US2429632A - Printing telegraph system utilizing variably spaced impulses - Google Patents

Printing telegraph system utilizing variably spaced impulses Download PDF

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US2429632A
US2429632A US491804A US49180443A US2429632A US 2429632 A US2429632 A US 2429632A US 491804 A US491804 A US 491804A US 49180443 A US49180443 A US 49180443A US 2429632 A US2429632 A US 2429632A
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pulses
line
pulse
generator
switch
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Julien J B Lair
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International Standard Electric Corp
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International Standard Electric Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/38—Synchronous or start-stop systems, e.g. for Baudot code
    • H04L25/40—Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits
    • H04L25/49—Transmitting circuits; Receiving circuits using code conversion at the transmitter; using predistortion; using insertion of idle bits for obtaining a desired frequency spectrum; using three or more amplitude levels ; Baseband coding techniques specific to data transmission systems
    • H04L25/4902—Pulse width modulation; Pulse position modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B14/00—Transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B14/02—Transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission characterised by the use of pulse modulation
    • H04B14/026—Transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission characterised by the use of pulse modulation using pulse time characteristics modulation, e.g. width, position, interval

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  • the present invention which is a continuationin-part of application Ser. No. 488,300, filed May 24, 1943, relates to printing telegraph instruments and particularly to printing telegraph instruments for use in systems in which the transmitted signals are characterized by three currents or line conditions, namely a positive current, a negative current and. a zero current, and are sent in the form of impulses displaced or staggered in time.
  • Each letter, figure or symbol to be transmitted and printed accordingly is characterized by the relative staggerings in time with respect to a time origin, of a special combination of impulses, i. e. by an impulse modulation.
  • electromechanical devices both at the sending and the receiving ends for selecting the desired characters.
  • electromechanical devices are usually rather com plicated and do not allow the sending of messages at a very high transmission speed.
  • One of the objects of the present invention is consequently the providing of printing telegraph transmitters that are free from these drawbacks owing to the fact thatthey do not re.- quire any electromechanical selecting device.
  • a pulse generator in association with an artificial line that terminates at its characteristic impedance and is disposed so as to furnish theparticular impulses that correspond to the predetermined code of signals under the control of an automatic or manual manipulating device (e. g. a key set or a perforated tape).
  • an automatic or manual manipulating device e. g. a key set or a perforated tape.
  • the pulse generator sends its pulses simultaneously into the transmission line that leads to the remote receiver and into the artificial .line.
  • the pulses directed into the artificial line are absorbed without reflection by the characteristic impedance that terminates it.
  • this line is opened or short-circuited at particular points that correspond to the characters to be transmitted; the pulses are then reflected into this line and, upon leaving the line, are directed to the transmission line where their time displacements from the directly transmitted pulses and their polarity (positive or negative) define at the reception end the characters they represent.
  • the direction'of the reflected pulses is obtained by making use of the following property of artificial mber 12, 1941 2 lines:
  • a pulse of a certain polarity is sent into the line and is reflected in it by an interruption of the line due to an opening of the circuit, the reflected pulse upon returning to the input of the line will be of the same polarity as the incoming pulse; inversely, if the interruption of .the line is due to a short-circuit, the reflected pulse upon returning to the input of the line will be of opposite polarity to that of the incoming pulse.
  • a reflected positive pulse will be obtained either by sending a positive pulse into the artificial line and causing its reflection by means of an opening of the line, or by sending a nega tive pulse into the line and causing its reflection by a short-circuit of the line.
  • a reflected negative pulse will be obtained either by sending a negative pulse into the line and cans ing its reflection by means of an opening of the; line, or by sending a positive pulse into the line and causing its reflection by means of a short-circuit of the line.
  • the retarded pulses areobta'ined without reflection in the artificial line, and simply by making use of their time-lag in propagation over this line as far as the points that correspond to the desired characters, where they are shunted to the transmission line that leads to the receiver.
