US2489327A - Crystal controlled oscillator - Google Patents

Crystal controlled oscillator Download PDF

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Publication number
US2489327A
US2489327A US616343A US61634345A US2489327A US 2489327 A US2489327 A US 2489327A US 616343 A US616343 A US 616343A US 61634345 A US61634345 A US 61634345A US 2489327 A US2489327 A US 2489327A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
grid
tube
potential
frequency
current
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US616343A
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English (en)
Inventor
George T Royden
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
STC PLC
Federal Telephone and Radio Corp
Original Assignee
Standard Telephone and Cables PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE475401D priority Critical patent/BE475401A/xx
Application filed by Standard Telephone and Cables PLC filed Critical Standard Telephone and Cables PLC
Priority to US616343A priority patent/US2489327A/en
Priority to FR938464D priority patent/FR938464A/fr
Priority to FR56830D priority patent/FR56830E/fr
Priority to FR57215D priority patent/FR57215E/fr
Priority to ES0178729A priority patent/ES178729A1/es
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2489327A publication Critical patent/US2489327A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C1/00—Amplitude modulation
    • H03C1/16—Amplitude modulation by means of discharge device having at least three electrodes
    • H03C1/18—Amplitude modulation by means of discharge device having at least three electrodes carrier applied to control grid
    • H03C1/24—Amplitude modulation by means of discharge device having at least three electrodes carrier applied to control grid modulating signal applied to different grid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L27/00—Adjustable joints, Joints allowing movement
    • F16L27/08—Adjustable joints, Joints allowing movement allowing adjustment or movement only about the axis of one pipe
    • F16L27/0804—Adjustable joints, Joints allowing movement allowing adjustment or movement only about the axis of one pipe the fluid passing axially from one joint element to another
    • F16L27/0808—Adjustable joints, Joints allowing movement allowing adjustment or movement only about the axis of one pipe the fluid passing axially from one joint element to another the joint elements extending coaxially for some distance from their point of separation
    • F16L27/0824—Adjustable joints, Joints allowing movement allowing adjustment or movement only about the axis of one pipe the fluid passing axially from one joint element to another the joint elements extending coaxially for some distance from their point of separation with ball or roller bearings
    • F16L27/0828—Adjustable joints, Joints allowing movement allowing adjustment or movement only about the axis of one pipe the fluid passing axially from one joint element to another the joint elements extending coaxially for some distance from their point of separation with ball or roller bearings having radial bearings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
    • H03B5/30—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element being electromechanical resonator
    • H03B5/32—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element being electromechanical resonator being a piezoelectric resonator
    • H03B5/34—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element being electromechanical resonator being a piezoelectric resonator active element in amplifier being vacuum tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C3/00—Angle modulation
    • H03C3/02—Details
    • H03C3/09—Modifications of modulator for regulating the mean frequency
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C3/00—Angle modulation
    • H03C3/10—Angle modulation by means of variable impedance
    • H03C3/12—Angle modulation by means of variable impedance by means of a variable reactive element
    • H03C3/14—Angle modulation by means of variable impedance by means of a variable reactive element simulated by circuit comprising active element with at least three electrodes, e.g. reactance-tube circuit
    • H03C3/16—Angle modulation by means of variable impedance by means of a variable reactive element simulated by circuit comprising active element with at least three electrodes, e.g. reactance-tube circuit in which the active element simultaneously serves as the active element of an oscillator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C3/00—Angle modulation
    • H03C3/38—Angle modulation by converting amplitude modulation to angle modulation
    • H03C3/40—Angle modulation by converting amplitude modulation to angle modulation using two signal paths the outputs of which have a predetermined phase difference and at least one output being amplitude-modulated

