigarettes and has for one of its objects the production of a filter tip which will produce a cooler smoke involving the virtues of a long cigarette holder, while at the same time avoiding the inconvenience of using such a cumbersome device.
  • a further object of this invention is the proluction of a filter tip which will reduce to a minimum tobacco stain upon the smokers teeth and prevent tobacco particles from contacting the teeth of thesmoker.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of the tip, with the top half of the roll out diagonally away through the center, for the purpose of illustrating the improved center closure. .7
  • Figure 2 is a perspective view of a portion of the corrugated strip, and the companion strip, located at the end of the roll and at the circumference.
  • Figure 3 is an end view of the completely rolled tip illustrating the circuitous smoke passage and center closure, the endwhich lies adjacent the tobacco in the cigarette being shown, and the strips of paper being indicated by a single line to avoid cumbersome illustration.
  • Figure 4 is a fragmentary end elevational view of the folded portion which provides the center closure.
  • Figure 5 is a perspective view of the tip in the process of being rolled by means of tweezers, or other instrument, each layer of paper being indicated by a single line.
  • Figure 6 is an edge elevational view of a modifled form wherein the outer and the inner corrugated strips are formed from one continuous strip of paper.
  • l designates the transverse corrugations which extend in a continuous uninterrupted pattern throughout the principal portion of the strip I, but gradually diminished at both ends as at 2 and 3 to the same flatness as the companion strip 6. (See Figures 2 and 3 of the drawing.) This is necessary so that no direct air passage will exist at the ends of the strips.
  • the centrally located fiat end 3 of the corrugated strip and the companion strip are provided with about one half of the width folded fiat once over as at 4.
  • the remaining width of that portion which has not been folded will naturally assume a round shape 2 in cross section as at 5, upon which the strips of material, paper and the like, will roll.
  • the flat fold 4 of the core, formed by portions 4 and 5, will block the direct passage of air through the center of the roll, thus forming a self-contained closure of the tip.
  • an adhesive material 55 may be used and applied to the inner surfaces of the flat fold t to secure the faces together.
  • the transverse corrugation i whichis of a serpentine formation, travels in continuous approach to within the terminal area indicated by the dotted line 9-9.
  • the terminal area is located adjacent the tobacco when rolled within a cigarette and is located near the periphery of the roll as shown in Figure 3.
  • the open air and smoke passages may be traced. Smoke and air travel along the line of least resistance and therefore, normally the smoke will only be drawn into the corrugated passageway through the first entrance i0.
  • the second entrance will then become the most direct passageway and will perform the same function as did the first passageway or entrance iii.
  • the third entrance i2 will then perform the same function, and so on, using as many such entrances i3 and I4 in the terminal areas as desired, with the eventual diminishing of the corrugations to the end of the strip.
  • the extreme outer end of the companion strip will hold the roll in firm rolled shape by use of an adhesive at H- as shown in Figure 3.
  • passages I 6 to 20 are provided with communicating passages 2
  • the outer strip 22 and the inner corrugated strip 23 are formed from a continuous strip of paper being folded back upon themselves as at 24.
  • the folded end as at 24 is the end which forms the self-contained center closure, and the sealing adhesive 25 is applied to the opposite end similar to the adhesive l shown in Figure 2.
  • the present invention is an improvement upon my previous application Serial Number 573,553, filed January 19, 1945,- now Patent No. 2,462,446. and relating to a Built-in circuitous smoke passage.
  • a cigarette filter tip comprising an outer sheet of material and an inner sheet of material in the form of a roll, one sheet having serpentine circuitous corrugations extending substantially throughout the length of the sheet to provide a lengthy smoke passage having a smoke inlet passage near the periphery of the tip leading from a cigarette, and a smoke outlet passage near the center ,of the tip leading to the mouth of the smoker, the inner ends of the sheets of said roll providing a central core having a closed end to provide a self -contained center closure.
  • a cigarette filter tip comprising an outer sheet of material and an inner sheet of material rolled together, one sheet having serpentine circuitous corrugations extending substantially throughout the length of the sheet to provide a lengthy smoke passage having a smoke inlet passage near the periphery of the tip leading from a cigarette, and a smoke outlet passage near the center of the tip leading to the mouth of the smoker, the inner ends of the sheets when rolled providing a central core having a folded compressed and flattened end to provide a self-contained center closure.