  • the polarities of these pulses will be determined in the pulse generator itself which is of such a type as to furnish either positive or negative pulses as desired, by control of the manipulation.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates schematically one example of a printing telegraph transmitter according to the invention which employs a pulse generator that generates pulses of a definite polarity, and an artificial line disposed so as to provide pulses of definite time-lag and of positive or negative polarity according to the Figs. 2A and 2B show graphs relating to the device of Fig. 1;
  • Figs. 3A and 3B show graphs in which the directions of the pulses are determined by the pulse generator itself
  • Fig. 4. illustrates schematically one example of a pulse generator that emits either positive or negative pulses as required
  • Fig. 5 illustrates a variant of the pulse generator circuit of Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic view of one example of a printing telegraph transmitter according to the transmitted characters
  • Fig. 7 illustrates schematically one example of a printing telegraph transmitter according to the invention; using. a pulse generator of the kind shown in Figs; 4' and 5, and a staggering of the pulses by propagation;
  • Figs. 8A to 8D show graphs relating to the operation of a printing telegraph transmitter similar to the one shown in Fig. 1. but using a pulse generator of the kind shown in Figs. l and Fig. 9 illustrates a modification or the circuit shown in Fig. 6 which furnishes positive and negative pulses, but which uses a pulse: generator that furnishes only unidirectional pulses.
  • the device illustrated in this drawing comprises a generator I which generates pulses of a definite polarity, as indicated by the and signs at its output terminals.
  • the pulses proceeding from the generator I are sent to the transmission line 3 that leads to the remote receiver or receivers, and also to an artificial line designated in its iretyby the reference number 2.
  • the drawin'gathis artificial line 2 consists of a series of T'-shaped impedance sections comprising inductance units L1, L2, L3, etc., and capacity units C1, C2, G3, etc., although it may be made up of any suitable type of sections, e. g. of 1r or lattice shape.
  • the total number of sections depends upon the number of characters to be transmitted; In this. arrangement there are half as many impedance sections as there are characters in the code to be transmitted and printed and each section. has a series switch 50', 51, 52, etc. capable of" opening and closing the artificial line at the respective sections, and a series of shunt switches Bil, BI, 62, etc.
  • the line terminates at its characteristic impedance 6, so as to absorb without reflection. any pulses. fromthe generator I. when all the series switches 56', El, 52, etc. are closed and all the shunt switches 60, 61, 62;. etc. arev open, this being the normal condition. of. the line when there is no signalling or manipulation.
  • the first letters of the alphabet to which these switches are assigned are indicated' alongside them, (a, c, e, for the series switches 5U, 51', 52 and b, d, for the shunt switches 6B, 6!, 62.-
  • the condition of the series and shunt switches when there is no manipulation consequently insures that the artificial line 2.
  • manipulation takes place, either manually, e. g. by means of a key set (not shown), or automatically, e. g. from a, suitable recorder, one of the switches 50, etc. or 69', etc. that corresponds to the desired character is opened or closed.
  • the pulse emitted at this moment by the generator I (which may be controlled solely by a manipulation effected by a switch located in the circuit instead of having, to emit continuous periodic pulses) is reflected back along the artificial line 2 from the location of the switch that has just been opened or closed by the manipulator.
  • the closed switch is one of the switches of the 50, 5
  • the stagger of the two pulses, direct and reflected, of the same polarity on the transmission line 3 will characterize the transmitted signal.
  • the closed switch be the shunt switchof the same numerical order in the line, the reflected pulse will have on the transmission line 3 the same stagger as the direct pulse, but since. the artificial line 2 has in this instancezbe'en short-circuited rather than opencircuited at the location of this switch, the polarity of the reflected pulse will be the reverse of that of the direct pulse, and this additional characteristic will define adifferent signal.
  • the pulse generator i may be of any well known or suitable design.
  • a line amplifier may, if desired, be inserted at the commencement of the transmission line 3 in order tocompensate for the attenuation undergone by the reflected pulses in the artificial line 2.
  • This amplifier should preferably be provided with means for discriminating between the direct pulses and the reflected pulses (e. g. by only being sensitive to one impulse out of each two consecutive pulses in. order effectively to amplify only the reflected pulses.
  • the graphs of the line transmission pulses will accordingly be like that shown as an example in. Figs. 2A and 2B.
  • Fig. 2A which corresponds to an opening of the switch representing the letter e
  • the direct pulse is indicated at 10.
  • the pulse reflected by opening of the switch 52 is indicated at H and is of the same direction as the direct pulse.
  • Fig. 2B which corresponds to closure of switch 62, representing the letter I
  • the direct pulse is still designated by the reference number it.