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electric oscillators, and more in particular to an oscillator system where the frequenc of oscillation is controlled solely by a crystal.
  • An object of this invention is to provide a source of high-frequency electrical current wherein the frequency is controlled solely by a band-pass filter such as a crystal.
  • a further object is to provide an oscillator system which will operate over a wide range of frequencies without the necessity of adjusting components such as conductances and capacitors, but which will maintain oscillation at any particular desired frequency.
  • a further object is to provide an oscillator circuit which is simple in construction, efficient in operation and which can be readily adapted to different uses.
  • a still further object is to provide an oscillator circuit which includes a band-pass filter such as a crystal which will pass only a particular desired frequency, and wherein the frequency of oscillation is controlled solely by the band-pass filter.
  • Figure l is a circuit diagram representing one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS 2 and 3 are similar to Figure 1, but represent other embodiments of the invention.
  • an oscillator circuit which is sturdy and simple in construction but which will maintain a frequency of oscillation at any particular frequency desired.
  • Such systems have been proposed, but generally when it is desirable to operate at various frequencies over a range it has been necessary to adjust two or more of the various components of the circuit.
  • such an oscillator is provided wherein adjustment of the components is unnecessary.
  • the frequency of oscillation is determined solely by the frequency which will be passed by a crystal the frequency of which is inherent in it.
  • the frequency of oscilaltion may be initially determined, or later changed, by merely inserting a crystal having a particular desired series resonant frequency.
  • a tube l has elements forming two triodes 2 and 3 which have a common cathode 4, separate control grids 5 and 6, respectively, and separate plates 1 and 8, respectively.
  • the cathodeheater circuits are omitted.
  • the circuit is energized by a suitable source of D. C. voltage connected between a negative terminal 9 and a positive terminal l0.
  • Cathode4 isconnectedtoterminal 9 through a bias resistor ll, while plate 1 is connected directly to terminal Ill, and plate 8 is connected to terminal l0 through a high-frequency choke coil [2.
  • a grid resistor 13 connects grid 5 to terminal 9 and grid 6 is connected directly to terminal 9.
  • Plate 8 is connected to grid. 5 through a piezoelectric quartz crystal M which is used as a band-pass filter to pass current only at the series resonant frequency of the crystal; this is the frequency at which it is desired that the circuit oscillate.
  • any instantaneous increase in the flow of current through triode 2 is greater than the resulting instantaneous decrease in the flow of current through triode 3.
  • an increase in the current flow through triode 2 always causes an increase in the potential drop across resistor H, and, although this increase is neutralized in part by the resulting instantaneous decrease in the flow of cur rent through triode 3, the net result is an increase in the potential change 01'' grid 5 of triode 2.
  • any instantaneous decrease in the potential of grid 5 is followed by a corresponding instantaneous decrease in the flow of current through triode 2 and a resulting increase in the flow of current through triode 3, so that plate 8 becomes more negative; and, this negative change is fed back through crystal I4 to grid 5.
  • the instantaneous decrease in the flow of current through triode 2 is greater than the instantaneous increase in the flow of current through triode 3 so that the net result is a decrease in the potential of grid 5.
  • an oscillator circuit which constitutes a source of A. C. potential, the frequency of which is controlled solely by crystal 14.
  • the range of frequencies at which a particular circuit will operate under the control of various crystals is very wide, although there are practical limits to the range of frequencies for any particular circuit, depending of course, upon the particular components of the circuit.
  • the two triodes 2 and 3 are enclosed in a single envelope and thus are designated as a single tube I whereas they are the equivalent of two tubes.
  • a system for keying the output from the oscillator, and two separate tubes are shown.
  • a tube I! has a cathode IS, a plate I9, a control grid 23, a screen grid 2i and a suppressor grid 22.
  • a tube 23 has a cathode 24, a grid 25, and a plate 26.
  • Cathodes l8 and 24 of the two tubes are connected together and thence are connected through a bias resistor 2'! to the negative terminal 28 of a suitable source of direct current voltage.
  • Plates l9 and 26 are connected respectively through high-frequency choke coils 29 and 30 to the positive terminal 3
  • Grid 20 is connected to the negative terminal 23 through a grid resistor 32, and grid 25 is connected directly to terminal 28.
  • Plate 26 is connected to grid 20 through a piezoelectric quartz crystal 33 which is similar in its characteristics and function to crystal M of Figure 1.
  • is connected to the positive terminal 3
  • Suppressor grid 22 is connected through a resistor 36 to a source of negative potential at terminal 3'! which is suificient to reduce substantially or cut off the flow of current to plate l9.
  • Suppressor grid 22 also may be connected to the negative terminal 28 by the closing of a key 38, and, with this key closed, the current flow to plate I9 is not suppressed.
  • the components of the circuit are so chosen that any instantaneous change in the flow of current through tube I1 is greater than the resulting instantaneous change in the flow of current through tube 23 so that there is a net effect of an increase in the swing of the grid potential on grid 20 of tube l1. Therefore, the conditions exist which are necessary for oscillation in the circuit at this resonant frequency, and the circuit oscillates.
  • the resultant A. C. output is taken from the circuit through a coupling condenser 39 and a terminal 40.
  • suppressor grid 22 is not interfering with the fiow of current through tube I1 and this is the true condition when key 38 is closed.