  • a cigarette 'filter tip comprising an outer sheet of material and an integral inner sheet 0! material, the inner sheet having serpentine circuitous corrugations extending transversely thereof and substantially throughout-the length of the sheet to provide a lengthy smoke passage having a smoke outlet passage near the center of the tip, and a series of the corrugations near one end of the last mentioned sheet having open ends providing a plurality of smoke inlet passages adiacent a cigarette and located near the periphery of the tip, said last mentioned series of corrugations having communicating passages inset from the open ends to insure a free intake of smoke through the corrugations should one of the said openings become clogged.
  • a cigarette filter tip comprising an outer sheet of material and an integral inner sheet of material in the form of a roll, one sheet having serpentine circuitous corrugations extending substantially throughout the length of the sheet to provide a lengthy smoke passage having a smoke inlet passage near the periphery of the tip leading from a cigarette, and a smoke outlet passage near the center of the tip leading to the mouth of the smoker, the inner ends of the sheets when rolled providing a central core having a flattened end to provide a self-contained center closure.
  • a cigarette filter tip comprising a sheet'of material in the form of a roll having an inner and an outer end, said sheet-having a lengthy serpentine circuitous smoke passage extending substantially throughout the length of the sheet, said sheet also having a smoke inlet passage leading from the cigarette and communicating with the circuitous passage, and having a smoke outlet passage leading to the mouth of the smoker and communicating with the circuitous passage, the inner end of the sheet of the roll providing a central core having a closed end to provide a selfcontained closure.

Description

April 1950. s. R. WELLBORN Y 7 ,5
CIGARETTE FILTER TIP Filed Aug. 19, 1946 INVENTOR. 57l/2/VE6 ,e. WELLBOE/V Patented Apr. 4, 1950 UNITED STATES PATENT orrica- CIGARETTE FILTER TIP Starnes R. Wellborn, Nashville, Tenn. Application August 19, 1946, Serial No. 691,442
Claims. 1
This invention relates to a filter tip for cigarettes and has for one of its objects the production of a filter tip which will produce a cooler smoke involving the virtues of a long cigarette holder, while at the same time avoiding the inconvenience of using such a cumbersome device.
A further object of this invention is the proluction of a filter tip which will reduce to a minimum tobacco stain upon the smokers teeth and prevent tobacco particles from contacting the teeth of thesmoker.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will appear throughout the following specification and claims.
In the drawing:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of the tip, with the top half of the roll out diagonally away through the center, for the purpose of illustrating the improved center closure. .7
Figure 2 is a perspective view of a portion of the corrugated strip, and the companion strip, located at the end of the roll and at the circumference.
Figure 3 is an end view of the completely rolled tip illustrating the circuitous smoke passage and center closure, the endwhich lies adjacent the tobacco in the cigarette being shown, and the strips of paper being indicated by a single line to avoid cumbersome illustration.
Figure 4 is a fragmentary end elevational view of the folded portion which provides the center closure.
Figure 5 is a perspective view of the tip in the process of being rolled by means of tweezers, or other instrument, each layer of paper being indicated by a single line.
Figure 6 is an edge elevational view of a modifled form wherein the outer and the inner corrugated strips are formed from one continuous strip of paper.
By referring to the drawing, it will be seen that l designates the transverse corrugations which extend in a continuous uninterrupted pattern throughout the principal portion of the strip I, but gradually diminished at both ends as at 2 and 3 to the same flatness as the companion strip 6. (See Figures 2 and 3 of the drawing.) This is necessary so that no direct air passage will exist at the ends of the strips.
As shown in Figures 1 and 4, the centrally located fiat end 3 of the corrugated strip and the companion strip are provided with about one half of the width folded fiat once over as at 4. The remaining width of that portion which has not been folded will naturally assume a round shape 2 in cross section as at 5, upon which the strips of material, paper and the like, will roll. The flat fold 4 of the core, formed by portions 4 and 5, will block the direct passage of air through the center of the roll, thus forming a self-contained closure of the tip.
As shown in Figure 4, the combined strips which form the closure at 4, fit fiat one against the other at the start of the process of rolling. Because of the flattened portion 4 of the core being of greater width than the diameter of the rounded portion 5, it will be found upon completion of the roll, that the flat portion 4 will be compressed in such a manner to form a bowed or substantially shaped formationnote Figure 3.
If desired an adhesive material 55 may be used and applied to the inner surfaces of the flat fold t to secure the faces together.