  • the pulse reflected by the closing, of switch 62 is indicated at 12, and it has the same spacing with respect to the pulse 10 as the pulse 1 I of Fig. 2A, but is of reverse polarity.
  • the pulse generator I can furnish positive or negative pulses as desired, the reflected pulses being of the same polarity as the original pulses. One half of the signals can then be transmitted with the positive pulses, and the other half with the negative pulses.
  • the graphs of the pulses received over line 3 will be as shown in Figs. 3A and 3B.
  • the pulse generator I emits a positive pulse 73 (Fig. 3A)
  • the reflected pulse M will still be of the same polarity, i. e. positive, and its stagger will characterize the transmitted signal.
  • the pulse generator emits a negative pulse 15 (Fig. 3B)
  • the reflected pulse 16 will still be of the same polarity, i. e. negative, and its stagger will characterize the transmitted signal.
  • Two different signals having a same spacing T between the constituent pulses will accordingly be characterized by the polarity of both of the two pulses of which they consist.
  • Figs. 4 and 5 illustrate schematically two embodiments of single pulse generators that furnish either positive or negative pulses under control of the manipulation.
  • two batteries 18 and II or other sources of direct current deliver to self-inductance coils 80 and 8I, respectively, currents that are adjustable by resistances I8 and I9.
  • Condensers 84 and 85 prevent direct current from flowing in the artificial or phantom line and in the transmission line associated with this generator.
  • the output of the two circuits of the batteries 16 and 11 may be tapped across a common resistance 86.
  • switch 82 or switch 83 When, for example, one of the switches of the artificial line (according to the arrangement of the switches) is opened or closed by depressing a key of the signalling key assembly, either switch 82 or switch 83 is opened by the same mechanical control. Assuming that switch 82 has been opened, the current from battery I6 will be cut off. There is then produced at the terminals of inductance coil 80 an extra current surge or kick that furnishes a pulse, the brevity of duration of which depends essentially on the rapidity of interruption, and on the value of inductance 88 and of the time constant of the self inductanceresistance impedance formed by this inductance coil 80. Condenser 84, which is of low capacity, permits passage of the steep front of the positive pulse which is generated in this way and the duration of which can easily be reduced to values of the order of a microsecond.
  • Figs. 6 and '7 illustrate two examples of telegraph transmitters which employ pulse generators that furnish at will either positivepulses or'negative pulses, such as those shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
  • the positive and negative pulse generator I sends pulses simultaneously into the transmission line 3 and into the artificial or phantom line 2 the switches 50, 5I, etc. of which are, for example, disposed in series in the line so as to 'cause pulse reflections when they are opened.
  • the signalling or manipulation is effected by opening simultaneously any one of the switches 58 and either one of the switches 82 and 83 of the pulse generator.
  • the opening of the switch 82 or 83 determines the sending of either a positive or a negative pulse, and the opening of one of the switches 58, 5
  • Fig. 7 illustrates an example of the use of this feature, using a generator producing either positive or negative pulses, at will.
  • generator I sends impulses into phantom line 2, each switch 98, 9
  • the manually or automatically controlled signalling or manipulation mechanism simultaneously closes one of the switches 90, 9 I etc, and either switch 82 or switch 83' of generator I, so that a pulse of desired polarity is generated and transmitted along phantom line 2 as far as the switch closed.
  • the direct pulse from generator I is transmitted to the control grid of a tube I88 the load impedance of which is indicated at I02 and the anode circuit of which is connected to the transmission line 3 via condenser I04, in order to avoid applying the high anode voltage to this line 3.
  • the pulse retarded by line 2 is transmitted by one of the switches 98, 8
  • the common source of anode feed is indicated at I88.
  • tube's'lilfi and IIJI should not be adjusted at their cut-off point because they have to amplify either positive or negative pulses. Their biasing is accordingly adjusted by means of resistances I88 and I89.
  • the pulses are applied to the control grids of tubes I08 and IIlI via condensers H8 and III, which latter are of sufficiently low capacity to prevent the signalling manipulation from causin'g any appreciable accidental surges reaching the line.
  • FIG. 1 Another modification of the telegraph transmitter which incorporates features of the invention includes the use of a pulse generator that can furnish either positive or negative pulses as desired with the type of artificial line illustrated in Fig. 1, i. e. one that can furnish by reflection either positive return pulses or negative return pulses.