  • key 38 controls the A. C. output and by operating key 38 the circuit may be 'used for telegraph operation.
  • suppressor grid 22 may be connected to ground through the secondary of a transformer on which audio-frequency signals are impressed, thus, to control the voltage of the suppressor grid. Under these conditions the A. C. output at terminal 43, which is at radio-frequency, is modulated by the impressed audio-frequency signals and this modulated output is delivered to an antenna.
  • Figure 3 represents an embodiment of the invention wherein an oscillator of the same construction and operation as that of Figure 2 is provided additionally with an arrangement for automatically regulating the amplitude of oscillation by means of a diode element in tube 23.
  • and 42 of relatively high value are joined at a juncture 43 and are connected between grid 2
  • This juncture 53 is connected at a juncture 43 through grid resistor 32 to grid 20 of tube IT and also to an anode :35 in tube 23, which anode forms with cathode 24 a diode rectifier element.
  • re sistors 34, 4t and 42 act as a voltage divider and tend to maintain the juncture 43, and therefore grid 23, at a predetermined voltage.
  • a condenser 46 is connected between juncture 44 and negative terminal 28, and is normally charged to the potential of juncture 43.
  • oscillation occurs because a rise in potential of grid 20 causes an increase in the fiow of current through tube 11, and a decrease in the flow of current through tube 23, with the result that the potential of plate 26 of tube 23 in creases; and, this increase in potential is fed back through crystal 33 to grid 20. If the amplitude of oscillation rises to such an extent that the negative peak voltage on cathode 24 becomes more negative than the potential of anode 45, as determined by the voltage of juncture 43 of the voltage divider, current will flow through the diode causing an increase in the current flow through resistors 34 and 4
  • This decrease in potential is averaged by condenser 43 and reduces the gain of tube II. This action tends to adjust the grid bias on grid 23 and thus the gain of tube H to a value just sufiicient to maintain the desired magnitude of oscillation.
  • This amplification control action is particularly effective where the tube is of the type having a variable amplification factor.
  • the components of the circuit and the voltages are so chosen as to obtain class A operation of the vacuum tubes.
  • the radio-frequency output may be taken from the common cathode circuit, when desirable, or from any other point in the circuit at which the radio-frequency potential appears.
  • an oscillator the combination of an oscillator tube having grid and plate electrodes, a control tube having grid and plate electrodes, a coupling connection between a plate electrode of said oscillator tube and a grid electrode of said control tube, a positive feedback connection between a plate electrode of said control tube and a grid electrode of said oscillator tube, said feedback connection including a band-pass filter adapted to sustain oscillations of predetermined frequency in said tubes, and means for limiting the ampli tude of said oscillations, said means including a connection between a plate electrode of said control tube and a grid electrode of said oscillator tube for applying a corrective voltage to the latter electrode, rectifier means in the last-named connection, and means for biasing said rectifier means so as to block application of said corrective voltage except upon occurrence of amplitudes exceeding a predetermined limit.
  • said rectifier means comprises a diode anode placed in a common envelope with the electrodes of said control tube.
  • the said biasing means is represented by a voltage divider comprising fixed resistors connected between a positive and a negative terminal of a source of direct current potential, an intermediate point on said voltage divider being connected to said diode anode.
  • An electronic oscillator comprising a first vacuum tube having a cathode, a plate and at least one grid, a second vacuum tube having a cathode, a plate and a grid, a coupling connection between said two tubes including a resistor connected at a common point to both of said cathodes, a positive feedback connection between the plate of said second tube and a grid of said first tube, said feedback connection including a bandpass filter adapted to sustain oscillations of predetermined frequency in said tubes, and means for limiting the amplitude of said oscillations, said means including a diode anode placed inside the second tube adjacent the cathode thereof, a connection between said diode anode and the said grid of the first tube, and means for biasing said diode anode to a potential lower than that of the associated cathode except upon occurrence of amplitudes exceeding a predetermined limit.
  • said means for applying a variable potential comprise a plurality of sources of difierent fixed potentials including ground, a permanent connection between said further grid and one of said sources other than ground, a resistor in said permanent connection, and manually operable switch means for grounding the last-named source over said resistor.
  • An electronic oscillator further comprising a condenser shunting said diode anode, the cathode associated therewith, and the said resistor, said condenser being connected between said diode anode and ground.
  • An electronic oscillator further comprising a source of positive voltage, a plurality of resistors connected between said source and ground, and a connection between said diode anode and the juncture of two of the last-mentioned resistors.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Oscillators With Electromechanical Resonators (AREA)
US616343A 1945-09-14 1945-09-14 Crystal controlled oscillator Expired - Lifetime US2489327A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE475401D BE475401A (fr) 1945-09-14
US616343A US2489327A (en) 1945-09-14 1945-09-14 Crystal controlled oscillator
FR938464D FR938464A (fr) 1945-09-14 1946-11-14 Perfectionnements aux oscillateurs électriques
FR56830D FR56830E (fr) 1945-09-14 1947-06-18 Perfectionnements aux oscillateurs électriques
FR57215D FR57215E (fr) 1945-09-14 1947-06-20 Perfectionnements aux oscillateurs électriques
ES0178729A ES178729A1 (es) 1945-09-14 1947-07-02 Mejoras relacionadas con osciladores controlados por cristal