As shown in Figure 2, and beginning at the line of fragmentation, the transverse corrugation i, whichis of a serpentine formation, travels in continuous approach to within the terminal area indicated by the dotted line 9-9. The terminal area is located adjacent the tobacco when rolled within a cigarette and is located near the periphery of the roll as shown in Figure 3. By following the arrows shown in dotted lines in Figure 2, through the corrugations, the open air and smoke passages may be traced. Smoke and air travel along the line of least resistance and therefore, normally the smoke will only be drawn into the corrugated passageway through the first entrance i0. Should however this entrance become ineffective because of its being clogged with tobacco muck or tobacco particles, the second entrance will then become the most direct passageway and will perform the same function as did the first passageway or entrance iii. Should the second entrance H become ineffective, the third entrance i2 will then perform the same function, and so on, using as many such entrances i3 and I4 in the terminal areas as desired, with the eventual diminishing of the corrugations to the end of the strip. The extreme outer end of the companion strip will hold the roll in firm rolled shape by use of an adhesive at H- as shown in Figure 3.
From the foregoing description it should be noted that I have produced a filter tip for cigarettes having a self-contained center closure within the roll of corrugated paper, together with an intermediate companion strip of flat paper, and wherein the center closure comprises a component part of the two paper strips. Furthermore, it should be noted that an efilcient terminal area of the, circuitous passaged paper strip has been provided, for the purpose oi insuring an unobstructed passage of cigarette smoke, especially when the corrugations are made very small in size.
It will be noted further by considering Figure 2, that the passages I 6 to 20 are provided with communicating passages 2| intermediate the ends thereof to provide alternate smoke inlets should one inlet become stopped, and at the same time providing the continuous passage or communica tion between the corrugations at a point inset from the entrance openings In to H inclusive.
As shown in Figure 6, the outer strip 22 and the inner corrugated strip 23 are formed from a continuous strip of paper being folded back upon themselves as at 24. The folded end as at 24 is the end which forms the self-contained center closure, and the sealing adhesive 25 is applied to the opposite end similar to the adhesive l shown in Figure 2.
By noting Figure 2, the direction of travel of the smoke should be understood, the outlet passage 28 leading to the smoker's mouth indicated at one end of the strip and the inlet passages from the cigarette being indicated ID to it inclusive.
The present invention is an improvement upon my previous application Serial Number 573,553, filed January 19, 1945,- now Patent No. 2,462,446. and relating to a Built-in circuitous smoke passage.
What is claimed is:
1. A cigarette filter tip comprising an outer sheet of material and an inner sheet of material in the form of a roll, one sheet having serpentine circuitous corrugations extending substantially throughout the length of the sheet to provide a lengthy smoke passage having a smoke inlet passage near the periphery of the tip leading from a cigarette, and a smoke outlet passage near the center ,of the tip leading to the mouth of the smoker, the inner ends of the sheets of said roll providing a central core having a closed end to provide a self -contained center closure.
2. A cigarette filter tip comprising an outer sheet of material and an inner sheet of material rolled together, one sheet having serpentine circuitous corrugations extending substantially throughout the length of the sheet to provide a lengthy smoke passage having a smoke inlet passage near the periphery of the tip leading from a cigarette, and a smoke outlet passage near the center of the tip leading to the mouth of the smoker, the inner ends of the sheets when rolled providing a central core having a folded compressed and flattened end to provide a self-contained center closure.
3. A cigarette 'filter tip comprising an outer sheet of material and an integral inner sheet 0! material, the inner sheet having serpentine circuitous corrugations extending transversely thereof and substantially throughout-the length of the sheet to provide a lengthy smoke passage having a smoke outlet passage near the center of the tip, and a series of the corrugations near one end of the last mentioned sheet having open ends providing a plurality of smoke inlet passages adiacent a cigarette and located near the periphery of the tip, said last mentioned series of corrugations having communicating passages inset from the open ends to insure a free intake of smoke through the corrugations should one of the said openings become clogged.
4. A cigarette filter tip comprising an outer sheet of material and an integral inner sheet of material in the form of a roll, one sheet having serpentine circuitous corrugations extending substantially throughout the length of the sheet to provide a lengthy smoke passage having a smoke inlet passage near the periphery of the tip leading from a cigarette, and a smoke outlet passage near the center of the tip leading to the mouth of the smoker, the inner ends of the sheets when rolled providing a central core having a flattened end to provide a self-contained center closure.