  • the artificial line requires only half the elements or sections necessary in the case of Fig. 1 for transmitting the same number of signals.
  • a single timelag section of the artificial line 2 is sufficient for sending four distinct characters.
  • the number of sections of the artificial line will accordingly be one fourth of the total number of characters to be transmitted.
  • another embodiment of the invention provides for the use of a single generating circuit in association with switching means that reverses the two output terminals of the pulse generator. This reversing means has to be controlled in synchronism with the manipulation device that is used. The order in which the various switchings has to be made is accordingly as follows:
  • the output reversingimeans of the pulse generator is placed in the necessary position (positive or negative pulse).
  • the artificial line 2 is opened (or short-circuited) at the desired location.
  • the manipulation key releases the emission of the pulse.
  • the transmitter arrangement illustrated schematically in Fig. 9, provides a means for obtaining positive and negative pulses by only using a simple pulse generator employing only the upper or the lower half of the circuit of the types shown in Fig. 4 or Fig.
  • the graphs of the line signals are similar to those shown in Figs. 8A to 8D.
  • a single section of the timelag line is sufiicient for obtaining four desired different characters, depending on the manipulation.
  • the pulse generator i feeds into a resistance I26.
  • a mid-tap I2! of this resistance permits the obtaining of positive pulses between the points IZI and 52-2, and negative pulses between the points I21 and I23.
  • These pulses are sent over an artificial line 2 of the symmetrical or balanced type, 'as shown by way of example, and it is accordingly possible to deliver either positive pulses by the switches I39, I3I, etc. or negative pulses by the switches I MI, MI, etc.
  • the artificial line can furnish positive 'or negati-ve pulses, but it is also necessary to be able to send the time origin pulse as a positive or negative pulse.
  • This is accomplished by means of a switch I6I which connects the control grid of tube 13!] either to terminal IZ'Z or terminal I23 of the output resistance .I'Zll of the pulse generator I, while the cathodes of tubes *Iilfi and I 01 are connected to the mid-point I'2I of this resistance by a connection I62.
  • the mean bias value of tubes I50 and 'IIII is determined by the resistances Hi8 and H39.
  • Battery I06 feeds the tube anodes through'resistors I 02 and IE3, respectively, and the anodes are coupled to output 3L via condensers I64 and N15.
  • the manipulation will be efiected as in the preceding cases, i. e. the :pulse will be released by the pulse generator after the setting in posit-ionof switch 'IiiI and one of the switches I30 or Mil, depending on the character that is to be transmitted.
  • switch I30 will be closed and switch iiiI will connect the terminal I22 of resistance I-Eil to the control grid of tube Hill.
  • the pulse will be released by the generator and this will cause the sending into the line of the two impulses that "define the letter a. by their direction and time displacement.
  • the direct pulse travels from generator I, via points I 22, NH, tube iiiil and condenser IM to line 3L.
  • the retarded pulse travels via I22, line -2, switch I-SU, coupling condenser III, tube IiII and condenser I05 to line 3L.
  • switch Hill will also be closed, but switch I'GI will be brought into the position in which it connects the terminal I23 of resistance I'2il to the control grid of tube Itt.
  • the letters 0 and it will be sent by the closing of switch Mil. It can consequently be seen that the first symmetrical section of the artificial line permits the sending of four signals, and similarly for all the other sections of line 2'.
  • the transmission speed of these devices depends on the duration of the impulses and also on the 'length (in time-lags) of the artificial line.
  • the transmission time in the artificial line is dependent upon the number of sections, i. e. the
  • the shortest distance in time that can be practically used is equal to 0. In order to insure greater certainty of operation, it is possible and suitable to make this distance equal to 1.5 0 or more according to the nature of the transmission line with which the device is associated.
  • the length of the artificial line will be from 40 to 60 microseconds depending upon whether the stagger time per cell is taken to be equal to 0 or to 1.5 0.
  • a signal can be sent only when there has elapsed a time equal to the transfer time after the emission oi-a pulse.
  • I A subsequent signal can therefore only be transmitted 40 to 6 microseconds after the sending of a preceding signal, and this permits the sending of about 10,000 to 15,000 signals per second.