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US616343A US2489327A (en) 1945-09-14 1945-09-14 Crystal controlled oscillator

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2489327A true US2489327A (en) 1949-11-29

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US616343A Expired - Lifetime US2489327A (en) 1945-09-14 1945-09-14 Crystal controlled oscillator

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US2489327A (fr)
BE (1) BE475401A (fr)
ES (1) ES178729A1 (fr)
FR (2) FR938464A (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2721977A (en) * 1951-05-09 1955-10-25 Gen Electric Variable amplitude oscillator
US2771508A (en) * 1951-04-27 1956-11-20 Philco Corp Color sampler synchronizing system
US2985845A (en) * 1957-04-05 1961-05-23 Westinghouse Canada Ltd Crystal oscillator keying circuit

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1606791A (en) * 1924-07-18 1926-11-16 Western Electric Co Oscillation generator
US2269417A (en) * 1939-05-13 1942-01-06 Rca Corp Cathode-driven oscillator
US2300996A (en) * 1940-02-15 1942-11-03 Emi Ltd Electric oscillation generating circuits
US2303862A (en) * 1940-06-01 1942-12-01 Rca Corp Oscillation generator and amplifier

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1606791A (en) * 1924-07-18 1926-11-16 Western Electric Co Oscillation generator
US2269417A (en) * 1939-05-13 1942-01-06 Rca Corp Cathode-driven oscillator
US2300996A (en) * 1940-02-15 1942-11-03 Emi Ltd Electric oscillation generating circuits
US2303862A (en) * 1940-06-01 1942-12-01 Rca Corp Oscillation generator and amplifier

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2771508A (en) * 1951-04-27 1956-11-20 Philco Corp Color sampler synchronizing system
US2721977A (en) * 1951-05-09 1955-10-25 Gen Electric Variable amplitude oscillator
US2985845A (en) * 1957-04-05 1961-05-23 Westinghouse Canada Ltd Crystal oscillator keying circuit

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES178729A1 (es) 1947-09-01
BE475401A (fr)
FR56830E (fr) 1952-10-07
FR938464A (fr) 1948-09-16

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