5'. A cigarette filter tip comprising a sheet'of material in the form of a roll having an inner and an outer end, said sheet-having a lengthy serpentine circuitous smoke passage extending substantially throughout the length of the sheet, said sheet also having a smoke inlet passage leading from the cigarette and communicating with the circuitous passage, and having a smoke outlet passage leading to the mouth of the smoker and communicating with the circuitous passage, the inner end of the sheet of the roll providing a central core having a closed end to provide a selfcontained closure.
STARNES R. WELLBORN.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS
US691442A 1946-08-19 1946-08-19 Cigarette filter tip Expired - Lifetime US2502545A (en)

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Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2599604A (en) * 1949-07-13 1952-06-10 Jordan V Bauer Filter element
US2866465A (en) * 1953-03-24 1958-12-30 Cigarette Components Ltd Paper tubes
US2869858A (en) * 1956-08-01 1959-01-20 Metal Textile Corp Vibration and shock absorptive cushion element
US2916038A (en) * 1954-02-23 1959-12-08 American Viscose Corp Tobacco smoke filter
US3025963A (en) * 1958-03-13 1962-03-20 Russell H Curtis Products useful as filtering devices and methods of making them
US3149941A (en) * 1957-12-30 1964-09-22 Cons Electrodynamics Corp Chromatography apparatus
US3319793A (en) * 1965-06-08 1967-05-16 Jr Charles A Miller Cord wound filter element
US3346121A (en) * 1965-08-13 1967-10-10 Corning Glass Works Filter and method for its production
US3480149A (en) * 1967-03-08 1969-11-25 Gen Motors Corp Flat casing filter device
FR2300513A1 (en) * 1975-02-12 1976-09-10 Hauni Werke Koerber & Co Kg PROCESS AND MACHINE FOR FABRI
US5435870A (en) * 1992-06-17 1995-07-25 Ipics Corporation Filter element and manufacture method thereof
US5896860A (en) * 1997-12-03 1999-04-27 Lockett; Wilson Ira Smoking filter
US6348085B1 (en) 1999-11-10 2002-02-19 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and methods
US6368374B1 (en) 2000-06-13 2002-04-09 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and methods
US20020184864A1 (en) * 2001-06-06 2002-12-12 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having center piece and methods
US6517598B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2003-02-11 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having flange and methods
US6610126B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2003-08-26 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US20050191169A1 (en) * 2004-03-01 2005-09-01 Cuvelier Leon R. Silencer for ventilation system and methods
US20060112825A1 (en) * 2004-11-30 2006-06-01 Dominique Renwart Gas turbine air intake system with bypass arrangement and methods
US20090211450A1 (en) * 2005-02-28 2009-08-27 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and method
DE102008026552A1 (en) * 2008-06-03 2009-12-10 Marco Systemanalyse Und Entwicklung Gmbh Filter for cleaning hydraulic fluid, has winding strip used as filtering material, where winding strip is made of wire mesh, wound to dual Fermat's spirals and provided with cylindrical peripheral contour
USD741540S1 (en) 2014-12-01 2015-10-20 Louis Freese Smoking tip device
USD799749S1 (en) 2014-12-01 2017-10-10 Louis Freese Smoking tip device
USD799748S1 (en) 2014-12-01 2017-10-10 Louis Freese Smoking tip device
USD838900S1 (en) 2017-05-08 2019-01-22 Louis Freese Smoking tip device
US11076637B2 (en) 2019-08-06 2021-08-03 Weedgets Inc. Compact pipe for smoking cannabis

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US973890A (en) * 1909-09-02 1910-10-25 John W Surbrug Mouthpiece for cigarettes and the like.
US1476955A (en) * 1922-01-23 1923-12-11 Pars William M De Tobacco pipe
US1967586A (en) * 1933-07-08 1934-07-24 Paul H Minton Absorbent filter for smoking appliances

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US973890A (en) * 1909-09-02 1910-10-25 John W Surbrug Mouthpiece for cigarettes and the like.