  • Such a speed may be utilized in the case of automatic signalling manipulation over a perforated or recording tape, since the transmission takes place automatically.
  • the transmission speed of the device under consideration also depends on the maximum recording speed of the associated receiver or receivers. In the case of ordinary types of receivers, it will be necessary to use impulses of longer duration and artificial lines that provide a greater stagger or displacement of the pulses.
  • the invention makes it possible in every case to use the time intervals available between two consecutive signals for placing the transmission line at the disposition of one or more other operators, in other words to effect multiple transmissions by means of pulses of short duration.
  • circuit arrangements have been provided whereby two or more pairs of pulses are produced which have the same stagger relation but difier in their polarity to provide two difierent signals. .It is immaterial whether the generator or generator means generates impulses of two polarities and the switching means inthe artificial line develops a delayed pulse of the same polarity or the generating means generates a pulse of a single polarity and the switching means for the artificial line produces a delayed pulse of two different polarities.
  • a series of two pairs of pulses may be produced having the same stagger relation but difierent polarities namely two pulses of the same polarity and two pulses of opposite polarity but with the same stagger relation if the generating means provides pulses of difierent polarities or'two pulses of the same polarity (positive or negative) and two pulses of opposite polarity but with the same stagger relation if the switching means is utilized to develop the signals.
  • a series of four pulse signals may be transmitted each having the same stagger relation but differing in polarity namely two positive pulses, two negative pulses, a positive primary pulse and a negative secondary or delayed pulse and lastly a negative primary pulse and a positive secondary or delayed pulse, each of which may be used as a separate distinct signal.
  • a printing telegraph system of the type in I which the characters to be transmitted are translated into signals consisting of pulses spaced by different time staggers comprising a pulse generator generating pulses of both polarities, a transmission line receiving said pulses directly from said generator, an artificial line also connected to said generator and having a plurality of impedance sections producing retardations in the pulses it receives from said generator said artificial line including a plurality of switches operable so as to reflect these pulses into said transmission line with different time staggers relatively tosaid directly received pulses, there being a switch in each impedance section for rendering it operable and inoperable to so reflect pulses, said switches and said pulse generator being simultain the course of signalling to vary the polarity of the pulses delivered to said transmission and artificial lines by said generator whereby the transmitted signal is defined by the stagger in combination with the polarity of the component pulses from the artificial line.
  • a printing telegraph system of the type in which'the haracters to be transmitted are translated into signals consisting of pulses spaced by different time staggers comprising a pulse generator' generating pulses of both polarities, a transmission line receiving said pulses directly from said generator, an artificial line also connected to said generator and having a plurality of impedance sections producing retardations in the pulses it receives from said generator said artificial line being provided with a plurality of switches controlling direct propagation of these pulses and their delivery with stagger to said transmission line relatively to said directly received pulses, there being a switch in each impedance section and movable for rendering the section operable and inoperable to so reflect pulses, said switches and said pulse generator being simultaneously and selectively controllable in the course of signalling to vary the polarity of the pulses delivered to said transmission and artificial lines by said generator whereby the transmitted signal is defined by the stagger in combination with the polarity of the component pulses from the artificial line.
  • a printing telegraph system of the type in which the characters to be transmitted are translated into signals consisting of pulses spaced by difierent time staggers comprising a pulse generator, a transmission line receiving pulses directly from said generator, an artificial line connected to said generator and a movable control from said genswitch, in each section, andhaving a plurality of impedance sections producing retardations in the pulses it receives from said generator said artificial line being arranged to introduce its pulses into said transmission line with different time staggers depending on the switch positions, relatively to said directly received pulses, and means for changing the polarity of said pulses in the course of signalling whereby the transmitted signal is, defined by the stagger in combination with the polarity of the component pulses from the artificial line.
  • a generator yielding positive and negative pulses including two sources of direct current connected at opposite poles, two induction coils energized respectively by said sources, a. switch between the positive pole of one source and its induction coil; a switch between the negative pole of the other source and its induction coil, a connection between said switches, a resistancetapped across the junction of said sources and saidlconnection said resistance feeding the output of the generator to the transmission line and artificial lines, and condensersblocking flow of direct current into said lines, said switches being. operable in the course of signalling.
  • a generator yielding positive and negative pulses including two sources of direct current connected at opposite poles, a pair of condensers arranged to be charged at a predetermined rate by said sources, a connection between said condensers, two switches connected one to discharge pulses from the positive terminal of one source andthe other to discharge pulses from the negative terminal of the other source, and meansfor introducing such positive and negative pulses into said transmission and artificial lines said switches. being operable in the course of signalling.
  • said artificialline being arranged to introduce these pulses into said transmission line with different time staggers relatively to said directly received pulses, means in eachirnpedance section for opening and closing the artificial line thereat, and means in each impedance section for making and breaking a short-circuit of the artificial line thereat, both said means being selectively operable in the course of signallingto vary the polarity of the staggeredpulsesof a signal introduced into said transmitting line whereby the transmitted signal is definedloyv the stagger in combination with the polarity of-its component pulses.
  • a printing telegraph system of the type in which the characters to be transmitted are translated into signals consisting of pulses spaced by difierent time staggers, comprising apulse generator generating pulses of both polarities, a transmission line recei g a d uu ses r y from said generator, an artificial, line also connected to said generator and having a; plurality ofimpedance sections, each-with a control switch therein, for selectively producing retardations in thepulses it receives fromsaid generator said artificial line being arranged to introduce these pulses into said transmission line with difierent time staggers dependent upon switch position relatively to said directly received pulses, the switch in each impedance section rendering it operable and inoperable to so introduce pulses, said switches and said pulse generator being simultaneously and selectively controllable in the course of signalling to vary the polarity of; the pulses delivered to said transmission and artificial lines by said generator whereby the transmitted signal is defined by; the stagger in combination with the polarity of; the component pulses from
  • a pulse generator for generating, pulses, of either polarity, a transmission line, an artificial line, a circuit connecting the two lines in parallel to the generator, a plurality of impedance sections in the artificial line each comprising, a condenser connected across the line. and an inductance in series in the line, a switch'in series with each inductance and movable to open or close the line at a point just beyond its inductance whereby to cause a pulse in the artificial linetobe reflected back into the transmission line fromthe place of the first open switch, andwith no-change in polarity, whereby simultaneousandselective operation of the generator and a. switch. results in a pair of selectively spaced pulses, of, like polarity being transmitted by the transmission line.
  • a pulse generator generating pulses of at. least, one polarity, a transmission line connection to receive pulses directly fromsaid generator; an artificial line having a length proportional to the number of pulse polarities. generated and such that separate pulses result including aplurality of series impedance sections and a, plurality of. shunt impedance elements constituting a plurality of impedance sections, a seriesswitchfor eachsection of said artificial line, and ashunt switch for each section of. said artificial'line, said'arti" ficial line being-connected with the transmission line connection to receive pulses from the generator and to reflect.
  • the pulsestherefrominto said transmission line connection atdifferent time intervals following the receiptofepulseshfrom said generator; and means for selectively. operating said series and shunt switches to determine the length of the artificial line andrthe stagger interval between the primary pulse and the reflected pulse and the polarity of the reflectedpulsa 11.
  • thecombination of a pulse generator generating pulses of at, least one polarity, a transmission line connection to receive pulses directly from-said generator; an artificial line having a lengthproportional to the number of pulse polarities generated.
  • a pulse generating means for generating pulses of at least one polarity
  • a transmission line connection to receive pulses directly from said generating means
  • an artificial line having a length proportional to the number of pulse polarities generated and such that separate pulses result
  • said artificial line being connected to the transmission line connection to receive pulses from said generating means
  • the switch means being positionable for controlling said artificial line to transmit delayed pulses therefrom into said transmission line connection at different time intervals following the receipt of pulses from said generating means, operating mechanism for selectively operating said switching means, and at least one of said means producing pulses of opposite polarity whereby both the stagger interval between the primary pulse and the delayed pulse and the polarity of the pulses may be selected.

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US2217957A (en) * 1939-05-26 1940-10-15 Hazeltine Corp Wave-signal translating system

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3083361A (en) * 1955-07-28 1963-03-26 Hazeltine Research Inc Radar testing apparatus
US3157838A (en) * 1961-11-13 1964-11-17 Burroughs Corp Destructive readout of delay line

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Publication number Publication date
FR963147A (me) 1950-06-30
BE479585A (me)
NL71663C (me)

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