US1476955A (en) * 1922-01-23 1923-12-11 Pars William M De Tobacco pipe
US1967586A (en) * 1933-07-08 1934-07-24 Paul H Minton Absorbent filter for smoking appliances

Cited By (49)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2599604A (en) * 1949-07-13 1952-06-10 Jordan V Bauer Filter element
US2866465A (en) * 1953-03-24 1958-12-30 Cigarette Components Ltd Paper tubes
US2916038A (en) * 1954-02-23 1959-12-08 American Viscose Corp Tobacco smoke filter
US2869858A (en) * 1956-08-01 1959-01-20 Metal Textile Corp Vibration and shock absorptive cushion element
US3149941A (en) * 1957-12-30 1964-09-22 Cons Electrodynamics Corp Chromatography apparatus
US3025963A (en) * 1958-03-13 1962-03-20 Russell H Curtis Products useful as filtering devices and methods of making them
US3319793A (en) * 1965-06-08 1967-05-16 Jr Charles A Miller Cord wound filter element
US3346121A (en) * 1965-08-13 1967-10-10 Corning Glass Works Filter and method for its production
US3480149A (en) * 1967-03-08 1969-11-25 Gen Motors Corp Flat casing filter device
FR2300513A1 (en) * 1975-02-12 1976-09-10 Hauni Werke Koerber & Co Kg PROCESS AND MACHINE FOR FABRI
US5435870A (en) * 1992-06-17 1995-07-25 Ipics Corporation Filter element and manufacture method thereof
US5543007A (en) * 1992-06-17 1996-08-06 Nippondenso Co. Ltd. Filter element manufacturing method
US5896860A (en) * 1997-12-03 1999-04-27 Lockett; Wilson Ira Smoking filter
US6960245B2 (en) 1999-11-10 2005-11-01 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and methods
US7252704B2 (en) 1999-11-10 2007-08-07 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and methods
US20060123990A1 (en) * 1999-11-10 2006-06-15 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and methods
US6533845B2 (en) 1999-11-10 2003-03-18 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and methods
US6994744B2 (en) 1999-11-10 2006-02-07 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and methods
US6348085B1 (en) 1999-11-10 2002-02-19 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and methods
US6368374B1 (en) 2000-06-13 2002-04-09 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and methods
US6599344B2 (en) 2000-06-13 2003-07-29 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and methods
US6878190B1 (en) 2001-06-06 2005-04-12 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US6852141B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2005-02-08 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having center piece and methods
US9346004B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2016-05-24 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US20050022669A1 (en) * 2001-06-06 2005-02-03 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US6610126B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2003-08-26 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US6997968B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2006-02-14 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US20060089289A1 (en) * 2001-06-06 2006-04-27 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US7691166B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2010-04-06 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US8608818B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2013-12-17 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US6517598B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2003-02-11 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having flange and methods
US20020184864A1 (en) * 2001-06-06 2002-12-12 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having center piece and methods
US8246707B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2012-08-21 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US7393375B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2008-07-01 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US7976601B2 (en) 2001-06-06 2011-07-12 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US20100186358A1 (en) * 2001-06-06 2010-07-29 Donaldson Company Inc. Filter element having sealing members and methods
US7048500B2 (en) 2004-03-01 2006-05-23 Donaldson Company, Inc. Silencer for ventilation system and methods
US20050191169A1 (en) * 2004-03-01 2005-09-01 Cuvelier Leon R. Silencer for ventilation system and methods
US7297173B2 (en) 2004-11-30 2007-11-20 Donaldson Company, Inc. Gas turbine air intake system with bypass arrangement and methods
US20060112825A1 (en) * 2004-11-30 2006-06-01 Dominique Renwart Gas turbine air intake system with bypass arrangement and methods
US20090211450A1 (en) * 2005-02-28 2009-08-27 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and method
US8083825B2 (en) 2005-02-28 2011-12-27 Donaldson Company, Inc. Filter arrangement and method
DE102008026552A1 (en) * 2008-06-03 2009-12-10 Marco Systemanalyse Und Entwicklung Gmbh Filter for cleaning hydraulic fluid, has winding strip used as filtering material, where winding strip is made of wire mesh, wound to dual Fermat's spirals and provided with cylindrical peripheral contour
DE102008026552B4 (en) 2008-06-03 2020-07-09 Marco Systemanalyse Und Entwicklung Gmbh filter
USD741540S1 (en) 2014-12-01 2015-10-20 Louis Freese Smoking tip device
USD799749S1 (en) 2014-12-01 2017-10-10 Louis Freese Smoking tip device
USD799748S1 (en) 2014-12-01 2017-10-10 Louis Freese Smoking tip device
USD838900S1 (en) 2017-05-08 2019-01-22 Louis Freese Smoking tip device
US11076637B2 (en) 2019-08-06 2021-08-03 Weedgets Inc. Compact pipe for smoking cannabis

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